Industrial Revolution Packet
52. Who invented the radio?
- Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio
93. Why were marriage contracts drawn up?
- Marriage contracts were drawn up in order to increase social classes
17. What effect did the fierce competition among industrial nations have globally?
- The effect the fierce competition among industrial nations had globally was that it altered patterns of world trade.
100. When did married women win the right to control their own property in some countries?
-1848
59. What is a cartel?
-A cartel is an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets.
51. Who invented the telephone?
-Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
37. Who developed the first battery?
-Alexander Volta developed the first battery.
27. Who developed a process to purify iron ore and produce steel?
-American inventor, William Kelly, and British engineer, Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron ore and produce steel.
83. What reforms came about by the late 1800s and early 1900s?
-By the late 1800's, most western countries had granted all men the right to vote. Workers won the right to organize unions to bargain on their behalf. And Germany, Britain, Austria, and France legalized labor unions
26. By the later 1800s, why did many companies hire professional chemists, biologists, and engineers?
-By the later 1800s, many companies hired professional chemists, biologists, and engineers to create new products and machinery.
113. Who argued that all forms of life evolved into their present state over millions of years?
-Charles Darwin
112. Who offered evidence to show that the earth was over two million years old and that life did not appear to a much later date?
-Charles Lyell
117. Why were many Christians against Darwin's theory?
-Christians were against it because they liked to help everyone out by creating schools and hospitals in the slums.
54. What are corporations? How much money do stockholders risk?
-Corporations are businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Stockholders risk large amounts of capital.
116. What was Darwin's theory about the origin of man?
-Darwin's theory encouraged racism.
111. Who drew up a table that grouped elements according to their atomic weight?For what did it become the basis?
-Dmitri Mendeleyev, the periodic table
38. For what purpose was the dynamo created?
-Dynamo was created for the purpose of generating electricity.
40. What quickly replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power?
-Electricity replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power.
31. What was the symbol of the Second Industrial Revolution?
-Factories powered by electricity were the symbol of the Second Industrial Revolution.
70. Who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals?
-Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary measures
101. What was demanded at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 in the US?
-For women to have the right to vote
47. Who began using the assembly line to make cars? What effect did this have on the US?
-Ford began using the assembly line. It made the United States a leader in the automobile industry.
160. Who was the Post Impressionist painter who rejected the materialism of western life and went to live on the island of Tahiti? Describe the people in his paintings.
-Gauguin fled for Tahiti. In his paintings, the humans look flat.
75. Who was Napoleon III's chief architect? How did he renovate the city of Paris?
-Georges Haussmann was his chief architect. He destroyed many tangled medieval streets full of tenement housing. He built wide boulevards and splendid public buildings.
44. Who used that fist gasoline-powered internal combustion engine to power the first automobile?
-Gottlieb Daimler invented the first engine to power an automobile.
73. What altered the basic layout of European cities?
-Growing wealth and industrialization altered the basic layout.
46. Who began making automobiles that reached the speed of 25 mph?
-Henry Ford made the automobiles that reached 25 mph.
105. Which subjects were taught in the secondary schools?
-History, math and old languages such as latin and greek
68. Who introduced the use of anesthetics?
-Hospitals used anesthetics to relieve pain during surgeries.
77. What helped to cut the death rate dramatically?
-In Paris, sewer lines expanded from 87 miles to 750 miles. The massive new sewer systems of London and Paris cut death rates dramatically.
32. How did industrialized countries measure their success?
-Industrialized countries measured their success in steel output.
118. What was Social Darwinism?
-Is an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of evolution to politics.
97. Against what did women's temperance movements fight?
-It fought against the use of alcoholic beverages
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-It had little to no effect on churches and synagogues. They still remained at the center of the community.
96. What was the "cult of domesticity?" What was the ideal woman?
-It idealized women and the home, the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband to escape from the hardships of the working world.
42. Which areas in Russia were linked by the Trans-Siberian Railroad?
-It linked Moscow in European Russia to Vladivostok on the Pacific.
124. What was the social gospel? Who backed the movement? For what types of reforms did they campaign?
-It was a movement that urged Christians to social service. It was backed by protestants. It campaigned for reforms in healthcare and education
69. Why was sending the poor to a hospital often considered a death sentence? .
-It was considered a death sentence because surgeries were performed with dirty instruments in dank rooms. Many patients died from infection days after the surgery.
21. Why did the manufacturers design interchangeable parts? What was simplified by the introduction of interchangeable parts?
-It was designed to improve efficiency and assembly was simplified by the introduction of them.
103. Why were public schools important to an industrialized society?
-It was important because the workforce had to be literate and obtain some common knowledge
129. Who was Germany's greatest Romantic writer? For what work was he famous?
-Johan Wolfgang von Goethe was famous for writing the dramatic poem Faust.
72. Who discovered that antiseptics prevented infection?
-Joseph Lister discovered that antiseptics prevented infection.
64. Who was responsible for showing a clear link between germs and disease?
-Louis Pasteur showed a clear link between germs and diseases
67. What caused yellow fever and malaria?
-Microbes carried by mosquitoes caused yellow fever.
95. Describe the division of labor between husbands and wives by the later 1800s.
-Most husbands went to work in an office or shop.
82. What were mutual aid societies? A society that is created for the purpose of providing social and economic services and insurance for their members
-Mutual aid societies were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
20. What two new methods of production were introduced during the second Industrial Revolution?
-New methods for production were interchangeable parts and the assembly line.
81. Why were many attracted to the cities? For work .
-New residents were drawn by the excitement and promise of work. They were centers of action. There were music halls, opera houses, and theatres, as well as museums and libraries. Few of these enjoyments were available in country villages.
43. Who invented a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine?
-Nikolaus Otto invented the first engine.
35. Who invented dynamite? What was the advantage of dynamite?
-Nobel invented dynamite. The advantage of dynamite was that it helped warfare.
90. Which social group came after the upper class in the new western European social structure? Who was at the base or bottom of the social ladder?
-Nobility, workers and peasants
49. Who designed and flew the first successful aircraft?Where did the first successful flight take place?
-Orville and Wilbur Wright. It took place at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
92. What did parents expect from their children? Upon what did a child's misbehavior reflect?
-Parents expected their children to be seen and not heard, it reflected badly on the entire family
74. Where did the most extensive urban renewal take place in the 1850s?
-Paris had the most extensice urban renewal.
106. Generally, who were the only families to send their sons to the secondary schools?Why? For what did the secondary schools train their students?
-People who could not afford other schools. They trained them for government jobs
104. What other subject did children in European schools learn?
-Punctuality, obedience to authority, disciplined work habits and patriotism also they had a basic knowledge of religion
62. For what did reformers call? .
-Reformers called for laws to prevent monopolies and regulate large corporations.
127. What was Romanticism's attitude the Enlightenment? How was Romanticism characterized?
-Romanticism was a reaction to neoclassical writers of the Enlightenment. Romantic writings and artworks were characterized by brief and direct language, intense emotions and the glorification of nature.
50. Who developed the telegraph? What areas were connected by the first telegraph cable?
-Samuel F. B. Morse. Washington D.C. and Baltimore were connected by this first telegraph cable.
109. For what did Emily Davies campaign?
-She campaigned for female students to be allowed to take the entrance exam into Cambridge university.
85. Who received better wages skilled or unskilled workers? Men or women? Farm workers or factory workers?
-Skilled workers, Men, Factory workers
107. Who attended the universities? What did the universities emphasize in their curriculum? What courses were added in the late 1800s?
-Sons of middle/upper class families, it emphasized ancient history and languages, law, religion and philosophies, science courses were added like chemistry and physics
41. What replaced sailboats?
-Steamships replaced sailboats.
115. What was the theory of natural selection known at a later time?
-Survival of the fittest.
123. What did the Church do for the industrial poor?
-The Church created church groups to help the poor.
45. Who nosed out the Germans as early automakers?
-The French nosed out the Germans.
58. What methods did ruthless business leaders use to destroy competition?
-The business leaders joined forces and formed a cartel.
34. What was the first artificially created food stuff?
-The first artificially created foodstuff was margarine
19. What were the basic characteristics of the factory system? Did they change in the Second Industrial Revolution?
-The main characteristic of the factory system was the use of machinery, usually powered by water or steam. Other characteristics of the system mostly derive from the use of machinery or economies of scale. They remained the same.
91. Briefly describe the rules of etiquette for the middle class. the rules dictated how to dress, how to give a dinner party, how to pay a social call, when to write letters and how long to mourn for dead relatives. .
-The middle class was expected to dress very nicely. They were taught to invite guests over and serve them dinner and how to socialize. They would visit each other and write letters to catch up. When a loved one died they would dress in all black.
63. What happened to the population of Europe between 1800 and 1900? What brought about the growth in population?
-The population more than doubled. Populations soared because the death rate fell.
86. What effect did the Second Industrial revolution have on the standard of living?
-The standard of living for workers rose, families ate more varied diets, lived in better homes, and wore inexpensive mass produced clothing, and health improved with new medical advances.
114. Explain the theory of natural selection.
-The theory of natural selection argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state over millions of years.
25. What spurred economic growth during the Second Industrial Revolution?
-The union of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth during the Second Industrial Revolution.
88. By the late 1800s, who was included in the upper class in western Europe?
-The upper class, middle class, the workers and the peasants
22. What are interchangeable parts?
-They are identical parts that can be used in place of one another.
119. What were the Social Darwinists' beliefs about industrial tycoons?
-They believed that Social Darwinists were more "fit" than those they put out of business.
120. What were the Social Darwinists' beliefs about war?
-They believed that war sought out weaker nations and victory means superiority.
99. What contribution did Julia Brainerd Hall and her brother make?
-They developed an aluminum producing process.
24. What effect did the assembly line and interchangeable parts have on production?
-They made the products faster and cheaper, which lowered the cost of them as well.
60. How did those who support the Krupps and Rockefellers describe them?
-They saw them as "captains of industry", and praised their vision and skills. They pointed out that capitalists invested their wealth in worldwide ventures, such as railroad building, that employed thousands of workers and added to the general prosperity.
98. For what two goals did Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fight in the US?
-They wanted to ban slavery and fight for women's rights.
102. What was the argument which reformers used to convince governments to set up public schools?What subjects were taught in these early public schools?
-They wanted to set them up to produce better citizens and ultimately a more literate workforce reading, writing and arithmetic
39. Who made the first light bulb?
-Thomas Edison made the first light bulb.
80. How did the Second Industrial revolution affect the poor living in the cities?
-Urban life remained harsh for the poor, despite efforts to improve cities. They lived in small, cramped row houses or tenements in overcrowded neighborhoods. Unemployment and illness meant lost wages. There were high rates of crime and alcoholism.
89. How did marriages between wealthy industrialists' or businessmen's families and aristocratic families serve a purpose for each group?
-Wealthy entrepreneurs married into aristocratic families, gaining the status of noble titles. Nobles needed the money brought by the industrial rich to support their land and lifestyle.
125. Who set up the Salvation Army in London? What was its purpose?
-William Booth, its purpose was to help people who are struggling thrive and achieve their goals and to live in a spiritual life.
126. Who helped to bring the Salvation Army to the US and Canada?
-William Booth/ Eliza Shirley
23. How does an assembly line operate?
-Workers add parts to a product as it moves along a belt.
61. How did those who criticized the industrial magnates describe them?
. They called them "robber barons". Critics argued that destroying competition damaged the free-enterprise system, or the laissez-faire economy.
-Alexander Dumas
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-Bedford in England and Mount Holly in the United States
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-Charles Dickens
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-Charlotte Bronte
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-Claude Monet
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-Constable
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-Emile Zola
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-Emily Bronte
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-Eugene Delacroix
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-Everyday Life
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-Fredric Chopin
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-Gauguin fled for Tahiti. In his paintings, the humans look flat.
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-Georges Seurat
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-Goustave Courbet
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-Harriet Beecher Stowe
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-Henrik Ibsen
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-Impressionism was the attempt of painters to catch a fleeting scene and the impression it makes when it catches the human eye.
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-JMW Turner
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-John Dalton
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-Louis Daguerre produced photos in France and William Fox Talbot produced them in Britain.
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-Matthew B Brady
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-Paris
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-Photography
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-Realism is the practice of accepting a situation as it is
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-Sir Walter Scott wrote novels about the history of Scottish clans and medieval knights.
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-Symphony no. 3
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-They were modeled after Roman Buildings
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-They wrote under the names Ellis, Currer and Acton Bell
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-Victor Hugo
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-Vincent van Gogh
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108. Which small colleges opened for women by the 1840s?
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110. Who developed the modern atomic theory? J
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122. What effect did the Industrial revolution have on the Church?
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130. What type of novels did Sir Walter Scott write?
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131. Who wrote The Three Musketeers?
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132. Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
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133. During the Romantic Era, after what were churches and other buildings modeled?
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134. Who was the landscape painter who sought to capture the beauty and power of
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135. Who was the landscape painter who used bold brush strokes and colors to show tiny human figures struggling against the sea and nature?
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136. Who painted Liberty Leading the People?
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137. Who was the Hungarian composer who could move his audience to weep or
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138. Who wrote piano works using Polish peasant dances to convey the sorrows and joys of people living under foreign occupation?
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139. Who was the first composer to take full advantage of the broad range of instruments? -Beethoven
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140. By what name is Beethoven's Bonaparte Symphony known as today?
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141. What was Realism?
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142. Who was the author of Oliver Twist?
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143. Who wrote Les Miserables?
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144. Who wrote Germinal?
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145. Who wrote A Doll's House andAn Enemy of the People?
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146. Upon what did Realistic painters focus?
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147. Who painted The Stone Breakers?
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148. Under what pen name did the Bronte sisters write?
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149. Who wrote Jane Eyre?
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150. Who wrote Wuthering Heights?
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151. Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?
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152. What was the new art form which was emerging by the 1840s?
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153. Who produced successful photographs in France? in Britain?
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154. Who used photography to preserve a realistic record of the US Civil War?
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155. What was Impressionism?
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156. Where did Impressionism take root?
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157. Who painted the Cathedral at Rouen at different times of the day?
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158. Who was the Post-Impressionist who arranged small dots of color to define the
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159. Who was the Post-Impressionist Dutch painter who experimented with sharp
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160. Who was the Post-Impressionist painter who rejected the materialism of western life and went to live on the island of Tahiti? Describe the people in his paintings.
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79. Who pioneered the skyscraper? -Louis Sullivan
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brush lines and bright colors?
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laugh through his music?
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nature?
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shapes of objects?
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56. Who took the German steelmaking business which he inherited from his father, bought coal and iron mines, and ore shipping lines to gain control of the steel industry in Germany?
Alfred Krupp took the German steelmaking business.
5. Which country became the first European nation outside of Britain to industrialize?
Belgium became the first European nation outside of Britain to industrialize.
Which country stood alone as the world's industrial giant? How did it try to protect its head start?
Britain stood alone as the world's industrial giant and protected its head start by enforcing strict rules against exporting inventions.
71. Who founded the world's first school of nursing?
Florence Nightingale founded the first nursing school.
87. For centuries, what were the two main classes? How were their roles defined? What role did the middle class play?
For centuries the two main social classes were the nobles and the peasants. Their roles were defined by their relationship to the land. The middle class played an important role as the new industrial age emerged.
9. Which country became Europe's industrial leader by the 1890s?
Germany
84. Which was the first country to set up government programs for old age pensions?
Germany was the first country to have old age pensions.
16. How did the new Industrial revolution affect politics?
Industrial workers formed socialist political parties and unions to improve their working conditions.
30. What was the symbol of the first industrial Revolution?
Iron was the symbol of the First Industrial Revolution.
By what was the first phase of industrialism forged? powered? driven?
It was largely forged by iron, powered by steam engines and driven by the British textile industry.
13. Which East Asian nation developed rapidly after 1868? Why was this so remarkable?
Japan; It was remarkable because they lacked many natural resources.
57. Who built Standard Oil Co. of Ohio into an empire?
John D. Rockefeller built Standard Oil Co. into an empire.
Who developed a vaccine as a treatment against rabies?
Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine as a treatment against rabies.
55. What are monopolies and trusts?
Monopolies and trusts corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy.
48. How did the internal combustion engine affect farm production?
Motorized threshers and reapers boosted farm production.
65. What is pasteurization? Who developed it?
Pasteurization is a process that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk. Louis Pasteur developed it.
14. What social changes were caused by the new Industrial Revolution?
Rapid urbanization, men, women and children working long hours everyday.
8. Who was the American inventor who powered his steamboat with one of Watt's steam engines?
Robert Fulton
66. Who identified the bacteria which caused tuberculosis?
Robert Koch discovered tuberculosis.
76. How did settlement patterns shift?
Settlement patterns shifted because in most American cities, the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city. The poor crowded into slums near the city center.
12. What slowed Russia's economic development?
Social and Political conditions.
33. What are some of the new products which chemists created?
Some of the new products which chemists created were perfumes and soaps made from things in aspirin.
29. For the manufacture of which products, did steel become the major material used?
Steel became the major material used for the manufacturing of tools, bridges, and railroads.
28. Compare steel to iron.
Steel is lighter, harder, and more durable than iron.
78. What became the symbol of Paris?
The Efflie Tower became the symbol of Paris.
18. Which nations came to dominate the world?Why
The German and Brittain Empires were in power during the Second Industrial Revolution.
10. By 1900, which nation led the world in production?
The United States
15. What created new jobs in the Second Industrial Revolution?
The demand for goods, and the building of cities, railroads, and factories created new jobs in the Second Industrial Revolution.
7. Where was the first US textile factory built?How did they get the plans for the machinery?
The first textile factory was built in Rhode Island with plans smuggled out of Britain.
128. Who was the new hero created by the Romantic writer? For whom was he named?
The romantic hero was mysterious, melancholy and out of step with society. He was named for Lord Byron.
36. What upset Nobel about his creation? For what purpose did Nobel will the huge fortune which he made?
The use of dynamite in warfare upset Nobel about his creation. Nobel willed the huge fortune he made to fund the Nobel prizes that are still awarded today.
94. Describe the division of labor between husbands and wives in early times.
The women helped run family business out of the home
121. What were the Social Darwinists' beliefs about racism?
They encouraged racism and believed that one group was more superior to another group.
6. Why did nations, such as Germany, France and the United States, catch up to Britain so quickly?
They had more abundant supplies of coal, iron and other supplies. They were also able to follow Britain's lead.
11. Why did the nations of southern and eastern Europe often develop more slowly?
They lacked the national resources and capital to develop.
53. How did entrepreneurs acquire the huge amounts of capital needed to finance the new technologies?
They sold stock, or shares in their companies, to investors
4. Who opened factories in Belgium for the manufacture of spinning and weaving machines?
William Cockerill opened factories.
