Inductive PowerPoint Notes

This kind of thinking is done to form...

... general ideas based on experience and observation.

Inductive reasoning is based on...

...probabilities.

What are the 6 different types of inductive reasoning (GASCAP)?

1. Generalization 2. Analogy 3. Sign 4. Cause 5. Authority 6. Parallel case

Inductive conclusions are established in what 4 stages?

1. Observation; collect facts. 2. Analysis; classify the facts, identifying patterns. 3. Inference; from the patters, infer generalizations. 4. Confirmation; test the inferences through further observation.

Inductive arguments are organized in what 3 ways?

1. Part-to-Whole 2. Extrapolation 3. Predictions

What are 3 methods for reasoning by generalization?

1. Searching for predictable patterns in details and examples. 2. True in these cases equals usually true of the class

What is an example of by analogy/comparison reasoning?

EX/ "If it walks like a duck..."

By sign is in some ways a tightly linked cause and effect reasoning that has more certainty.

EX/ The sun rising is a sign that it is morning.

By parallel case, observes two or more similarities in two or more cases. An example would be:

EX/ both Bush presidencies had a war with Iraq Both Bush presidencies has problems with the economy. Both Bush presidencies altered campaign promises. General Claim: Both Bush presidencies will end up as a single term.

The process of recognizing patterns or observing patters and drawing conclusions based on that pattern is a form of _________ __________.

Inductive Reasoning

Successful inductive reasoning depends on the _____ of your observations or evidence.

Quality

What is an "inference"?

Reasons from a specific observation, case or cases, statistics, or sample to derive a general, broad rule, hypothesis or conclusion.

Every fall there have been hurricanes in the tropics. Therefore there will be hurricanes in the tropics this coming year.

This is an example of inductive reasoning in everyday life.

True or False: If the quality of your evidence is not good, or if not enough observations have been made, inductive reasoning may not be as dependable as deductive reasoning.

True

True or False: We can make use of inductive reasoning to attempt to make enough observations to come up with a theory or conclusion.

True

True or false: Argument by cause attempts to establish a cause and effect relationship between two events.

True

True or false: inductive reasoning allows us to form general ideas about things such as: people, places, events, the environment etc.

True

True or false: inductive reasoning moves from a specific observation to a general principle, conclusion, or rule.

True

What is the "bottom up approach"?

When inductive reasoning begins with specific observations or real examples in the world and progresses analytically to broader generalizations and theories based on those observed cases.

What is "extrapolation"?

Where areas beyond the area of study are assumed to be like the studied area.

What are "predictions"?

Where the future is assumed to be like the past.

What is "part-to-whole" organization?

Where the whole is assumed to be like individual parts, only bigger.

If a person who is a legitimate expert and is more likely to be right than wrong makes a considered claims within his or her area of expertise, can their claim be accepted?

Yes. Their claim is being accepted because it is reasonable to believe that the expert has tested the claim and found it to be reliable.