Infant and childhood development chapter 6

which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD

dopamine

prosocial behaviors start to emerge ____.

early in life

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend Samantha answers, "because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are most likely ___ children because they describe their friendship in terms of ___.

elementary age; internal qualities

a parent who asks a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" does so in order to ____.

encourage sympathy

self esteem

evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people

bully victim

expceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized

personality theorist Harry stack Sullivan believed that childrens friendships fulfill the developmental needs of self-validation and intimacy. Which child is Sullivan MOST likely describing?

Reece; age 10

Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and is able to reflect on her feelings. Samantha has ____.

Self awareness

___ is the feeling of being personally humiliated.

Shame

shame

a feeling of being personally humiliated

reactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act carried out in respone to being frustrated or hurt

relational aggression

a hostile or destructive act designed to case harm to a persons relationship

proactive aggression

a hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal

selective attention

a learning strategy in which people manage their awareness so as to attend only to what is relevant and to filter out unneeded information

rehearsal

a learning strategy in which people repeat information to embed it in memory

externalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves acting on ones immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively

internalizing tendencies

a personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression

bullying

a situation in which one or more children harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse

learned helplessness

a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying

which statement about friends is FALSE?

a. they protect children as they venture into the world outside their families. b. they teach children how to relate to others. c. they rarely disagree or fight. d. they help insulate children from being bullied C. They rarely disagree or fight.

executive functions

abilities that allow us to plan and direct our thinking and control our immediate impulses

Viotek is now in the 6th grade and has been the victim of bullying for several years. He also tends to regularly bully the other kids. Voitek probably is ___.

aggressive

aggression

any hostile or destructive act

In elementary classes, children who get some "most liked" rankings and some "most disliked" rankings are defined as ___ children

average children

childhood obesity

body mass index at or above the 95th % compared to the US normas established for children in the 1970's

Pia is 8 years old. According to Piaget, Pia is most likely in the ___ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

Arthur has ____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

empathy

feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing

guilt

feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior

sympathy

feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune

Which suggestion would not be on a list of information processing guidelines for adults to use during middle childhood

get the children to physically act out their immediate feelings

cyperbullying

harassment conducted through electronic media

Elena is shy, inhibited child who just began attending kindergarten. Which intervention would be the MOST helpful for Elena?

help her connect to a playmate right away.

9 yr old nancy believes she is no scholar, but she is a star athlete, the life domain she really cares about. Nancy MOST likely has ____

high self esteem.

which 4th grader is the least apt to be the vicitim of bullying

luis, who is friendly and confident

moral disengagement

rationalizing moral or ethical lapses by invoking justifications such as "he deserved that"

the way children view themselves during elementary school is more ___ compared to the way they view themselves during early childhood.

realistic

emotion regulation

the capacity to manageones emotional state

self awareness

the capacity to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state

induction

the ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person

body mass index

the ration of a persons weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight

hostile attributional bias

the tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign

Which child is in middle childhood?

tonya; age 8

which compliment is most apt to increase a childs self-efficacy?

"you are trying so hard"

the ___ is the ratio of a persons weight to their height

BMI

which child is most apt to be prosocial?

Jake a happy child

Lindsey believes that all the girls in her class hate her. When a girl walks by her in the hallway and does not look at her, she is convinced that girl is intentionally snubbing her. Lindsey appears to have a ___.

hostile attributional bias

working memory

information processing theory, the limited capacity gateway system containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. The material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost

Anxiety, inhibition, and depression reflect a personality style characterized by ___ tendencies.

internalizing

Janice is being bullied This means that she ____.

is verbally and/or physically abused by her peers.

Studies in the US and in Europe reveal that compared to their counterparts in the past, todays elementary school children are ___ physically proficient.

less

People who feel sympathy instead of empathy are ___ likely to help people in need because ___.

more; empathy can cause anziety and paralysis.

ADHD

most common childhood learning disorder in the US mostly boys; characterized by inattention and hyperactivity at home and at school.

The ___ is a fatty neural cover that grows into a persons twenties

myelin sheath

Nine year old Ellis is supposed to be reading a passage in his science textbook. However he is distracted by the illustrations accomplanying a subsequent portion of the text. Ellis is experience is best seen as a failure of ___

selective attention

prosocial behavior

sharing, helping, and caring actions

Middle childhood

the 2nd phase of childhood, comprising the ages from 7-12

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

frontal lobes

the areas at the front uppermost part of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions