Infant & Child final quiz questions

Which statement about nutrition is true?

Even mild nutritional deficits can affect cognitive functioning.

Which statement about childhood obesity rates in the United States is true?

In older age groups, the percentage of overweight children who are obese is greater than it is in younger age groups.

Which statement about the psychoanalytic perspective on the development of morality is true?

In psychoanalytic theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior.

Which statement about the causes of obesity is true?

Obese children's maladaptive eating habits result in greater responsiveness to external stimuli associated with food.

Which statement about differences in growth patterns is true?

The adolescent growth spurt occurs earlier in girls than in boys.

Which statement about intelligence tests is true?

With individually administered tests, the examiner not only considers the child's answers but also observes the child's behavior.

DeShawn's parents frequently interrupt him, ridicule his ideas, and withdraw their affection when DeShawn makes choices they disagree with. These tactics are typical of the ________ style of child rearing.

authoritarian

As Chandra pours herself some juice, she misses the cup and spills juice on the table. Her parents chide her for being a bad girl and making a mess. If her parents regularly give her this kind of feedback, Chandra is likely to ________.

experience self-conscious emotions intensely

Most theories of moral development agree that initially a child's morality is ________. You Answered

externally controlled by adults

Caregivers who view play as mere entertainment are ________ likely to ________.

less; encourage pretend play than caregivers who value the cognitive and social benefits of play

As early as first grade, when children are grouped by ability, low-group students are more likely to be ________.

low SES and male

Longitudinal research indicates that the forms of play emerge in which order?

nonsocial activity, parallel play, associative play, cooperative play

Rough-and-tumble play ________.

offers lessons in how to handle combative interactions with restraint

Coregulation refers to a form of supervision in which ________.

parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making

By age 3½, children describe themselves in terms of ________, suggesting ________.

typical emotions and attitudes; a beginning understanding of their unique psychological characteristics

Three-year-old Cassandra has very low anxiety and is rarely uncomfortable with parental disapproval. What advice would you give her parents regarding strategies to discipline her?

A close parent-child bond motivates children to listen to parents.

Which statement about the use of screen media is true?

Boys are more likely than girls to engage in writing computer programs and creating Web pages.

Which statement about myopia is true?

Children who spend more time reading are more likely to be myopic.

Which statement about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it hard to ignore irrelevant information.

Which statement about language development during middle childhood is true?

Children's reflective, analytical approach to language permits them to appreciate the multiple meanings of words.

Which elementary school classroom shows evidence of high-quality education?

Classroom C, where teachers evaluate work samples to individualize instruction.

Which statement is supported by research on school recess?

Distributing cognitively demanding tasks over a longer time by introducing regular breaks enhances attention and performance.

Which statement is supported by research on media violence?

Even in nonaggressive children, media violence sparks hostile thoughts and behavior.

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between effective management of emotion and emotional understanding?

Emotional self-regulation and emotional understanding mutually support one another

Which statement about emotional self-regulation is true?

Emotionally reactive children are often the targets of poor parenting, which compounds their poor self-regulation

Which statement about Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is true?

It includes emotional intelligence, which is correlated with prosocial behavior and academic performance.

Which statement about malocclusion is true?

It is a condition in which the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly.

Which statement about IQ is true?

It predicts school performance and educational attainment.

Which statement about childhood injuries is true?

Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of injury fatalities in middle childhood.

Which statement about the consequences of child maltreatment is true?

Persistent abuse seems to blunt children's normal physiological response to stress.

Which statement about integration in U.S. schools is true?

Since 2000, the racial-ethnic divide in U.S. education has intensified.

Which statement about the views of U.S. adults regarding disciplinary practices is true?

Support for corporal punishment is declining, though the majority of both men and women endorse spanking.

Which statement about trends in obesity is true?

The largest population weight gains in the past four decades have occurred in Canada, Mexico, England, and the United States.

Which statement about transgender children is true?

Transgender preschoolers and school-age children are not pretending, confused, or delayed in gender understanding.

With regard to teaching mathematics, most experts agree that ________.

a blend of drill in computing and "number sense" is most beneficial

The most effective treatment for enuresis is ________.

a urine alarm

Measurements of gross-motor performance indicate that 10-year-olds react ________ 5-year-olds.

about twice as quickly as

Findings that some girls' friendships are full of jealousy and that some boys' friendships often involve physical attacks suggest that ________.

aggressive children's social problems operate even within their closest peer ties

After Mia bit her brother, her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges, ________.

allows Mia's father to avoid administering harsh punishment and then dealing with its side effects

In developing countries, rates of obesity have risen as a result of ________.

an urbanized shift toward sedentary lifestyles

If Opal is a gender-schematic child, she ________.

applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences

When Elliot engages in intense exercise, particularly in cold weather or during allergy season, his bronchial tubes fill with mucus and contract. This causes him to cough and have serious breathing difficulties. Elliot has ________.

asthma

In two investigations, African-American children adopted into economically well-off European-American homes during the first year of life ________.

attained mean IQs of 110 and 117 by middle childhood

The most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by ________.

building a mutually respectful bond between a parent and a child

For children, the meaning and impact of physical discipline ________.

can vary sharply with its intensity level, context of warmth and support, and cultural approval

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all ________.

characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior

Ethnic minority parents without extensive education often prefer a(n) ________ style of communication when completing tasks with children; this style ________ the style of communication used in typical classrooms and academic tests.

collaborative; contrasts with

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires ________.

considerable effort and space in working memory

A frequent cause of malocclusion is ________.

crowding of permanent teeth

When children spend more time working out the details of a game they invent themselves than they spend actually playing the game, they ________.

develop more mature concepts of fairness and justice

In regions with widespread poverty, famine, and disease, ________.

either no secular change or a secular decrease in body size has occurred

When children are grouped by ability, low-group students ________.

get more drill on basic facts and skills

A topic-associating style of narration would be likely to ________.

include fictional elements and references to a character's emotion

Crick and Dodge's circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) __________ approach.

information-processing

Dynamic assessment involves ________.

introducing purposeful teaching into the testing situation

Whereas most Americans believe that favorable self-esteem ________, Chinese adults generally see it as ________.

is crucial for healthy development; unimportant or even negative

Children from economically advantaged homes are at their healthiest in ________.

middle childhood

Research on preschool friendships reveals that ________.

more than one-third of young children mention the same best friend from one year to the next

Children who spent much time in child-care centers during infancy and early childhood experience ________ respiratory, ear, and intestinal infections, and are sick ________ often than their agemates later on.

more; less

When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to 10. Erica is using ________.

problem-centered coping

________ praise implies that competence develops through effort

process

Legibility of writing gradually increases as children ________

produce more accurate letters with uniform height and spacing

Which factor of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is the most likely to contain culturally loaded problems?

quantitative reasoning

Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies?

questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting

The ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives is called ________.

recursive thought

Emily is chosen as Student of the Day. Annie is angry that she was not selected, and she spreads a mean rumor about Emily. This is an example of __________ aggression.

relational

By age 3, ________.

self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation.

European-American children's narratives are usually __________ those of African-American children.

shorter and less complex than

Between ages 6 and 8, girls are slightly ________ than boys.

shorter and lighter

Jalen observes that stick A is longer than stick B and that stick B is longer than stick C. If Jalen is capable of making transitive inferences, he would also be able to conclude that ________.

stick <i>A</i> is longer than stick <i>C</i>

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs ________.

strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated

In social-constructivist classrooms, ________.

students participate in challenging activities with teachers and peers

Children who become fluent in two languages ________.

tend to have especially efficient executive function skills

Reversibility refers to the capacity to ________.

think through a series of steps and then mentally change direction, returning to the starting point

In Mr. Kapur's preschool classroom, girls spend more time in the housekeeping, art, and reading corners, while boys gather more often in the areas devoted to blocks, woodworking, and active play. This conformity to cultural stereotypes is known as gender ________.

typing

Without effective teaching, children readily generalize their knowledge of familiar health conditions to less familiar ones. For example, they may ________.

understand risk factors for getting a cold but conclude that all diseases are contagious

Compared with Piaget's theory, neo-Piagetian approaches better account for ________.

unevenness across tasks in children's understanding of the same logical insight

The fact that children __________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate.

whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions