Industrialization

What is the most likely reason that the steam locomotive was developed soon after the steamboat?

The locomotive used the same technology but could travel more broadly.

The Wright brothers made their mark on history by

flying the first engine-powered plane.

Most socialists believe that the best way to improve society is to

insist that the government protects the interests of workers and consumers

What is the last step in writing an argumentative essay?

revising

In the United States, industrialization started in the

1820s

How did the passage of compulsory school attendance laws affect child labor in the United States?

Children could not work in factories if they had to attend school.

Which statement describes enslaved persons in ancient Rome and Greece?

Enslaved persons were often foreigners

Which inventor developed a new motor that generated alternating current (AC) electricity?

Nikola Tesla

The utopian socialist factory owner from Great Britain who worked to improve conditions for his workers was Robert

Owen

Which best describes what happened to New Harmony?

The community was a failure

Utopianism is best defined as

a form of socialism based on sharing.

Before the Agricultural Revolution, much of England's farmland was

common

Factory owners began to hire children during the Industrial Revolution because the young

were a cheap source of labor

Slavery began to develop in the Americas during the age of exploration because

work on plantations was difficult and needed large numbers of workers.

During the Industrial Revolution, the demand for skilled labor

decreased

Which describes tenant farmers?

They farm land owned by someone else

In a capitalist system, the government should _______ its role in the economy.

limit

Why did governments authorize the creation of joint-stock companies?

to limit the possibility of risk from trade

According to Adam Smith,___ drives businesses to make their prices attractive to consumers.

competition

What is a possible effect of a radioactive substance?

It can be harmful to a person's health.

Which statement is characteristic of a communist system? Check all that apply.

The government controls the means of production. The government regulates a centrally planned economy. Prices and wages are set by the government. A single authoritarian party holds complete power.

The graph shows US immigration by decade. As the United States experienced rapid industrial growth, what was the overall trend in immigration?

The graph shows that immigration was trending upward from the 1820s to 1900s.

Read the statement from an argumentative essay. Capitalism is superior to socialism because it promotes the interests of both the individual and society. This statement is best described as

a claim.

In 1511, when African enslaved persons arrived in the Americas, they were considered

a commodity

After presenting a reason and evidence in an argumentative essay, a writer should present

a counterclaim

Popular culture is best described as

activities that are widely shared.

Collective bargaining means bargaining with workers who

belong to a union

Prior to exploration, enslaved people in Africa were often

captives in war

Karl Marx was an influential German thinker and revolutionary who pioneered the idea of .

communism

According to Adam Smith, _______ drives businesses to make their prices attractive to consumers.

competition

What should a writer focus on while editing an argumentative essay? Check all that apply.

grammar punctuation spelling

The graph shows suffrage reform in the United Kingdom. Based on this graph, it is reasonable to assume that by 1930 the percentage of the population with the right to vote was

greater than in 1918.

Europeans turned to Africa as a source of enslaved persons because

groups of American Indians were exploited and decimated.

Factory owners took steps to prevent unions from forming because they

recognized that unions posed an economic threat.

A modified version of slavery in Europe during the Middle Ages was called

serfdom

Socialists believe that people should cooperate to produce what is best for

society.

When did British leaders begin to talk about the abolition of slavery?

the 1700s

Abolition moved slowly in the US because

the South's economy depended on it.

Which finally abolished slavery in the US?

the Thirteenth Amendment

Under socialism, prices and wages are set by

the government

How did the Reform Act of 1832 affect voter representation in Parliament?

The act gave greater representation to people in cities.

What conclusion can be drawn about the discoveries of Marie Curie and Louis Pasteur?

Their discoveries continue to have an impact on people's health.

Which issues slowed the speed of industrialization in some countries? Check all that apply.

a lack of resources economic problems political instability

Maria Stewart, abolitionist and former enslaved person, believed what most harmed enslaved people was lack of

education.

According to Adam Smith, the government should be responsible for

encouraging producers to act in their own self-interest.

In Mesoamerican civilizations, enslaved persons were often

enslaved as punishment for crimes.

An outline for an argumentative essay about capitalism and socialism

explains the essay's structure.

In order to accumulate wealth, a country should work to

export more goods than it import

During the Industrial Revolution, textile factories__ -produced items which increased the available options and lowered the prices for consumers.

mass

Capitalism is built on the principle of ownership.

private

Who owns most farms and factories in a capitalist economy?

private individuals

Marx and Engels believed the Industrial Revolution had separated people into two separate classes: the bourgeoisie and the

proletariat

When workers go out on strike, they are

refusing to work until conditions improve.

Urbanization was a result of the

Industrial Revolution

How did the Congress of Vienna facilitate the growth of industrialization?

It opened the lines of communication between countries, enabling trade.

This 1875 painting shows the inside of a factory during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution painting According to the details in the painting, which conditions would have made the factory dangerous for workers? Check all that apply.

There is an open fire with workers surrounding it. The workers are swinging equipment in cramped quarters. The workers are not wearing protective gear.

In what way did the writer Charles Dickens embrace social criticism?

by describing the problems caused by industrialization

Light bulbs were one of the most important inventions in history because they

made it possible for people to be more productive and creative.

After laws were passed, which was a positive result of urbanization that helped raise the standard of living?

mandatory schooling

Before the US transportation infrastructure was built, raw materials and finished products were most efficiently transported and distributed

via navigable waterways

The assembly line was a system through which items were mass-produced in a _______ flow

continuous

Which best describes how the railroads directly contributed to the spread of industrialization in Europe?

Railroads transported raw materials and finished products.

is considered the father of the American Industrial Revolution.

Samuel Slater

What happened to skilled workers during the Industrial Revolution?

They were replaced by unskilled workers.

Popular culture mainly encompasses the realm of

entertainment.

Starting with the Reform Act of 1832, Parliament passed laws in the 1800s that gave voting rights to

most adult males

What impact did new inventions such as the ice box, electric lights, and the phonograph have on the lives of the growing middle class in the late 1800s?

People found life more convenient, as these inventions gave them more opportunities and freedoms.

How did banking change in Europe from the 1700s to the 1800s?

The number of private banks sharply increased.

Doctors, lawyers, managers and other middle-class workers during the Industrial Revolution were collectively known as the .

bourgeoisie

The graph shows mining deaths in the United States during much of the 1900s. What does the graph demonstrate?

The safety of the mining industry improved as the 1900s progressed.

This satirical lithograph, published by Currier and Ives in New York in 1869, comments on the feminist movement.

Women should not be allowed to vote because gender roles will be reversed.

The body paragraphs of an argumentative essay should include

a strong reason, counterarguments, and a concluding statement that supports the claim.

In the late 1700s, Great Britain's many rivers, harbors, and other natural resources caused the Industrial Revolution to

growth

Through the , Europeans took goods to Africa, enslaved persons to the Americas, and raw materials to Europe.

triangular trade

Read the passage from Charles Dickens's Hard Times. All the public inscriptions in the town were painted alike, in severe characters of black and white. The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the jail, the town-hall might have been either, or both, or anything else, for anything that appeared to the contrary in the graces of their construction. Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the immaterial. What is the main idea of this passage?

Industrialization results in standardization and monotony.

Before the Agricultural Revolution, many people lived in rural areas because

they could grow food on small areas of land.

The photo shows a woman watching a row of machines in a factory. woman in factory What advantages did machinery provide for factory owners?

The machines could do the work faster than skilled workers by hand.

Which best describes the difference between the middle and lower classes during the Industrial Revolution?

The middle class included managers and skilled workers, while the lower class consisted of unskilled workers.

What was New Harmony, Indiana?

a model utopian community

Did the abolishment of slavery in Britain and the US have a significant influence on the status of slavery in the world today?

No, it is estimated that there are 30 million enslaved persons in the world today.

Read the excerpt from Teaching the Benefits of Capitalism by Roger B. Butters. The single greatest benefit that capitalism provides is that it enables human choice. Capitalism establishes a social contract that makes it possible for individuals to exercise their franchise and free agency . . . It creates the necessary conditions for people to escape poverty and create wealth for themselves and for others. Which detail from the excerpt provides the best evidence to support the claim that capitalism is better than socialism?

Capitalism enables human choice

Read the excerpt from Teaching the Benefits of Capitalism by Roger B. Butters. The single greatest benefit that capitalism provides is that it enables human choice. Capitalism establishes a social contract that makes it possible for individuals to exercise their franchise and free agency . . . It creates the necessary conditions for people to escape poverty and create wealth for themselves and for others. Which detail from the excerpt provides the best evidence to support the claim that capitalism is better than socialism?

Capitalism enables human choice.

How did industrial cities provide new opportunities for workers? Check all that apply.

City jobs paid higher wages than rural farming did. Women could get jobs to help support their families. Factories, mills, and mines were always in need of workers.

Which describes the effect factories had on rivers during the Industrial Revolution?

Factories caused major environmental problems by dumping waste into the river

Which is the most likely explanation for the impact of World War I on the growth of voting opportunities for women?

New job opportunities opened up for women during the war, allowing them to take on new roles and gain public appreciation.

Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society. Read the quotation by Adam Smith. According to Adam Smith, how does self-interest benefit society?

It causes people to seek out high-paying jobs.

Which statement most accurately describes The Communist Manifesto?

It was a description of the class struggle and the problems caused by capitalism.

What is the difference between manumission and emancipation?

Manumission releases someone from slavery, while emancipation is giving someone freedom.

How would life have been different in the 1800s if the steam locomotive had not been invented?

Products would have been more expensive.

Which statement best explains why mills, such as that established by Samuel Slater, were built along rivers?

Rivers powered the mills

How were serfs different from enslaved persons?

Serfs worked for their lord's protection, and enslaved persons had no protection.

What did Marie Curie achieve during her career? Check all that apply.

She developed X-ray machines. She discovered radioactive elements. She won the Nobel Prize.

Read the body paragraphs of an argumentative essay. National parks are totally important in the economy. Each park creates opportunities for tourism. Millions of visitors travel to national parks. For example, almost 3.5 million visitors went to Yellowstone Park in Wyoming in 2012. These visitors need tons of services, which creates job opportunities for local residents. So, it's obvious that national parks play an important role in the economy. How could this excerpt be best improved?

The writer could make the tone more academic.

Which best describes why industry existed in the larger American port cities before industrialization?

These cities were built on rivers and harbors and had plenty of workers.

Why did factory owners and management often use force against striking workers?

They hoped the use of force would keep workers from joining unions in the future

The photograph, taken by Lewis Hine in 1908, shows a glass factory. What information is shown in this picture?

Underage workers were employed at the glass factory.

What was one advantage of the division of labor during the growth of industry?

Workers were able to specialize and perform specific tasks.

The first step in creating an argumentative essay is

developing an opinion

One way women used their positions in the workforce to demand rights was to

join unions

The purpose of the slave codes was to

legally protect slavery

he purpose of the slave codes was to

legally protect slavery.

In a laissez-faire economy, the government plays a

limited role

The ultimate goal of mercantilism was to gain greater

power through wealth

A statement that supports a claim in an argumentative essay is called a ______

reason

In a free market, the price of goods is set by

the producer

The Agricultural Revolution helped spark the Industrial Revolution by increasing the amount of food produced and by

decreasing the number of farmworkers.

How did steam locomotives lower the cost of transporting raw materials and finished goods?

They could transport many materials or goods at once.

The image shows different prices and types of corn flakes. Shopping According to the image, why would the Industrial Revolution have pleased consumers?

They had more options in a variety of prices.

Entrepreneurs spread industrialization from Great Britain to other countries by

giving information and know-how.

Crime became a negative result of immigration because

high unemployment led to a lot of theft and robbery.

The graph shows world population in urban and rural areas. The best conclusion that can be drawn from this graph is that the percentage of the world's population living in urban areas

in 2030 is a prediction based on the present trend of urban growth continuing.

An effect of the Industrial Revolution was that wages around the world

increased.

Thomas Edison is considered one of the greatest inventors because he was responsible for

patenting more than two thousand inventions

What is the best definition of heredity?

Heredity is the process by which characteristics are passed to offspring.

Wealth brings with it its own checks and balances. The basis of political economy is non-interference. The only safe rule is found in the self-adjusting meter of demand and supply. Do not legislate. . . . make equal laws: secure life and property, and you need not give charity. Open the doors of opportunity to talent and virtue, and they will do themselves justice, and property will not be in bad hands. In a free and just commonwealth, property rushes from the idle [lazy] and brainless, to the industrious, brave, and persevering. Read the quotation by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Which of Adam Smith's ideals are reflected in the quotation from Emerson?

Government should not play a role in the free market.

What does the name "New Harmony" suggest about the goals of the community's founder?

It suggests that the founder saw the community as a place of cooperation.

Communism is the political-economic system created by Lenin in the country of

Russia.

During the Agricultural Revolution, what was the main advantage of tenant farming rather than moving to the city for work?

Tenant farmers could use a skill they already had rather than starting over.

This photograph, taken by Lewis Hine, shows textile mill workers. What were goals of Hine in publishing this photograph? Check all that apply.

to draw attention to the dangers of child labor o show how young factory workers could be to get Congress to ban child labor

Read the description of an imaginary country's economic system. In this country, the government tells an appliance factory that it must produce a minimum of one thousand refrigerators. People are assigned jobs at the factory based on their abilities, and the government determines how much they will be paid. The government decides how much a new refrigerator will cost. Which statement explains why this is a description of a socialist country?

The government is making all the economic decisions.

In a capitalist system, people who work hard are rewarded. Why do socialists criticize this approach?

They say it results in an unfair distribution of wealth.

At the dawn of industrialization, why were entrepreneurs important to changing economies in Europe? Check all that apply.

They started a number of new businesses. They improved on the available technology. They developed new products and inventions. They invested money in new businesses.

Read this excerpt from a New York State commission investigating living and working conditions in tenement houses. Another great evil of tenement house manufacturing was the fact that it made legally possible the work of little children in manufacturing pursuits at home, when the law rigidly excludes them from such occupations in the factories. Children as young as five, six, and seven years of age were found doing work. One little girl, aged 7, testified that she worked until eight o'clock in the evening. What labor issue did the commission identify?

Young children were doing manufacturing work in tenement houses.

Which best describes a social democracy?

a country where the government controls the economy but allows free elections and other civil liberties

America's abundance was not created by public sacrifices to "the common good," but by the productive genius of free men who pursued their own personal interests and the making of their own private fortunes. Read the quotation by Ayn Rand. Both Adam Smith and Ayn Rand would agree that

individuals and businesses want what benefits them the most.

When revising the voice in an argumentative essay, a writer should make sure it is

persuasive.

Utopianism is a type of

socialism

Socialists believe that to improve the lives of the people, the government should

take control of the economy.

Through the _______ , Europeans took goods to Africa, enslaved persons to the Americas, and raw materials to Europe.

triangular trade

The most important economic effect of the internal combustion engine was

allowing goods to be shipped farther.

In the 1770s, fewer farmers were needed in Britain because of machines and new techniques, so out-of-work farmers

moved to the cities where there were more job opportunities.

How many hours a day did unskilled laborers work during the Industrial Revolution?

14-16

Which explains why factory owners' profits grew quickly during the Industrial Revolution?

Factories were making more products to sell by using cheaper labor.

What were the most popular final destinations chosen by immigrants after they entered the United States? Check all that apply.

Immigrants chose to stay in large cities after they arrived. Immigrants returned to their home countries after earning money. Immigrants chose to move to the western United States

By the 1700s, what about slavery had changed?

All enslaved people were of African descent.

Which was a main benefit of industrialization?

Business owners hired the most competent workers.

The list below describes working conditions in factories in the 1800s. What conclusion did reformers draw from the list?

Changes were needed to improve working conditions.

Which statement best describes the works of Charles Dickens?

Charles Dickens wrote about English workers and aristocrats during the Industrial Age.

Read this excerpt from Friedrich Engels's The Condition of the Working Class in England. Every great city has one or more slums, where the working-class is crowded together. . . . The streets are generally unpaved, rough, dirty, filled with vegetable and animal refuse [trash], without sewers or gutters, but supplied with foul, stagnant pools instead. Which point does Engels make in this passage?

Industrialization has created poor living conditions.

As a result of industrialization in the 1880s, there was rapid growth in Britain's first industrialized city of

Manchester

What is the most likely reason the Agricultural Revolution caused a population increase?

More and better food allowed people to be healthy and well fed.

By 1900, more people in the industrialized world were attending concerts, theater performances, and sporting events. What is the best explanation for this change? Check all that apply.

More people were interested in learning new things. More people had more time to enjoy leisure activities. More people could afford to spend money on leisure activities.

What did reformers in the early 1800s claim were problems with the British parliamentary system? Check all that apply.

Only wealthy landowners were allowed to vote. Large cities were not well represented in Parliament.

The graph shows suffrage reform in the United Kingdom. What is the best conclusion that can be drawn from this graph?

Over time, Parliament passed laws that allowed more and more people in the UK to vote.

Which most likely explains why the British Parliament decided to pass the Reform Act of 1832?

Parliament was facing pressure from workers for equal representation in government.

What type of essay supports a specific claim or idea?

an argumentative essay

Which are parts of an effective argument? Check all that apply.

a claim evidence a counterclaim

Industrialization led to increased demands by the public for

a more democratic government

The process of industrialization caused worldwide damage to the

environment

Read the prompt for an argumentative essay. Discuss the benefits and problems of capitalism and socialism, and evaluate which system provides the greater overall benefit to society. What does the prompt ask the writer to do?

establish positions on capitalism and socialism using reasons and evidence

The single greatest benefit that capitalism provides is that it enables human choice. Capitalism establishes a social contract that makes it possible for individuals to exercise their franchise and free agency. It gives people the ability to be secure in themselves and their possessions and, having provided security, it enables people to assume risk that they were previously unwilling to assume. It creates the necessary conditions for people to escape poverty and create wealth for themselves and for others. Read a quotation by Roger Butters, a twenty-first-century economist. Both Adam Smith and Butters would agree that capitalism

provides individuals with freedom of choice.

What caused agriculture to change in Britain leading to urbanization? Check all that apply.

the eviction of tenant farmers the increased use of machinery the growing demand for wool

A strong outline for an argumentative essay should include

evidence to support a claim

This chart depicts consumer culture. What word best completes the second box?

Wealth

People who wish to improve their working conditions are most likely to

form unions

Which of these were problems in the Industrial Age? Check all that apply.

high poverty rates poor working conditions crowded cities growing inequality

A positive effect of urbanization was the building of which public transportation systems?

trolleys

The chart shows automobile ownership in the early twentieth century. Based on the chart, what conclusion can be made about automobile ownership?

Automobiles became more popular and affordable over time.

Classicism is a style of art inspired by ancient Greece and ancient

Rome

How was the advent of the trolley most beneficial to workers?

Workers could live farther away from work.

How did the Industrial Revolution change the role of workers? Check all that apply.

Workers made products in large factories. Workers used machines for repetitive tasks. Workers made products on a large scale.

In the late 1700s, Great Britain's many rivers, harbors, and other natural resources caused the Industrial Revolution to ______.

grow

A market that is driven by supply and demand is controlled by

producers and consumers.

As a result of the introduction of the Bessemer process in 1855, which industry most likely grew the most immediately thereafter?

railroad

The Bessemer process made the production of__ more cost effective.

steel

In the mid-1800s, steam power was replaced by ___________.

the internal combustion engine

The first engine-powered flight took place in the year

1903

The map shows the number of people who immigrated to the United States from different regions. From most to least, which shows the correct ranking of regions by number of immigrants to the United States?

1st: Europe 2nd: North and South America 3rd: Asia 4th: Africa

The chart shows children as a percentage of Britain's mining and textile workforce. children employees graph What do the figures indicate about child labor during this part of the Industrial Revolution?

Children played a significant role in the workforce.

What started the modern Agricultural Revolution?

improved farming methods

Which best describes how industrialization changed the American economy?

Industrialization moved the economy away from agriculture.

Which best explains why Great Britain had a monopoly on production during the early years of industrialization?

It kept skilled workers and machinery from leaving the country.

How did industrialization contribute to the changing role of women in the late 1800s?

New appliances helped women complete household chores faster so they could pursue other interests.

This photo shows an automobile from the early 1900s. In which ways did the invention of the automobile change society? Check all that apply.

Large numbers of new roads and highways were built. People now had the option of working farther from home. People were able to drive to different states.

Read these words by American author Mark Twain about travel. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. What point was Twain making about travel?

Travel helps people understand the world around them.

The excerpt is from The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, by Edward Baines. A great number of streams . . . furnish water-power adequate to turn many hundred mills: they afford the element of water, indispensable for scouring, bleaching, printing, dyeing, and other processes of manufacture: and when collected in their larger channels, or employed to feed canals, they supply a superior inland navigation, so important for the transit of raw materials and merchandise. According to the excerpt, in what ways did water help England's industrial boom?

Water supplied power and a means of transportation.

For the YOUNG BUSINESS MAN The Ford Runabout is a profitable partner and a happy companion for the boy who is making his mark in business and at school. It reduces distance from a matter of miles to a matter of minutes. By saving time and effort, it makes larger earnings possible. And costing little to buy and keep going, it quickly pays for itself. When vacation time rolls round the Runabout enables the young business man to reduce by hours the time between work and play. Let us tell you how easy it is to buy a Ford on the Weekly Purchase Plan. Ford Motor Company, Detroit, Michigan The ad promotes a new brand of car. What benefit of the internal combustion engine does the ad emphasize?

affordability

In which neighborhoods were immigrants who stayed in cities most likely to settle?

in neighborhoods with people from their home country

During the industrial age, what were the hardships immigrants faced that caused them to leave their home countries? Check all that apply.

famine rising taxes job shortages crop failure

Which was the most important assistance given to immigrants by people from their home country?

help in adapting

Wealth brings with it its own checks and balances. The basis of political economy is non-interference. The only safe rule is found in the self-adjusting meter of demand and supply. Do not legislate. . . . make equal laws: secure life and property, and you need not give charity. Open the doors of opportunity to talent and virtue, and they will do themselves justice, and property will not be in bad hands. In a free and just commonwealth, property rushes from the idle [lazy] and brainless, to the industrious, brave, and persevering. Read the quotation by Ralph Waldo Emerson. According to both Emerson and Adam Smith, what guarantees success in a free market system?

individual freedom

In addition to making cars, Henry Ford is best known for

perfecting the assembly line

In the early 1800s, why were European governments able to promote economic growth?

The end of the Napoleonic Wars brought stability.

This 1818 painting shows a man looking out to sea. Which statement best explains why this work represents the romantic style?

The man is in nature, lost in his imagination.

Advances in transportation during the Industrial Age changed the ways in which people

lived and worked.

The most compelling reason immigration rose in the United States during the Industrial Revolution was because people were

looking for personal freedom and jobs.

Production at Lowell Mills was considered revolutionary because every stage of textile production was

mechanized and completed in-house.

Which asset made Belgium a good place to establish the first industrialized textile manufacturer in continental Europe?

natural resources

One strategy factory owners used to increase profits involved

paying lower wages to adult workers.

An effect of the steamboat's popularity was that

people began to build canals in the United States and Europe.

What is the best definition of the term "cottage industry"?

people who produce goods out of their homes

As in Europe, the growth of industrialization in the United States occurred

regionally.

The best example of a city's investment in infrastructure as a response to urbanization was the building of

roads

Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society. Read the quotation by Adam Smith. According to this quote, what motivates most individuals?

sense of self-interest

Which are examples of new technologies that helped the factory system grow?

steam engines and sewing machines

Which industry emerged during the Second Industrial Revolution in the late nineteenth century?

steel

To __________ means to remove harmful bacteria and other germs.

sterilize