Infancy Exam

Jamal, a six-month-old, sleeps for about 6 hours per night, with naps during the day. About how much sleep should Jamal get, in total, in a 24-hour period at this age? 14-15 hours 14-15 hours 8-10 hours 8-10 hours 17-20 hours 17-20 hours 6-8 hours

14-15 hours

Lorena is 6 months old, and often wakes during the night. Her parents wish she would wake less frequently during the night, but as long as Lorena gets about how many hours of sleep per day, is her sleep considered normal for a child her age? 17-20 hours 17-20 hours 6-8 hours 6-8 hours 14-15 hours 14-15 hours 8-10 hours

14-15 hours

A baby loses weight shortly after birth. This is normal, as the child adjusts to life outside of the womb. Approximately what percentage of their total body weight does a child lose in these first few days? 5% 5% 15% 15% 25% 25% 1% 1%

5%

Edward and Annie are medically unable to receive the vaccination for polio. About what percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated to make it highly unlikely Edward or Annie will contract polio, despite not being vaccinated? 99% 75% 90% 50%

90%

Many children learn sign language as infants and toddlers. How does this enhance their communication abilities? Sign language negates the need for speech until the child is able to articulate full thoughts. Sign language negates the need for speech until the child is able to articulate full thoughts. Children have more acute vision than hearing, so seeing signs is easier than hearing words. Children have more acute vision than hearing, so seeing signs is easier than hearing words. Children understand less than they can hear, so sign language helps them express confusion. Children understand less than they can hear, so sign language helps them express confusion. Children understand more than they can vocalize, and gestures help convey meaning.

Children understand more than they can vocalize, and gestures help convey meaning.

As much as Christopher's parents try to understand his temperament, even after testing, they cannot determine what his temperament type is. What does this indicate about Christopher? His temperament would be classified as undifferentiated. His temperament would be classified as undifferentiated. Christopher is a feisty child with a difficult temperament. Christopher is a feisty child with a difficult temperament. Christopher would be considered a flexible child. Christopher would be considered a flexible child. Christopher is just slow to warm up

His temperament would be classified as undifferentiated.

Question Using inferences from the puppet experiments about in-group and out-group preferences can we make about how infants as young as 8 months old choose playmates and friends? Infants like everyone, regardless of their preferences Infants like everyone, regardless of their preferences Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes Infants make friend choices based solely on who is nice to them Infants make friend choices based solely on who is nice to them Infants like people who can help them obtain things they want

Infants like others who express similar likes and dislikes

How can parents most safely and effectively identify if their child is allergic to a new food item? Introduce food items one at a time and spaced in time Introduce several foods and eliminate them one by one Breastfeed as long as possible to build immunities Administer an allergy test at weaning

Introduce food items one at a time and spaced in time

Jesse lived with a foster family when she was about a year old. Now, as a six-year-old, she lives with a different family and does not recognize her former foster parents when they pass each other in the grocery store. What is the most reasonable explanation for this lack of recognition? Jesse would remember their names, but not their faces, so running into them did not trigger her memory. Jesse would remember their names, but not their faces, so running into them did not trigger her memory. Jesse's memories of the foster parents were not encoded verbally, and she has lost those memories Jesse's memories of the foster parents were not encoded verbally, and she has lost those memories Jesse has blocked the memories of her former foster parents, so she will not consciously remember them. Jesse has blocked the memories of her former foster parents, so she will not consciously remember them. Jesse did not live with that family long enough to have made any memories with them.

Jesse's memories of the foster parents were not encoded verbally, and she has lost those memories

Studies on preferential looking and object permanence in children younger than 8 months old revealed that Piaget may have initially miscalculated infants' cognitive abilities in which way? Piaget underestimated infant verbal abilities Piaget overestimated infant cognitive abilities Piaget relied too little on his own personal experience Piaget underestimated infant cognitive abilities

Piaget underestimated infant cognitive abilities

In which of these scenarios is it more ideal for a mother to use formula than to breastfeed? Breastfeeding increases the mother's risk of cancer. Breastfeeding increases the mother's risk of cancer. The mother has access to clean water. The mother has access to clean water. The mother has a transmittable disease, such as HIV. The mother has a transmittable disease, such as HIV. The mother is poor.

The mother has a transmittable disease, such as HIV.

Justin is a very active child, and his mother frequently tries to discourage him from venturing around his play area, instead wanting him to sit still and calmly play with blocks. In what way is this parenting style incompatible with Justin's temperament? This parenting style is just right; it's the child who needs to learn to change his temperament. This parenting style is just right; it's the child who needs to learn to change his temperament. This parenting style is not currently achieving a good fit for the active child This parenting style is not currently achieving a good fit for the active child Justin's mother is too passive for such an active child Justin's mother is too passive for such an active child Justin's mother is not firm enough in her disciplinary style

This parenting style is not currently achieving a good fit for the active child

Select the shortened version of the following phrase an 18-month-old is most likely to utter: "We went to the zoo and saw elephants and giraffes." We went zoo, see elephant and giraffe. We went zoo, see elephant and giraffe. Zoo! (the rest is unintelligible) Zoo! (the rest is unintelligible) Went to the zoo, saw elephant and giraffe. Went to the zoo, saw elephant and giraffe. Zoo! Elephants, giraffe!

Zoo elephants giraffe

Twelve-month old Charlotte unrolls an entire roll of toilet paper, just to see how much paper that tiny roll contained. What substage of sensorimotor development is Charlotte engaged in by unrolling the toilet paper? Mental representations Mental representations Active experimentation Active experimentation Secondary circular reactions Secondary circular reactions x Primary circular reactions Primary circular reactions

active experimentation

Twelve-month old Dennis accidentally knocks his bowl off the table. The bowl spins on the floor before coming to a stop. Dennis's mom picks up the bowl and places it back on the table, so he knocks it down again to see if it will spin. Dennis knocks the bowl down each time his mother picks it up. What substage of sensorimotor development does this behavior reflect? Mental representations Mental representations Primary circular reactions Primary circular reactions Active experimentation Active experimentation Secondary circular reactions Secondary circular reactions

active experimentation

Nils believes children learn language through reinforcement and repetition. With which school of thought do Nils' beliefs align? Pragmatist Pragmatist Nativist Nativist Expressionist Expressionist Behaviorist

behaviorist

Erikson and Freud disagreed on many aspects of child-rearing, including the amount of attention the parent should give a child. According to Freud, overindulging the child would leave the child orally fixated. Erikson, however, believed children would accomplish what task? Developing a sense of pride and self-esteem Developing a sense of pride and self-esteem Becoming overly reliant on parental praise Becoming overly reliant on parental praise Learning how to regulate emotions Learning how to regulate emotions Believing the world is a safe place Believing the world is a safe place

believing the world is a safe place

Infants develop motor skills in an organized manner, with motor skills developing in a top-down and center-out manner. What two principles describe this process of development? Cephalocaudal and gross motor development Cephalocaudal and gross motor development Dendritic and proximodistal development Dendritic and proximodistal development Sensation and perception Sensation and perception Cephalocaudal and proximodistal development

cephalocaudal and proximodistal development

Chelsea's parents often feel like she is trying to tell them something, but they just can't understand their 1-year-old's speech. What would best help them understand one another? Child-directed speech Babbling Holophrases x Sign language

child directed speech

Eighteen-month old Kaila sees her mother drink coffee, while she enjoys apple juice. Kaila's mother expresses how much she loves coffee. When presented with the opportunity to give her mother either some of her apple juice or some of the coffee she likes, which will Kaila give her mother, and why? Apple juice, because everyone must prefer it Apple juice, because everyone must prefer it Coffee, because her mother likes it Coffee, because her mother likes it Coffee, because Kaila wants all the apple juice for herself Coffee, because Kaila wants all the apple juice for herself Apple juice, because Kaila likes it

coffee because her mother likes it

Immediately following birth, a mother produces this thick, yellow-ish, nutrient-rich substance for the baby to consume in the first few days after birth, contributing to immune system health. Colostrum Colostrum Placenta Placenta Breast milk Breast milk Milk fat

colostrum

Infants in the "visual cliff" experiment will stop crawling at what appears to be a drop-off. This demonstrates they have developed what perceptual ability? Pattern recognition Pattern recognition Three-dimensional vision Three-dimensional vision Color vision Color vision Depth perception

depth perception

Question Tasha is crawling, navigating around large objects in her way, and looking up at objects taller than herself. What perceptual ability can we surmise from this information that Tasha has developed? Color vision Color vision Three-dimensional vision Three-dimensional vision Depth perception Depth perception Pattern recognition Pattern recognition

depth perception

Nancy thinks her twins are about as different as possible, given that they were raised in the same environment. What difference could these children have had from birth to make Nancy characterize them in this manner? Different genders Different genders Different destinies Different destinies Different personalities Different personalities Different temperaments

different temperaments

Noah doesn't seem to know what to expect from his mother, so he is fearful, easily upset, and confused. The world does not make a lot of sense to him. What type of attachment does Noah probably have with his mother? Secure Secure Insecure- resistant Insecure- resistant Disorganized Disorganized Insecure-avoidant Insecure-avoidant

disorganized

Which of the following phrases is most likely to come from an 18-month old, and mean, "Mother, I would like to take the dog to the park."? Me take dog to the park, please! Me take dog to the park, please! Doggie, go park Doggie, go park I want to go park with dog I want to go park with dog Let's go to the park with dog!

doggie, go park

When a child is born within normal weight and length percentiles, but in the following months, drops below the 20th percentile for growth, what developmental issue should doctors and parents discuss? Failure to grow Failure to grow Failure to thrive Failure to thrive Intellectual impairment Intellectual impairment Prematurity

failure to thrive

Which of the senses is the most well-developed in a newborn at the time of birth? Sight Sight Taste Taste Hearing Hearing Touch

hearning

Parents who opt out of vaccinating their children, and later send them to school, increase the risk to other children by reducing the overall community immunity rate, known as what? Total immunity Total immunity Proportional immunity Proportional immunity Herd immunity Herd immunity Disease eradication

herd immunity

Jonah, a 12-month-old, uses the shortened word, ba- to indicate he wants his bottle. What kind of speech does this shortened use of a word represent? Overextension Overextension Holophrasic speech Holophrasic speech Babbling Babbling Underextension Underextension

holophrasic scpeech

In the strange situation test, baby Randall sits passively and waits until it is time to leave. His behavior is indicative of what type of attachment? Secure Secure Disorganized Disorganized Insecure-avoidant Insecure-avoidant Insecure-resistant Insecure-resistant

insecure avoidant

In their puppet experiments, Hamlin and Wynn demonstrated a possible difference in motive between 5-month olds and 8-month olds. What was this proposed difference? Just World Belief Just World Belief Color preference Color preference Puppet animal preference Puppet animal preference There was no difference

just world beleif

A mother has a second child within a close time span of the first child, and the first child no longer has access to the mother's breast milk. For what disease does the older child have a heightened risk, if other forms of nutrition are lacking in the child's diet? Mineral deficiency Mineral deficiency Marasmus Marasmus Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor Milk anemia

kwashiorkor

Nora, a 6-month-old child, babbles using a wide array of sounds. According to Chomsky, Nora's babbling is evidence of what neurological construct? Prefrontal Cortex Language Learning Center Hippocampus Language Acquisition Device

language acquisition device

Iron is an essential nutrient for brain development, and breast milk provides a steady source of iron for infants. After weaning, what nutritional concern arises when children start drinking cow's milk? Milk anemia Calcium deficiency Kwashiorkor Marasmus

milk anemia

What layer of fatty tissue protects axons and speeds transmission of information from one neuron to another? Transient exuberance Transient exuberance Myelin sheath Myelin sheath Neurogenesis Neurogenesis Axon shield

myelin sheath

If Rana, an 8-month-old child, looks for an object that has been hidden behind a screen, Rana is most likely demonstrating a basic understanding of what concept? Conservation Conservation Object permanence Object permanence Accommodation Accommodation Assimilation

object permanence

Patia, a 6-month old child, soon loses interest in an object her mother hides behind her back. What does this behavior demonstrate Patia has not yet mastered? Conservation Conservation Accommodation Accommodation Object permanence Object permanence Assimilation

object permanence

Infants lack the verbal capacity to give us feedback on their sensations and perceptions, but we can measure their abilities by monitoring bodily functions. If doctors monitor a newborn and find increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased stress hormones, and decreased oxygen in the blood, which sensation can they surmise the infant is experiencing? Sight Sight Pain Pain Recognition Recognition Hearing

pain

This portion of the brain is the least fully-developed portion of the infant brain, and will eventually comprise about 85 percent of the adult brain. Prefrontal cortex Prefrontal cortex Myelin Myelin Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hindbrain Hindbrain

prefrontal cortex

This portion of the brain, responsible for planned decision-making and emotional regulation, is the last to develop in an infant's brain. Myelin Myelin Neurons Neurons Prefrontal cortex Prefrontal cortex Hypothalamus Hypothalamus

prefrontal cortex

The basic presentation of the Hamlin and Wynn giver-taker puppet show revealed that children had a preference for what type of behavior? Neutral Neutral Reciprocal Reciprocal Prosocial Prosocial Taking

prosocial

In the strange situation test, a child with this type of attachment will explore the room and play with new toys, returning to the parent for reassurance when needed. Disorganized Disorganized Insecure-avoidant Insecure-avoidant Insecure-resistant Insecure-resistant Secure

secure

Jana, a 15-month old child, looks at herself in a mirror. Without her knowledge, an adult applies a dot of lipstick to Jana's nose. If Jana tries to rub the lipstick off her own nose in this test, what developmental milestone has Jana reached? Self-awareness Self-awareness Theory of mind Theory of mind Embarrassment Embarrassment Reflexive behavior

self awareness

It is time to leave Grandma and Grandpa's house, and 9-month-old Felicia cries as she and her parents begin their drive home. What is Felicia experiencing? Insecure-resistant attachment Insecure-resistant attachment Separation anxiety Separation anxiety Disorganized attachment Disorganized attachment Stranger wariness

separation anxiety

Question 8-month-old Marvin cries when his father drops him off at daycare every day, even though they do this every day. What does Marvin display? Insecure-avoidant attachment Insecure-avoidant attachment Withdrawal Withdrawal Separation anxiety Separation anxiety Stranger wariness

seperation anxiety

Question Lucy is an overprotective mother, constantly trying to keep her toddler out of potentially dangerous situations, like playing on the slide at the playground. What message does Lucy's overprotective tendency send her child, who is trying to establish autonomy? Shame and doubt Shame and doubt Inferiority Inferiority Mistrust Mistrust Guilt

shame and doubt

Breastmilk confers immunities and health benefits to children. For a child to gain most of the health benefits of breastfeeding, a mother should try to maintain breastfeeding until the child is how old? Two years Two years Six weeks Six weeks Six months Six months Three months

six months

Rhea and Sia enrolled their daughter in early preschool to boost her vocabulary, because they believe children learn language best when they have a need to communicate with others. Which language learning theory do these parents employ? Social pragmatics Social pragmatics Social reinforcement Social reinforcement Nativism Nativism Behaviorism

social pragmatics

Simon believes his toddler is learning language to interact with others and to survive in the world. Which language learning theory does Simon likely subscribe to? Behaviorism Behaviorism Reinforcement Reinforcement Social pragmatics Social pragmatics Nativism Nativism

social pragmatics

Eight-month-old Howard meets his great-aunt for the first time. He clings to his mother, uncertain of this new person. What does Howard exhibit? Insecure-avoidant attachment Insecure-avoidant attachment Insecure-resistant attachment Insecure-resistant attachment Stranger wariness Stranger wariness Self-awareness

stranger wariness

Paul is excited his 12-month old is speaking a few words, and at a company picnic, he tries to show off his child's skill, encouraging the child to speak for one of his co-workers. The child doesn't speak, and instead, ducks into Paul's shoulder. What is the child displaying? Insecure-resistant attachment Insecure-resistant attachment Shyness Shyness Self-awareness Self-awareness Stranger wariness

stranger wariness

The "back to sleep" initiative attempt to address which of the following major causes of infant death? Disrupted sleep patterns Disrupted sleep patterns Second-hand smoke Second-hand smoke Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Co-sleeping

sudden infant death syndrome

The campaign to increase back-sleeping awareness in infants attempts to address which of the following sleep concerns? Co-sleeping Co-sleeping Sleeping through the night Sleeping through the night Sleep disruptions Sleep disruptions Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

sudden infant death syndrome

Liam is watching a puppet show, wherein a central figure is bouncing a ball, and then loses it. He views one puppet steal the ball, but another return the ball to the center puppet. Which puppet will Liam likely choose, if given a choice to play with one of them? The helping puppet The helping puppet Neither puppet Neither puppet The puppet wearing his favorite color The puppet wearing his favorite color The puppet who stole the ball

the helping puppet

If Mary, an 8-month-old could articulate her decision-making process in Hamlin and Wynn's puppet experiment, what reason might she cite for choosing a puppet who hindered another puppet from opening a box, after the puppet in need of help was the "taker" puppet in a previous show? I like the red shirt better The mean puppet got what it deserved The good puppet was ugly The mean puppet should get help

the mean puppet got what it deserved

A doctor counsels a new mother that formula feeding is preferable to breastfeeding in her case. Which of these might apply to the mother in this scenario? The mother has sufficient access to clean water. The mother has sufficient access to clean water. The mother has a transmittable disease, such as tuberculosis. The mother has a transmittable disease, such as tuberculosis. The mother faces economic hardship. The mother faces economic hardship. The mother has a family history of breast cancer.

the mother has a transmittable disease, such as tuberculosis.

From birth, a baby will turn its head toward an object placed near its cheek, searching for food. This is an example of what? The rooting reflex The rooting reflex The Babinski reflex The Babinski reflex Goal-directed behavior Goal-directed behavior The sucking reflex

the rooting reflex

Dendrites grow rapidly in infancy, making complicated neural networks possible, through a process called ________. pruning pruning neural grafting neural grafting dendritic connection dendritic connection transient exuberance.

transient exuberance

During the first few years of life, dendrites grow rapidly, enabling numerous neural pathways. What is the term for this process? Neural networking Myelination Pruning Transient exuberance

transient exuberance

As an infant, Robert is learning to have faith in the world as a safe, reliable place, where he can count on his parents to help meet his needs. Which of Erikson's stages is Robert currently engaged in fulfilling? Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Industry vs. inferiority Industry vs. inferiority Trust vs. mistrust Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Initiative vs. guilt

trust vs mistrust

The idea that children are resilient helps compensate for possible missteps or downright failures in caregiving early in life. If a baby is resilient and learns to believe the world is a safe place, which Eriksonian task has the child tackled? Trust vs. mistrust Trust vs. mistrust Initiative vs. guilt Initiative vs. guilt Autonomy vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

trust vs mistrust

A caregiver trying to optimize her goodness of fit to match her child's temperament often finds herself at a loss for what to do when the child seems to have many different, changing temperaments. What temperament category best describes this child? Slow to warm up Slow to warm up Flexible Flexible Difficult/ feisty Difficult/ feisty Undifferentiated

undifferentiated

Hector, an 8-month old puts everything in his mouth, much to his parents' chagrin. Fortunately, they can rest assured that he is not likely to get such diseases as diphtheria and tetanus, because he has received what type of medical care? Herd immunity Herd immunity Antibiotics Antibiotics Holistic healing Holistic healing Vaccinations

vaccinations

Many forms of communicable disease are preventable. Some immunities are transferred to children through the mother's breast milk. Immunities to other diseases are administered to children at medical appointments, in what form? Herd immunity Herd immunity Natural remedies Natural remedies Antibodies Antibodies Vaccinations

vaccinations