Infant Development
How are two-word utterances consistently formed and worded?
-"Daddy book" = daddy is reading or will read a book... do NOT normally hear something like "book daddy" for same meaning
Why do some suggest lang acqu dev is necessary? What are two pieces of evidence for this?
-"Poverty of Stimulus" = don't know what kind/type of lang child will be exposed to and the LAD "evens the playing field" -a. children across globe seem to be INTERESTED in lang and learn it EFFORTLESSLY b. There is a SENSITIVE PERIOD, particularly in syntax/grammar as seen in Genie's case (Experience-Expectant!)
What is an indication of the parallel lang dev of deaf infants?
-"babble" with hands, particularly after exposure to sign lang
What scale used for APGAR? What are the cumulative score levels? When evaluated??
-0-2; 10 is max overall score -7+ = no concern; 3 or less = critical condition -Assessed at 1 and 5 mins after birth; most babies in normal range at 5 mins
How does the incidence vary with maternal age? What are possible reasons for this?
-1 in 1900 when mothers are 20 y/o, but 1 in 20 when 45 y/o -Quality of eggs degrades, or environ impacts accumulate with age
How much do infants gain in length over first month? Over first year??
-1 inch -10 inches
Insecure-resistant attachment: What %, infant/maternal beh's, children tend to develop how?
-10% -Infant beh: fearful of envir., seek reunion, not easily comforted, clingy -Maternal beh: Inconsistent sensitivity -Child learns to be dependent and clingy to ensure comfort
When do infants typically produce their first word? Prior to proper speech, what is observed infants? How many words are typically known by 18 months, what also begins to occur around this time? How many words by 1st grade, 5th grade?
-12 months -Patterned speech: pseudo-speech that is patterned like speech by does not contain real words -about 50 words on avg by 18 months... naming (vocabulary) explosion around then -10,000 words by 1st, 40,000 by 5th
When does separation protest peak in Western infants?
-15 months, though this appears to be a universal reaction (and can reappear in other forms at later ages like summer camp scenarios)
When does Attachment in the Making occur? What changes from pre-attachment?
-2 to 7 months -DISCRIMINATE RESPONSIVENESS: distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar indivs but attachment is not specific
What is age range of the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Dev't? What is the primary advance made in this stage? Example of this advance?
-2-7 y/o -Symbolic Function Use one item for another role, such as Pretend Play in which a banana is used as a telephone
How long does the Strange Situation assessment take? How many phases?
-20 minutes; 8 phases
In more than ______% of two-parent families, the father is the primary caregiver when mother is at work/school. What sorts of activities do fathers tend to engage in with their kids?
-20% -Leisure activities and play
Insecure-avoidant Attachment: what %, Infant and maternal beh's?
-20-25% -Infant beh: Explore with indifference to parent, ignore parent upon reunion -Maternal beh: Insensitive, interfering, controlling
How close is a newborn's brain weight to that of an adult? How about by 2 years of age? How close are newborns in terms of neurons?
-25% -75% -Most neurons present throughout life are present at birth due to NEURAL PROLIFERATION during gestation
In the example of the genetic transmission of PKU, when both parents are carriers what are the chances that they will produce a child with the disease? Carrier?
-25% chance of child having disease -50% chances of child simply being a carrier -25% chance of not being a carrier at all
How long is the menstrual cycle? When must intercourse occur in order to produce fertilization?
-28 days -1-2 days before ovulation
What % of births in 2004 were Cesarean? What risks?
-30% -Need add'l time to heal and includes a greater risk of infection
Men can produce about _______ sperm. How many reach the fallopian tube for potential fertilization? How long can sperm live?
-300 million -300-500 -Six days
How many of the sperm that reach the fallopian tube actually reach egg? How many can penetrate the egg?
-50-100, despite millions that are released -Only one; chemical reaction occurs which ensures no further penetration can occur
Secure attachment: what %, infant/mother behavior, how is this internalized, and how do these children tend to develop?
-65% -Infant Beh: Explore, seek reunion, easily comforted -Maternal beh: Sensitive/responsive, prompt -Becomes a "Working model" in both -Children tend to be self-confident, autonomous, socially confident
When does Clear Cut Attachment occur? How does the infant display this clear attachment to familiar caregivers? In an unfamiliar environment how is attachment a factor? What happens when caregiver is absent?
-7 to 24 months -Acts deliberately to maintain prox and seeks contact -Uses parent as a SECURE BASE, exploring and "checking in" -SEPARATION ANXIETY when caregiver is absent
Gross motor skills... when do children become expert crawlers? Then what comes? When walking? When running??
-7-12 months -Beginning of cruising, holding onto supports -8-17 months -18-24 months
How much does a full-term infant usually weigh at birth? What qualifies as "low birth weight?" Very low birth weight??
-7.5 lbs -Less than 5.5 lbs -Less than 3.25 lbs
Pre-verbal communication: intentional gesturing emerges when? Example/s? How long does it continue?
-8-10 months; pointing to object or lifting hands to be picked up -Continued use until lang is well-established around 24 months
How is differential experience critical to the experience-expectant process? How is this again illustrated in a different kitten experiment?
-A kitten reared in a dark environment that provided little visual input PROLONGED THE SENSITIVE PERIOD.. brain hasn't had the input to "lock in any changes so there is no reorganization or altered functioning
What are the neonate assessments and their time frames and area/s of assessment?
-APGAR = condition immediately following birth -Brazelton (NBAS) = newborn infant capabilities -APIB = preterm infants -NNNS = those at risk for drug exposure and dev'l risk
What is visual acuity? How measured in infants/children?
-Ability to see fine details, discriminate small diffs in items -Teller Acuity Cards: Grading vs. Small gray block.. babies focus attn on grading (researcher covers face) if recognize the variance otherwise equal time on both... smaller and smaller gradings used to distinguish level of infant visual acuity
What is cross-modal perception? What important type of information is used in early cross-modal perception??
-Ability to transfer info about an object from one sense, such as vision, to another sense, such as touch (think: touching bumpy pacifier is favored later after only having touched it, not seen it) -Haptic info: mouth and hand movements that fill in information rather than just "touching to touch"
What are the facts on Difficult temperament babies? %, emotional expression, reactions to new situations, and negative reaction characteristics?
-About 10% -More neg than pos emotions -Adjust VERY slowly to new sitches -Negative reactions: High intensity
What are the facts on Slow To Warm Up temperament babies? %, emotional expression, reactions to new situations, and negative reaction characteristics?
-About 15% -Some what more neg than pos emotions -Adjust slowly to new situations -Neg reactions: moderate intensity
What is the Latent Stage of Stage 1 and how long does it last?
-About 20 hrs., longer for first children -Stage 1 = dilation of cervix + infrequent contractions that aren't too painful
What are the facts on Easy temperament babies? %, emotional expression, reactions to new situations, and negative reaction characteristics?
-About 40% -Infants cheerful, display positive emotions -Adapt well to new sitches -Negative reactions: low to moderate intensity
How does first self-reported autobiographical memory differ from individualistic to collectivistic cultures?
-About age 3 in Western culture, about 7 in Eastern culture -Thought to be due to the differing focus on indiv. or group
What are the various areas of evaluation when doing an APGAR assessment of a newborn?
-Activity = limb movement -Pulse = 100+/100-/None -Grimace = Response to irritating stim. -Appearance = Skin color: Normal/Normal minus extremities/blue-gray -Respiration = Strong breathing-crying/slow or irreg./no breathing
Define each of B&P's dimensions?
-Activity Level: Rate at which activities are completed -Emotionality: Intensity of emotional reactions -Sociability: Preferences for social contact (think: lots of friends or only a few, etc.)
In what ways do play preferences tend to be stable over time?
-Activity level, interaction style, and social skills (also pref. for same-sex peers)
How is grasping refined by about 6 months? 8-9 months? 11 months???
-Adjust grip to object properties -Anticipate properties; adjust hand before grasping -Tool use and hand preference emerge
When a kitten has one eye patched... how does the functioning become altered?
-After reorganization, the kitten becomes CORTICALLY BLIND in the previous patched eye as it no can process input properly
If brain dev't is indeed responsible for the loss of this reflex, what would we expect to see?
-All infants go thru process around same time... if variability exists, cannot be influenced only by brain dev't
What are the two categories of pain relief available?
-Analgesia: Reduces pain only -Anesthesia: Blocks nerve receptors
3 main weaknesses still present during the Preoperational stage?
-Animism: Lifelike qualities to things that are not alive (stuffed animal is thirsty) -Centration: Concentrate on irrelevant detail of problems -Egocentrism: Focus on the self
When is the stepping reflex apparent? When does it reemerge? What sort of dev'l curve does this reflex exemplify?
-Apparent before 2 months -Reemerges later in dev't as functional walking -U-shaped dev'l function
When does stranger distress appear? What causes differential reactions? What is an important third variable? How are these reactions universal/cultural/individual?
-Appears around 7-9 months -Reactions vary based on PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE -SOCIAL REFERENCING MATTERS -Reactions to strangers appears to be UNIVERSAL but may vary among some cultures like those that involve communal care, and of course indiv diffs can be traced to TEMPERAMENT
How are over- and underextension associated with Piagetian concepts of assimilation and accommodation?
-As child's attempt to incorporate a car into his existing construct of "doggie" fails to be correct, child is forced to accommodate by reorganizing with a new cognitive construct that incorporates "cat"
How do the characteristics of strangers affect infant reactions?
-As proximity closes, self and mom get more positive, child stranger stays neutral, and strange men and women see negative reactions
What are the two process by which adaptation is accomplished?
-Assimilation = understanding something new by fitting that info in with what is already known (think: New breed of dog in with concept of "dog") -Accommodation = dev't of new, more appropriate scheme/s when info doesn't fit into existing structures (think: cat doesn't fit into concept of "dog")
What is the Whole Object Constraint?
-Assumption that a new word applies to the whole object rather than parts or properties -Ex: Dog = whole animal; not its tail, ear, eye, color, etc.
What are the pertinent pregnancy success rates for the germinal, embryonic, fetal, and birth periods?
-At least 60% of all deveoping organisms fail to grow/implant properly and do not survive -About 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously (chromosomal abnormalities) -About 5% of all fetuses are aborted -About 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies
What does Ethological Theory have to say about attachment? What Lorenz illustrate?? What is Imprinting?
-Attachment has roots in INSTINCTUAL infant responses for survival and protection, mostly based in animal research (BIOLOGICAL BASIS) -Lorenz's gooselings imprinted on him and formed attachment, regarded him as caregiver -Imprinting = Process by which animals form attachment during sensitive periods
Are infant food preferences innate or learned? How has newborn preference for high-energy sweet solutions been shown?
-BOTH -Sweet shit can soothe during painful procedures
Three reflexes with unclear adaptive value?
-Babinski: Infants' toes fan out when foot stroked -Tonic neck: The fencer position is adopted while laying down or sleeping--one arm up, one arm out to side (could be protective against being flipped over) -Stepping: Infants seem to "walk" when feet placed on hard surface
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
-Balance of fat/protein -Nutritionally complete -Digestible -Disease protection: antibodies passed along -Better jaw/teeth dev't -Easier transition to solid food -Psychological benefits such as bonding/attachment
When is face-processing ability limited? When discriminate between subtle diffs of emotional faces, and example of just how subtle?
-Before 2-3 months: focus on outer facial features -7 months; can tell toothy smile from closed mouth smile etc.
So... what are the actual implications of these cultural associations with temperament? But, what are the limitations to these findings?
-Behavioral inhibition is related to shyness and social anx: predicted on infants levels of neg affect/activity.. kids tend to be more withdrawn, dep, fewer friends -But... Chinese children are often rated as MORE inhibited and shy, but NO negative repercussions as seen in US -Remember this is all correlational and may relate to parents' interpretations
What are the two types of fetal monitoring?
-Belt around waist (EFM) -Monitor on fetus' scalp
What are the characteristics of the Genetic-Maturational (Nativist) approach to emotional dev't? How does research with twins bolster this approach?
-Biological underpinnings to emotion; We all have diffs in temperament - Identical twins have similar emotional reactions compared to frat twins; Social smile emerges at about 6 weeks AFTER DUE DATE which shows that it is a biologically-bound emergence rather than experience-based
What do we call the "hollowed out" ball of cells which implants in the uterus marking the Embryonic Period?
-Blastocyst
What is sickle cell anemia? How has SCA shown promise?
-Blood cells in shape of sickles, get stuck in blood vessels causes anemia (lack of healthy cells) -When heterozygous, protective against infection from malaria
What are the various forms of non-medicinal pain relief?
-Breathing techniques like Lamaze -Hypnosis -Changing positions, walking
How does the uterus act like a muscle in regards to an implanted embryo? What is it called when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus (typically in the Fallopian Tube)?
-Can expand to accommodate the developing organism -Ectopic Pregnancy, which can require an abortion for health reasons
What are the causes of stillbirth?
-Cause difficult to ID, but placental and bacteria problems and chromo abnorms as well
The period of the Zygote is a time for ..? This period goes from when to when? What is the organization of the zygote like?
-Cell division -From Conception til Two Weeks (From conception to implantation) -Like a "solid bowl" of cells
What are the two directional patterns seen in development and what do they describe?
-Cephalocaudal Dev't = Growth proceeds from head downward: Anterior structures earlier than more posterior features -Proximodistal Dev't = Growth occurs first in central areas and then extends outward
What categories of features emerge as important distinctions in lang learning? How does a child's understanding shift to greater semantic understandings?
-Characteristic Features = commonly associated with members of a category -Defining Features = distinguish whether something belongs to a category or not -Kids initially focus more on characteristic features... as they progress into using defining features, there is a reduction in these extension errors
How is Piagetian theory Constructivist? What motivation causes learning in children?
-Child as a scientist: Active agent in own dev't as the child creates own knowledge -Intrinsic motivation
Examples of over- and underextension for an infant with a yellow lab?
-Child knows family pet is labelled with word "doggie" -Overextension = labels a cat as being a "doggie" also -Underextensions = failing to label a chihuahua as a "Doggie"
What is the common model for children becoming a sibling?
-Children may initially react negatively, especially during preschool years.. more boys than girls: can be more clingy, withdrawn, and/or aggressive
What is an example of Long-Term Memory in Infants?
-Classic infant leg attached to mobile study; infants that are two months old remember to kick leg even when doesn't move mobile, but these are context relevant after two days... but as get older, can remember over six weeks
What are the key points learned from Harlow's monkey studies?
-Cloth mother preferred over wire nutrtion-providing "mother" -Indicated that infants spent majority of time with cloth and just went to wire to get food -Even when wire was heated up to increase comfort, still preferred cloth
How do cortical column show organization dedicated to experience-expectant dev't?
-Column devoted to processing lines of carious orientations
Fourth substage, range, characteristics, example? What serves an an important reminder of the limitations to understanding of objects?
-Combining Secondary Reactions, 8-12 months -Fragile mental representation, have object permanence -Ex: toy hidden while baby watches; makes combination of actions to achieve goal of retrieval -routinely make the A-not-B error!
Four reasons we still appreciate Piaget?
-Communicates what thinking is like, relatable findings -Founded science of cog dev't in infancy, described richness of cognition -Determined cog dev is INTRINSICALLY motivated -Infants are NOT blank slates; actively construct knowledge based on what noticed and how interpreted
How are changing nutritional requirements implemented in feeding as the child ages?
-Complementary feeding from six months thru 24 months: usually involves rice cereal, then fruits/veggies
What is the goal of equilibration? And what motivates the search for solutions thru equilibration?
-Congruity of existing schemes (one's mind) and reality (outside world) thru organization, assimilation, and accomodation -State of disequilibrium
How might parents ease the transition for new older siblings, and how do siblings support young siblings much like mom or dad?
-Consistent positive and supportive behavior; secure attachment helps -Siblings can act as a secure base
Which examples illustrate the differences between continuity (continuous) and discontinuity (discontinuous) development?
-Continuous = Tree: smooth progressive development from small tree into big, full-bodied tree (QUANTITATIVE; each progession ADDS onto what has come before) -Discontinuous = Butterfly: Progresses thru distinct, QUALITATIVE stages of caterpillar, chrysalis, butterfly
What is important evidence of reorganization in humans?
-Deaf indivs. processing visual stimuli in areas normally involved in auditory processing!
What is stage 2? What gets the baby out of the birthing canal? How long does it take?
-Delivery of the infant -Combined action of contractions and mother's pushing -Usually 2 hours in first birth
What is Stage 3?
-Delivery of the placenta
How is Piagetian theory dialectical? So what state of cognition helps contribute to cog. change?
-Dev'l changes occurs as result of COUNTER-EVIDENCE that refutes previous thought/knowl -Disequilibrium contributes to cog. change
How did Harlow illustrate that the key feature of attachment is the bond between caregiver and infant during periods of STRESS? What about in novel environment task?
-Diabolical Robot: Monkey took sanctuary with cloth mother, then even felt empowered to display some aggression towards robot -Wire mother not used as a base to explore environment, would rock back and forth nervously... if given cloth mother, used it for comfort and as a base for exploration
Within the Multiple Memory Systems Perspective, what is it overall? Two main categories of Memory and subtypes?
-Diff types of memory handled by diff regions in brain -Explicit/Declaritive Memory: Consciously recalled and stated verbally; broken down into episodic and semantic memory -Implicit/Procedural Memory: Affects behavior by not consciously
How is the interaction of a seemingly difficult temperament and attachment match not necessarily problematic? Why/How? What about benefits in intelligence, and why?
-Difficult temperaments + insecure attachment = possible positive effects -Parent who intrusive or not-accessible... could be more beneficial to have a more difficult temperament as a child and be sensitive to going-ons around you so as to get needs met by inconsistent sources! -Higher distress-to-novelty scores associated with performance on intel tests... may be due to heightened wariness from learned dependence on own attn to environ
What are the risk factors for discontinuing breastfeeding? (1)
-Difficulties with breastfeeding, particularly upon returning home from hospital (less support/help) -Return to work, lose family leave: may not have space/support to pump) -Formula given to most mothers enrolled in program, so it is easier to discontinue rather than embrace the challenges
Where does Piagetian theory stand in relation to continuity vs. discontinuity?
-Discontinuity: qualitative (think: Butterfly stages); Invariant dev'l sequence
The outcomes of teratogens on the developing baby are affected by...?
-Dose -Cumulative effects, such as combined substances -Sensitive period in question
What is the most common chromosomal abnormality? What is the chromosome? What are the problems caused?
-Down syndrome -Trisomy 21 -Cognitive problems: memory/lang.; Physical problems: heart defects
Within the Reciprocal Relationships stage how to kids display Internal Working Models?
-EXPECTATIONS of RESPONSIVENESS by caregiver based on PREV. EXPERIENCES; related to SENSITIVITY and DEPENDABILITY: Infant learns how reliable and sensitive caregiver is to needs and develops expectations accordingly
What provides important naturalistic evidence for sensitive period/s in lang?
-Earlier immigrants to US tend to fare better on English Grammar tests: picking up new grammar is difficult beyond 7 y/o and continues to decline with age until adolescence
What happens to monkeys reared in isolation? (early issues)
-Early issues: when placed with others, social disturbances result.. might compulsively bite, rock back and forth, or avoid interaction: generally incapable of engaging in trad. social hierarchy
What is the primary perspective today? View perception as....? What is the foundation of perception? What is the importance of the concept of affordances??
-Ecological Perspective -Perception viewed as FUNCTIONAL -The foundation of perception is the environment itself -Allows indivs/ to ADAPT to the world around them -Affordances refer to abilities to figure out how things in the environ. can work for you (purposes, uses)
Why is it hard to pinpoint the primary cause of damage from teratogens?
-Effects diff. for diff. indivs. -Cumulative effects are common (like drinker who also tends to smoke) -Poverty/SES also a factor
What happens once expected experiences occur during experience-expectant processes? So pruning leads to what sorts of behavioral outcomes?
-Elimination results in normal functioning -Leads to typical behavioral outcomes!
How do Bus and Plomin (B&P) identify core dimensions? What sorts of traits are focused on?
-Emotionality Activity Sociability Questionnaire -Focus on traits with LASTING EFFECT ON PERSONALITY
In classifying the Formation and Maintenance of Memory, what is Encoding? Consolidation? Storage? Retrieval? Which are hard to separate in research measures, and how is this dealt with?
-Encoding = Mentally representing info -Consolidation = Packaging memories into representations that are viable long-term -Storage = Maintenance of info -Retrieval = Finding a stored memory -Difficult to separate consolidation & storage, so they are typically assessed together
What is temperament? Why is heritability thought to associated with temperament?
-Enduring set of characteristics commonly including activity level and emotional responsiveness; can be understood by parents and researchers alike -Children's temperaments tend to be somewhat similar to caregiver
If the period of the zygote is biologically/genetically scripted, how does the period of the embryo differ? This period is from when to when?
-Environmental influences much more influential in what happens developmentally -From TWO WEEKS to EIGHT WEEKS
What can cause congenital heart defects? How is it corrected?
-Environmental influences such as rubella or medication, or genetic influences -Sometimes can be corrected in utero thru surgery
Autobiographical memory is a subtype of...? What internal and external processes are involved in it?
-Episodic memory (under Explicit/Dec Mem) -Internal = Language, self-representation -External = Culture, reminiscing processes
more generally speaking, what important skills do peers aid in?
-Equality, Reciprocity, Cooperation, Social Intimacy, Reasoning Capabilities
What is likely to happen when expected experience/s do not occur? What provides the best example of experience-expectant dev't?
-Excessive elimination and reorganization can result in abnormal functioning -Vision
Breastfeeding recommended until what age? What is recommended after this?
-Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mos. -Breastfeeding plus complementary nutrition
What are the differences in dev'ts between expectant vs. dependent plasticity?
-Expectant = Universal; all members of species are expected to have these dev'ts (ex: Vision!) -Dependent = Individualized (Ex: Stringed instruments, animals examples like complex environs. and training experiments)
How do we see timing differences between expectant vs. dependent plasticity?
-Expectant: Influences during sensitive periods (Ex: kitten patched eye didn't have same effects in adulthood) -Dependent: Influences at any time
What are the differences in mechanism of effects between expectant vs. dependent plasticity?
-Expectant: Synaptic pruning -Dependent: Creation of new synapses
When a kitten has one eye patched.. how does reorganization take place?
-Eye receiving healthy input takes over some of the brain region meant for patched eye
What are examples of how father involvement varies as a function of culture, child age, and sex?
-Fathers from Japan less involved, Aka pygmies are as involved as mothers -Fathers tend to be more involved with older children relative to younger in Western samples -Tend to be more involved w/ male children over female
Fathers who live w/ their children tend to be involved in what specific ways? how might caregiving change with mother's work situation?
-Fathers who live w/ children MONITOR their daily activities and SET LIMITS for them -Fathers who work more do less routine care, BUT they do more care as the mother's work hours go up and as her salary increases
What are the phases 5-8 of Strange Sitch?
-First Reunion.. Mom returns and stranger leaves: Looking for RESPONSE TO REUNION -Mom leaves infant completely alone: Again looking for SEPARATION ANX when totally alone -Stranger returns and tries to settle down infant before sitting down: Looking for how well can be SOOTHED BY STRANGER -Second Reunion: Mother returns and stranger leaves: Again looking for RESPONSE TO REUNION
How is overregularization observed in children's developing use of irregular forms of words?
-First, children understand irregular forms of words they hear -Then they learn more words and start to make errors of overregularization -But eventually they get them right again
What is meant when it is said that premature infants require "conscientious parenting"? What are some such practices?
-Flexible and works around baby's schedule w/o imposing own agenda -Hold close, talk quietly/gently, avoid intrusiveness, providing proper physical care
What was the Infant Health and Dev't Project? What were the outcomes immediately afterward?? When children were eight? What might this suggest???
-Focused on premature infants born in to low-SES families... Experimental group = medical treatment + parent training + cog. stim. from 1-3 yrs; Control group = Medical treatment only -Immediately afterwards = children in intervention group outperformed controls as % of children in normal range in three areas -When children were eight = w/o add'l intervention, early group diffs. were lost -Continued intervention may be necessary to see long-term gains, but more research needed
Empiricist Perspective... Focuses on influence or _______. Nature or nuture? What quality of info is provided by sensory receptors? How is what is sensed interpreted?
-Focuses on influence of EXPERIENCE -NURTURE-based perspective -Sensory receptors provide a lack of info -COMBINING and LEARNING are inherent to interpretation of what is sensed
What are the infant extraction techniques? Which preferable? How has usage varied with time?
-Forceps and Vacuum; vacuum less risky despite possible damage to suction site and retinal bleeding, less risk to mother -Decreased use over time
What defines Experience-Dependent Plasticity?
-Formation of new synaptic contacts -Does NOT coincide with sensitive periods
What are indications of an emerging mastery of morphology? What is an example of how such mastery is tested?
-Generalization of plural forms to new circumstances -Indication of questions with wh- words and word ordering/intonation -Basically, learn that many rules are applied broadly -Wug test: kid sees a "wug," and given opportunity label two "wugs"
How does Genie Wiley's case illustrate sensitive periods?
-Girl found subjected to extreme deprivation, not talked to or communicated with -She was able to learn words/semantics, but not grammar/syntax -May indicate that if not learned by 13, grammar difficult to acquire
How does risk for disabilities, major or minor, relate to birth weight?
-Greater risk for disabilities as birth weight decreases?
What psychophysiological markers indicate temperament?
-HR, cortisol, pupil dilation.. higher rates = tend to be more shy?
How is emotion perception measured in neonates?
-Habituation studies of faces w/ two diff emotions... happy differentiated from sad, etc.
How was it shown that weight and muscles were more relevant to the stepping reflex and its dev't? These experiments were born out of what theory?
-Heavier babies in water, lighter ones got weights... stepping reflex present/absent -Dynamic systems theory
when it comes to color vision, what types of items are preferred by neonates? What role do cones play? How are they different in infants compared to those more well dev'd? When do they become more well dev'd?
-High-contrast items: black, white, red over pastel type mobiles might be more likely to keep attn -Cones are receptors responsible for fine detail and color vision -Diff size, shape, and are farther apart -About 3 months: discriminate between colors and respond similarly to same ones
What are the three brain regions involved in memory, their relative time of dev't, and their role?
-Hippocampus: earlier dev't, CONSOLIDATES memories and hlpe set up RETRIEVAL SYSTEM -Posterior Cortex: Develops before PFC, many functions... one is SEMANTIC FACTS w/o context -PFC: develops late, critical to STRATEGY and MEMORIZING
If parent-child relationships are vertical, what are sibling relationships? How so?
-Horizontal: fairly even playing field in terms of age, environment, etc.
What are two diseases caused by Dominant Genetic Abnorms and what are the chromosomes involved and characteristics present?
-Huntington's ; chromosome 4, causes breakdown of nerve cells -Achondroplasia; chromosome 4, dwarfism
What is the importance of timing illustrated in the kitten patched eye example?
-If the eye is patched past the sensitive period, these changes no longer take place... once system is established, it is "safe" ... therefore must occur within sensitive period in order to see dramatic effects on brain and behavior
How did Vygotsky's shit create awareness? (1)
-Importance of immediate social contexts -New ways to assess cog potential -Importance of cultural and ethnic trads
How did Vygotsky's shit create awareness? (2)
-Importance of role played by psych tools -Emphasis on microgenetic change over time: change over short period in contrast to gross periods like Piaget's shit -Offers more possibilities for future research (at least compared to Piaget)
What causes Spina Bifida? What are the outcomes?? What causes Anencephaly? What are the outcomes?? What is an important factor in neural tube defects overall?
-Incomplete closing of posterior neural tube; paralysis and nerve damage but not fatal tho can affect ability to walk -Incomplete closing of anterior neural tube; stillbirth or death -Folic Acid! Both of the above can result from lack of it
What are common complications of prematurity?
-Increase risk for... infetion, resp. problems, brain hemorrhages -Less mature sucking/feeding -Dec. achievement in walking/crawling -Lang. and neurological issues, such as Cerebral Palsy
So is it about attachment that makes it so important?
-Indication is that EARLY SOCIAL INTERACTION is so important: we need a trustworthy and consistent bond with supportive caregiver
How does temperament predict the way a person reacts to others? This indicates that it is integral in the development of _____________.
-Indivs react to other in approx same way over time due to termperament -This can impact the dev't of attachment
So, how does attachment work and develop? What does it lead to? And how activated?
-Infant signals, caregiver/s respond -Leads to survival and exploration of environ -Activated when in unfamiliar situations
What was an example how experience can hinder motor dev't?
-Infant walkers: Delayed walking
In what ways do we see indications of early emergence of friendship?
-Infants seek out PREFERRED PEERS at 12 months; SOCIAL PRETEND PLAY develops between 24 and 30 months
What does the Nativist perspective posit about lang learning?
-Innate ability to acquire lang; prewired to learn lang using a Lang Acquisition Device (LAD) that is NOT LANG-SPECIFIC
What are the three zones involved in Vygotsky's shit?
-Innermost = what child knows; should not be re-taught -Middle = what learner can understand w/ proper guidance; when taught, info will be exciting/challenging -Outermost = not ready or unable to learn; should NOT be taught as is out of reach
These ideas of orientations is related to what greater developed concept? How does this evolve and develop between a parent and child
-Internal Working Models! -Child comes to understand that both parent and child work together, this evolves into something like committed compliance
What is conscience? how does it develop from emotional regulation and perception?
-Internal standards that guide behaviors, actions -Social emotions develop as result of parental emotional responsiveness, positive emotional tone
What are three general ways in which caregivers and others facilitate lang learning? What are more specific techniques used to facilitate lang learning?
-Introduce objects and redirecting attn; playing non-verbal games and using simplified speech; and Use of Infant-Directed Speech -Expansion = expand on what child is saying so as to integrate add'l info -Recasting = reformatting utterances in more grammatically correct way
What is A-not-B error? Why might it occur?
-Item dropped in A Hole, and child retrieves a few times -Item dropped in B hole, but child continues to seek it out in the A hole -Hard to infants to inhibit a previously rewarding action
Yo, what are the primary emotions? How are they an interaction or environment? What separates them from secondary emotions? When are they present?
-Joy, fear, surprise, disgust, interest, sadness -DIRECT reaction to environ -DON'T require SELF-REFLECTION or INTROSPECTION -Infants are BORN with these emotions
The importance of touch is emphasized in which intervention strategies? How does it facilitate positive outcomes?
-Kangaroo care: close bond, skin to skin; Infant massage -Stimulate dev't in preterm babies; improved functioning and weight gain
What task might explain failure on conservation tasks other than a lack of conservation? What could be a reason for this?
-Kids tend to be more accurate when a "naughty teddy" messes with the pennies on the penny conservation task: kids to be more accurate under these conditions -Could be issue of children being cued that if they are asked the same question twice something must be diff 2nd time around and they "take the bait"
What are the different ways infants are thought to process depth?
-Kinematic: relative movement (shadows [1 month], dot-pattern distance [5-7 months]) -Stereoscopic: two different images from two eyes creates 3-D image (2-4 months) -Pictorial: Cues such a an artist might use to convey depth such as relative size, linear perspective (parallel lines like a railroad track towards horizon), texture gradient (floor tiles get smaller towards horizon), interposition (one objects partially covers farther away objects)
What are the severe disorders of malnutrition? What problems tend to result?
-Kwashiorkor: too few calories (think: distended belly) -Marasmus: protein deficiency -can lead to physical and psychological problems
What are the risk factors for discontinuing breastfeeding? (2)
-Lack of family/friend support -Cultural Norms -Sleeping arrangements: separate sleeping more challenging than co-sleep
What does statistical learning theory posit about lang learning? What do infants pick up on per this theory?
-Lang learning occurs thru tracking probabilities of sequences of linguistic events -Might pick up on REGULARITIES in heard lang
What are the facts on FAE? What are the possible consequences?
-Less severe than FAS, but 10x more prevalent -Attn problems and learning deficits; reduced social competence, lower IQ
How do friendships change/develop over time?
-Level and importance of INTIMACY -More ABSTRACT CHARACTERISTICS important, less basis on concrete info: trust, loyalty more important than liking the same video game
Why is it necessary to use nonsense words in these lang tests?
-Levels the playing field by looking at lang across many diff experiences
What is the difference in outcomes for children born in birthing centers vs hospitals?
-Litte diffs in outcomes between the two birthing environments in low-risk scenarios
What are important concepts to remember in terms of associations with temperament? What might foster long-term positive outcomes whatever the temperament? How might temperament affect decisions and experience?
-Long-term consequences exist, but not simple or main effects (research is CORRELATIONAL): the demands of environment play an important variable -Sensitivity and adaptability of social partners can promote positive outcomes -Temperament guides choice of activities and interpretations (think low extraversion, stay at home, etc.)
Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) = ? What are the two types of ART discussed in lecture and what is the process?
-Manipulation of BOTH ovum and sperm to promote conception -In vitro fertilization (IVF): fertilize eggs outside body and implant developing embryo into uterus -Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT): Transfer unfertilized egg and sperm into fallopian tube
Within Evolutionary Theory, how did Bowlby advance conception of attachment?
-Merged other perspectives; attachment to mother ensures adequate CARE AND SURVIVAL
What are three areas of pragmatics, their relative time of emergence and relevant examples?
-Metaphor.. some emerges early, some late.. Ex: Car is hungry = car needs gas, BUT kid may not understand "he isn't the brightest bulb," etc. -Doubt and Skepticism: LATE emergence of understanding of lying/deception -Social elements of speech: Turn taking, repair (clearing up ambiguities), politeness, narrative structuring (storytelling) emerge EARLY
What are the benefits of infant sign lang?
-Mixed benefits evident, some how infant SL leading to greater vocab later, but others indicate only short-term functional benefits
What are the first four phases of Strange Situation?
-Mom and infant brought into a novel room with toys and shit -Mother + Infant in room alone, infant free to explore environment: Looking for SECURE BASE BEHAVIOR -Stranger enters, talks to Mom, attempts to engage infant in play: Looking for STRANGER WARINESS -Mother leaves, stranger and infant alone: Researchers looking for SEPARATION ANX
Why might duration of looking decline with age in relation to the dev't of attenton? What evolves around 10 months that is a touchstone of attn dev't? And what might predict later performance on intelligence tests?
-More efficient scanning and absorption of stimuli -Joint Attn, can follow (and ignore) adults' shifting attn/gaze -Efficiency of processing, such as habituation!
Relative to full-term infants, what makes premature infants difficult to care for?
-More irritable -Unpredictable schedules -Poor eating habits; tough time with sucking and breathing coord. -Unique cries- higher pitched, perceived to require greater alarm/attn
What is the Active Stage of Stage 1?
-Most painful part of birthing process, more intense and frequent contractions occur and the infant transitions into birth canal
What is another name for Infant Directed Speech? AMong whom might it be more common? What are its characteristics? How does it correlate to vocabulary growth?
-Motherese -Perhaps more common among Higher SESers -LOUDER voice, SLOWER speech, accentuation of BOUNDARIES b/t/w words, FEWER WORDS, REPETITION/EXPANSION -Infants enjoy, but not necessarily tied to advances in vocab
What are the three parts that explain the "mechanism" by which experience-dependent plasticity takes places?
-Motor skill learning acquisition -Neuronal level changes -Greater amts. of cortex dedicated
What are the facts of analgesia and negative effects?
-Must be given relatively early (first stage of labor) in labor because of negative effects such as drowsiness/euphoria that can cause infants to be less responsive and have difficulty feedings
How do parents infer meaning based on early production of sounds (crying)?
-Must infer based on SOUND alone and/or PREV EXPERIENCE; distress vs. frustration/wining etc.
What is the most desirable emotional orientation for parents-children? Children in these relationships tend to display what form of compliance?
-Mutual Responsive Orientation: positive, close, cooperative -COMMITTED COMPLIANCE
How do Thomas and Chess (T&C) determine temperament categories?
-Naturalistic Obs & Questionnaires
Why is language the most important psychological tool according to Vygotsky?
-Necessary for advance forms of interaction -Used to regulate behavior, form plans -Seemingly involved in thought patterns even when not conscious of it
How have studies comparing animals reared in complex vs. simple environments illustrated Experience-Dependent plasticity... Neural effects? Behavioral effects? How is timing of this dev't shown to differ from Experience-Expectant plasticity?
-Neural effects... greater number of neurons/synapses, greater brain volume/weight, more supportive tissues such as Glia that aid functioning of neurons -Better learning! -Both older AND younger animals benefit (does not involve a critical period)
What is the term that describes the ability of the brain to be modified by experience? When is this most evident?
-Neural plasticity -Brains of young children much more plastic (modifiable) than adults
How does gaze following indicate semantic meaning in infant lang learning?
-New label is introduced, assume it refers to object being looked at by person labeling referent, even if diff than one child was watching
What is the Mutual Exclusivity Constraint?
-New words refer to objects that do not presently have names -Ex: Kid sees key and magnifier, Dad says "magnifier"; kid already knows what a key is and infers that a magnifier cannot also be "key" and may then ID the magnifier
What interventions is designed to help train parents to be more compassionate and responsive? What does it help promote?
-Newborn Individualized Dev't Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) -Slower, quieter responsiveness
What are the mechanisms in which previous "experience" affects food preferences?
-Newborns can get taste passed along by mother in utero or thru breastmilk... prenatal experience seems more influential, but both "outrank" having had no previous exposure
What happens to monkeys reared in isolation? (later issues)
-No sexual pursuits; but if have offspring.. ignore, reject, attack, or even kill offspring
How is vocab dev't differential by environment?
-Nouns easier to learn than verbs in English, though this varies by language
What was illustrated about the relationship between perception and action in the sloped walkway experiment discussed in lecture? So does experience from crawling translate to walking?
-Novice crawlers, expert crawlers, novice walkers, expert walkers -Novice crawlers less hesitant, might go head-first... expert crawlers more careful -Same thing for walkers -Does not seem to generalize from crawling to walking
Lack of conservation is marked by issues with?
-Number, liquid volume, mass, length etc. -Issues of association with COMPENSATION: think change in height can be compensated by greater width -Issues with IDENTITY: critical elements can remain unchanged even as certain salient characterstics are altered -Issue of REVERSABILITY
What are the important factors that discussed in class that affect growth? Variability exists as a function of....?
-Nutrition, climate, physical, and psychological factors -Nationality, ethnicity, SES
What groups see higher rates of breastfeeding? Lower? Among whom are rates increasing?
-Over 30, caucasian, college-educated, Western US -Under 20, Afr-Ams, Live in SE US -Afr-Ams
Experience-Expectant Dev't could be summarized as a process of _________ and _________ of neurons.
-Overproduction and Elimination
How was the differential timing of overproduction and elimination of experience-expectant dev't exemplified in lecture?
-Overproduction in visual cortex occurs much earlier than in prefrontal cortex... this show that this O&E doesn't occur equally in different places at the same time
What are the various stages of grasping and timetables where applicable?
-Palmer grasp: whole hand picks up a bunch of cheerios (5-7 months) -Transfer objects between hands -Pincer grasp: finger and thumb pick up single cheerio (8+ months)
What are the four ways that temperament is assessed?
-Parent report -Naturalistic Obs -Lab assessment; think Lab Temp Assessment Battery involving gorilla mask in corner and measuring reaction -Psychophysiology
Different approaches to measuring lang dev't? benefits/limitations?
-Parental report: may be inaccurate but are practical and inexpensive -MacArthur CDI provides measurements of expression and reception based on reports and checklists and a detailed sample
What are ways to think of the passive vs. active processes that occur in infant dev't?
-Passive: Infant is a passive recipient of the environment -Active: Active agent that engages with environ. (This is the current model nowadays)
What is phenomenon responsible for infants progressively losing the ability to distinguish between monkey faces like they are able to do with humans? What is the time frame when this ability is present and then is lost?
-Perceptual Magnet Effect -Experiments have shown 6 m/o's able to distinguish between both human and monkey faces whereas 9-10 m/o's cannot for monkeys but can with humans
Nativist Perspective... How do we come to acquire perceptual abilities? What are the origins of our knowledge about objects, properties? Infants are predisposed to interpret _________.
-Perceptual abilities are PREPROGRAMMED -Knowedge about objects, properties is INNATE -depth, distance
What might temperament be a precursor of? And what is an example of such an association? But what is the issue with such an association?
-Personality -Kagan's prediction of shyness based on those who react in distress to the shaken mobile -Long term relations have not always been strong and MECHANISM for CONTINUITY and.or CHANGE isn't clear
What do we see the beginnings of in the third trimester?
-Personality; babies are active/relaxed, etc. -Perception of outside world
What are the two diseases caused by Recessive Genetic Abnorms and what are the chromosomes involved?
-Phenylketonuria (PKU); chromosome 12 -Sickle Cell Anemia; chromosome 11
How do fathers in particular facilitate the dev't of healthy play? How do parents in general influence playtime?
-Play between fathers and sons helps proper interpretation and processing of negative emotions -Parents provide SUPPORT, PROVIDE RULES, and generally SUPERVISE
How does behavioral inhibition or shyness produce different outcomes in Indiv vs. Collectivist cultures?
-Poor outcomes in Invidualistic Societies such as dep., isolation etc. -No poor outcomes in collectivist culture, such as in Asia where being reserved is valued
What is the neural tube? What is a Neural Tube Defect (NTD)? What are the most common ones?
-Portion of developing organism that becomes spine/brain -Abnormal dev't of the neural tube -Spina Bifida and Anencephaly
What are important factors that can lead to malnutrition?
-Poverty, lack of quality health care, not educated about nutrition
Miscarriage occurs when? What are the causes of it during first trimester? Second?
-Pregnancy ends before 20 weeks (after 20 weeks is a stillbirth) -Most likely from chromosomal abnormalities -Problems with uterus; 2nd most common is chromo abnorms
Secondary emotions? What do they require? When do they occur, and what does their occurrence coincide with?
-Pride, shame, guilt, embarrassment, jealousy -Requires the differentiation and integration of multiple factors in context (my feelings + feelings of others) -Coincides with self awareness around 18 months of age
Historically, what was thought to be responsible for the disappearance of the stepping reflex?
-Primarily thought that shift from subcortical to cortical functioning was responsible for disappearance
What did learning theory posit about attachment?
-Primary drive of hunger is reduced by food the infants obtains from mother -Suggested attachment is NUTRITION-based -Tested (and largely refuted) in animal research
When does cooing occur and what is it? When does babbling occur and what is it?
-Production of vowel-like sounds around ONE MONTH -Production of consonant-vowel combos around SIX MONTHS ("baa-baa-baa"): likely no meaning, just playing w/ lang
What are the FIVE important advances in memory development as children age?
-REDUCTION in NUMBER OF EXPOSURES REQUIRED -Memories can be retained for LENGTHIER DELAYS -Infants become better at GENERALIZING LEARNING ACROSS CONTEXTS/CUES -MATURATION of NEURAL CIRCUITRY underlying memory dev't advances -LANGUAGE facilitates mem. dev't
What training studies have shown experience-dependent plasticity in rodents, humans?
-Rats trained to use one paw to reach for food: greater representation for this one paw in the motor cortex -Similar findings in training "acrobatic rats" -In humans, this is illustrated in indivs. who play stringed instruments and there is again greater representation in motor cortex
What stage of attachment occurs after 24 months? How does an infant's bond with caregiver progress in this stage? What advancing abilities forward progress thru this stage?
-Reciprocal Relationships -GOAL-DIRECTED PARTNERSHIP: infant recognizes that others have feelings and goals, leads to cooperative exchanges/negotiations -Cog and linguistic abilities allow for greater understanding, such as grasping when caregiver will return after departure, allow child to self-guide and develop expectations and plans
What are two arguments for behaviorist theories of lang? Why might this not be sufficient as a description of lang dev't?`
-Reinforcement and imitation; indivs repeat combinations that are modeled and reinforced and suppress those that aren't (operant conditioning/social learning) -Not all combos are modeled, and not everything is reinforced/discouraged
What is Infantile Amnesia (IA)? Three potential reasons for it?
-Relative lack of memory from first THREE years of life -Memory Format Change Hyp: Format of memory changes so becomes impossible to access old format (think floppy to flash) -Neural Change Hyp: Late maturation of certain brain regions (such as Hippo) limits early storage -Cueing Hyp: Diffs in types of cues that trigger memory retrieval limit later recollection
In a cross-sectional, cross-cultural study of infant temperament in China, Spain, and US what was found?
-Relative to US infants, Chinese infants more active, more distress when placed in limited situation, more fearful/persistent/easily soothed
How might some children succeed even in the face of adversity? What positive personality traits might be protective?
-Responsive care from an adult -Intelligence, friendliness, social abilities
Prof's own example of how individualistic culture might have differed in her interactions with daughter?
-Revolve around child's individual experience
What are two reflexes that have clear adaptive value, and what are the actions involved?
-Rooting: Infants turn head to side when cheek stimulated -Sucking: Infants readily suck on items placed in mouth
How does the Rouge Test illustrate a developing Understanding of the Self?
-Rouge Test = little bit of makeup on infant a present with mirror... if recognize it on themselves they might wipe it off, otherwise they point at the "other baby" with the rouge -This typically emerges successfully at about 18 months
What is amniocentisis? What can it ID? What are the risks?
-Sample fluid from amniotic sac during 2nd trimester -Can ID chromosomal abnorms, birth defects -Inc. risk of miscarriage
Within Piaget's Cog Dev't, what are schemes (schemas)? Adaptation?
-Schemes = organized SYSTEMS of actions or thoughts that enable mentally representation of objects, events so as to adapt to environ -Adaptation: Process thru which schemes are ALTERED as result of EXPERIENCE
Third substage, range, characteristics, example? Now using objects, what is still absent in understanding of objects?
-Secondary Circular Reactions, 4-8 months -REPETITIVE actions with OBJECTS (secondary, outside own body): Discovers movement outside self -Ex: picking up objects and dropping em -No object permanence; out of sight, out of mind
So what are major influences on the development of children with each of the diff attachment styles? Overall, what is the main idea of parenting in relation to attachment dev't?
-Secure: Responsiveness when infants distressed, read signals well -Insecure-Avoidant: Emotionally instability, depressed/unresponsive -Insecure-resistant: Unpredictable -Main idea: Parent SENSITIVITY is critical
What is anaclitic depression? How can it be reduced? What does it tell us about infants?
-Severe, progressive dep in infants who lose contact w/ mother -If contact is resumed, infants can be brought out of this state -Generally, being removed from caregiver for prolonged periods is impactful
What are early signs of infant friendship? How do early friendships provide support?
-Share emotions; smiling/laughing -Easier adjustment to new environs when friends are present; and friends attempt to comfort one another
Infants prefer faces or face-like stimuli early in life.... how does their facial attn shift over time?
-Show more attn to internal relative to external facial features (earlier they pay more attn to high contrast like hairline, then begin to be able to focus on important internal features)
Fine motor skills involve _____. What are neonates capable of? When is coordinated reaching, grasping & mouthing occur?
-Smaller muscle groups -By about 6 months
What are important limitations of Piagetian Theory? (1)
-Some favor a CONTINUOUS view over the concept of stages -Vague about VEHICLE for change: describes patterns but not processes/mechanisms -Some abilities may develop earlier (object perm at 3 months not 9, and deferred imitation at 9 months)
What are the types of anesthesia and their course of usage?
-Spinal blocks: can't given until cervix dilated because blocks ability to push and can necessitate use of extraction techniques -Epidurals: Can be given before active phase... can reduce intensity of contractions but not ability to move
Experimental example tied to Stat Learn Theory?
-Step One: Infant exposed to pattern (ABB) of continuous speech until habituated ("fi-ga-ga") -Step Two: Presented w/ new sounds in same pattern (ABB) vs. new sounds in novel pattern (ABA) ... ("fi-wo-wo" vs. "fi-wo-fi") -Idea is that if infant picked up on pattern, they will be more interested in the NOVEL pattern b/c they have already been habituated to ABB pattern -Parent wears headphones so as to not provide any subtle clues
How has experience been shown to positively effect motor skill achievement? What interventions and exercises are most helpful??
-Stepping reflex: if regularly activated, walked earlier -None necessary, just need time to engage in everyday movement and coordination
What is described by "neural Darwinism?"
-Survival of the fittest connections in which those activated connections remain and those that are rarely or never used are eliminated
What are the three dimensions of relationships, and how do they relate to sibling relationships?
-Symmetry: Sibling relationships are MORE similar to parent-child relationships than to friendships -Closeness: Closer physically and emotionally than peer relationships, but this changes with age -Voluntariness: Children can choose their friends, but not their siblings; more play together, but also more conflicts
What does Experience-Expectant Plasticity require? How is more efficient neural processing created during this process?
-Synapse overproduction -Synapses are eliminated during sensitive periods
What process frees up space and creates a more efficient processor? What is the metaphor used to explain the process? So if more neurons aren't better, what does make processing better??
-Synaptic Pruning -Brain trying to call a specific person in NY: first calls NY but far away, then closer, then the right person as the brain gets closer and closer to exact function being targeted -Accuracy and Efficiency may be better than More synapses
What is private speech? Inner speech?
-Talk aloud to oneself when solving difficult task -Internalized speech
What are two-word utterances eventually replaced by?
-Telegraphic speech, which are utterances involving only critical words -Ex: Kid wants ice cream, says "eat ice cream" to indicate such
What are the rough functions of the different lobes mentioned by prof.?
-Temporal lobe: memory -Occipital lobe: visual processing -Parietal lobe: integrating, spatial processing -Frontal lobe: "human element"; higher-order cog. functioning and inhibitory control
What happens during Gastrulation? What systems emerge during this process and what, in turn, do they begin to form?
-The Embryonic Disc folds -Ectoderm: Nervous system, skin (outermost) -Mesoderm: Muscles, skeleton -Endoderm: Digestive tract, respiratory system (innermost)
What develops significantly during the last trimester and what helps illustrate this importance?
-The cortex, the sulci and gyri are not formed until close to full term birth
In examining the early COMPREHENSION of Sounds, what is Categorical Speech Perception? How does this narrow with age and why? Wh
-The recognition of consonants; ability to discriminate b/t/w consonants improves rapidly -Before 9 months, babies are "world listeners" capable of discriminating between native and non-native... Around 10 months, non-native discrim drops off, perhaps due to Perceptual Magnet Effect (similar to face recognition) and Statistical Learning Procedures: infants learn contingencies very rapidly
How would Vygotsky describe peer influence in dev't?
-There is an importance of COOPERATIVE LEARNING, but adults, in general, are more beneficial than peers in building new skills/abilities... both build culturally-bound knowledge/skils
What famous task illustrates Egocentrism? What are two other examples of egocentrism??
-Three Mountains Problem -Parallel play (play alongside, but not together) and Kids' Recipes
What is Rothbart's perspective on temperament? how assessed? When do these dimensions emerge?
-Three overarching factor scores determined from score on continuum of three dimensions -Questionnaire: IBQ, then IBQ-R (very comprehensive) -Dimensions are present from birth, but not always observable: dimensions become apparent over first year, such as attention dimensions which emerge at 2-3 months
What are add'l complications that are associated with difficult temperament?
-Tough to get on schedule/routine -Predisponse indivs to ANXIOUS-WITHDRAWN or AGGRESSIVE behavior in mid-childhood -More likely to experience long-term adjustment issues
What are the advantages of the aforementioned diagnostics?
-Treatment and intervention in utero and at birth, inc. knowledge and preparation, informed decision about maintaining/terminating preg.
What are important limitations of Piagetian Theory? (2)
-Underestimated importance of social context: Talks about importance of peers, not adults or culture -How can cog dev't be advanced thru training/intervention
What is measured by Strange Sitch?
-Use of mother as secure base -Prox-seeking -Contact-maintaining -Interaction at a distance (visually checking in) -Prox/Interaction avoidance? -Resistance to contact
What are the various positions and outcomes related to these positions?
-Vertex position: IDEAL; head first, face down -Back birth: Less ideal; head first face up (baby's nose can bump against pubic bone) -Breech position: Less than ideal; feet first; happens 3-4% of time but more common in preterm or multiple pregnancies and can involve issues with trapped umb cord); head not in its normal position as a "battering ram" -Transverse position: Lengthwise rather than top-down, impossible for vaginal delivery, c-section needed
How many people experience the "water" break?
-Very few = 2-3%
How would Piaget describe peer influence in dev't?
-Viewed as a sounding board: MORE INFLUENTIAL than adults as they openly criticize, clarify, elaborate, request feedback etc. -JOINT CONSTRUCTION of rules, ideas, projects helps push cognitive thought forward
What is the least well developed sense at birth? What are the elements of visual processing?
-Vision -Visual acuity, color vision, pattern detection
The Period of Fetus is from when to when? It is desribed as as time for _____? The Period of the fetus includes the 2nd trimester which is from _____ to _____? During this 2nd trimester what is developed and what isn't that helps explain why the fetus is likely short of viability?
-Week 9 until Birth -Growth and Finishing Touches -Week 13-24 -Neurons are all developed but the support system of Glia are not
Using the example of a child first learning about a whale, how might the whole process of equilibration work?
-Whale has fish-like characteristics so might ASSIMILATE into scheme of "fish" -STATE OF DISEQUILIBRIUM: birth of live young, nursing, etc. doesn't align with properties of fish -ACCOMMODATION: New category of "whale" -Eventually organize into larger category of mammals
Let's talk semantics... what are the three constraints in early language learning?
-Whole Object Constraint -Mutual Exclusivity Constraint -Taxonomic Constraint
What is a holophrase?
-Words that are used to communicate many meanings, such as "wa-wa" which could have numerous indications
Can a baby be low birthweight and small for gestational age?
-Yes; for example prof's baby was 6.5 lbs at full term with was small for gestational age but not low birth weight
What was illustrated about the relationship between perception and action in the visual cliff experiment discussed in lecture?
-Younger (less experience?) show physiological indication of INTEREST in drop off -Older (more experience in exploration) show indications of FEAR
How do the effects of teratogens vary during the different periods of prenatal dev't??
-Zygotic Period: Relatively impervious, mostly just biological dev't -Embryonic Period: Whole lot of impacts, most deleterious -Fetal Period: Minor physical damage, most impactful in terms of brain dev't
Characteristics and age for Pre-Attachment? What do infants demonstrate in terms of caregiver preferences at this point?
-birth to 2 months -Infants use SIGNALING ABILITIES (crying, grasping) to bring adults into close prox. -INDISCRIMINATE RESPONSIVENESS: Any adult is good; no preference
Signs of Shaken Baby Syndrome?
-bleeding in retina -blood or fluid in brain (could caused enlarged head)
Few examples of social play? What is pretend/symbolic play?
-interactive play involving some kind of coordinated action either with, or directed by, another person -Nonliteral play that emerges after 12 months,
Disorganized Attachment: what %, infant/mother beh's, where specifically are these children inconsistent?
-less than 5% -Infant beh: Dazed, apprehensive, unable to cope -Maternal Beh: Negative parenting, abuse, neglect, maltreatment -Inconsistency in approach-avoidance behaviors
When do we see one-word utterances? Two-word utterances?
-one year -18 months
What is development? How does it differ from learning?
-persistent, durable, progressive changes... not easily modified that have meaningful impact on indiv. -Dev't tends to occur in same age in all members of a species regardless of culture whereas learning can look diff. depending on indiv., culture, etc.
How do children evince the presence of grammatical cues early in lang learning? Example?
-use word ending to interpret unknown words: -s = plural, -ing = action word, etc.) -2 dolls, infant directed to pick up "a Zav" = more likely to pick up either of the dolls than if the infant had been told "THIS is Zav"
Age range for Sensorimotor stage? How are transitions from one cog stage to another built? Does everyone reach higher-level formal operations?
0-2 years (but not exact for any stage) -Transitions built by experience -NO!
What are the three dimensions?
1.) Surgency or Extraversion: High on positive emotionality and activity level; rarely shy and oftentimes impulsive -Ex: Might see gorilla mask and run over and put it on head 2.) Negative Affect: Shy disposition, not easily soothed; feelings of discomfort, feat, anger, frustration, sadness -Ex: tough to calm down after toy is taken 3.) Orienting or Regulation: Components of perception/attention (orienting) as well as relief of negative emotions thru cuddling or soothing (regulation)
What is the head to body ratio at birth?
1/4th
What are the head to body ratios that help illustrate cephalocaudal dev't?
2 months into preg. = 1/2 of body -5 mos. = 1/3 -At birth = 1/4
When is the Age of Viability? During the third trimester what do we see occur?
22-26 wks -Gains fat and shift into head-down position
By when do infants double their birthweight? Triple?
5 mos -12 mos.
When do kids respond to name? When begin to have a subjective sense of self, how? When objective sense of self?
9-12 months -By end of first, year thru interactions with others -By 18 months, have objective self-recog (rouge test, secondary emotions, etc.)
Taxonomic Constraint?
A.) New words more likely to refer to OBJECTS than relations -Ex: dog is chasing a ball, infant hears word "blick"; infant is more likely to believe "blick" refers to one of the objects not the event or other referent) B.) Categorically, more likely to refer to BASIC-LEVEL TERMS -Ex: Child sees dog and hears word "blug"; assumes it refers to a dog rather than a broader category such as "mammal"
What is categorization? Basic facts
Ability to group objects, people, events into like categories based on shared attributes; not fully developed until mental representation at 18-24 months tho there are early indications of it... -Habituation on cat and dog cards shows early categorization -global-level first (dogs vs. cars over dogs vs. rabbits) -Object manipulation allows for clearer categorization
How does modern research agree with ZPD theory?
Adults structure interactions in specific ways when working with kids
How do amodal properties inform intermodal perception?
Amodal--not sense-specific perception--allows integration of multiple sources of sensory info, sights and sounds are the most common example (think voices and speaker, or water hitting a can, etc.)
What is the best known measure of intelligence during first three years of life? Effective in prediction later intelligence
Bayley Scale of Infant Dev't -Nah, not even until age 5!
What is full-term birth normally defined as? Premature?? Very premature???
Birth at or after 37 weeks gestation -Born at or before 37 weeks -Born at or before 32 weeks
Motor milestones tend to progress in a ____________ fashion.
Cephalocaudal; lifting head and pushing up body prior to cruising, standing, walking
Summarize what occurs during stage one of child birth?
Contractions, dilation, and effacement (thinning of cervix)
Historically, what was though to lead to progression in gross motor skills? Has a precise progressing been ID'd?
Cortical maturation, but that is now questioned -Nah just rough ranges
END OF PRE-MIDTERM CARDS
END OF PRE-MIDTERM CARDS
What develops during the period of the embryo? As cells specialize, what forms first and what does it do? What specialty cell/s becomes the developing organism?
Essential systems such as limbs, organs, etc. -Trophopblast = support system for organism -Germ or Embryonic Disc
How was the ability to distinguish between monkey faces shown to be experience influenced?
Experiment gave parents books with unique monkey faces (w/ indiv names) or uniform monkey faces (w/o names) and found that group with unique names maintained window of distinguishing monkey faces
What is an example of Short-Term Memory in Infants?
Face imitation
What are the limitations of diagnostics?
False positives (which could inc. stress at the least), access to assessments, added costs
What is emotional contagion?
Feeling or acting in same manner as another based on emotions that are being experienced by the other person
What is a gamete? Zygote?
Gamete is a reproductive cell, such as a sperm or ovum, which come together to form a fertilized egg which is a zygote
All infants attached? What was offered as a potential exception? And how is cultural an important factor?
Generally, yes, but quality differs -Romanian orphans didn't fit in attachment molds as well as others -Similarities: Benefits across cultures, Diffs: Problems with insecure attachments (clinginess) not viewed with equal negativity across cultures
What did prof indicate was indicated in an unseen video about kid from romanian orphanage?
Kids able to adapt to a certain extent
Who was associated with the Nurture side of the debate, and what did he argue?
Locke: Tabula Rasa. Society shapes infant development
What informs the distinction between continuous and discontinuous development? Example?
Measurement -Continuous: you see gradual change in your child -Discontinuous: your out of town relatives only seen distinct changes as they see child infrequently
Sixth substage, range, characteristics, example? Infants are now capable of what? How early has recent research indicated children might be capable of deferred imitation
Mental Representations, 18-24 months -Evidence of symbolic thought; beginnings of language and pretend play -Deferred imitation -Ex: Piaget's daughter had tantrum after seeing another child do so for first time -Much earlier, maybe 9 months old
What can an ultrasound ID?
Miscarriage, birth defects, Down syndrome (can only check for markers)
What is the first substage of the sensorimotor stage and age range? Characterized by? Example?
Modification of reflexes, 0-1 month -Use of newborn abilities to environment -Different sucking for different items like breast vs. pacifier
Is Piaget's a maturational theory?
NO; environmental stimulation, challenges, and reaching goals provide more of a NURTURE side to dev't
What process helps ensure that all parts of the brain are served by neurons? What process forms new synapses and what else happens during this process?
Neural migration -Synaptogenesis, also causes neural death by a survival of the fittest type process where less used die off
Abnormalities in reflexes can help indicate...? What is used as an indication of brain damage?? What is an example of a permanent reflex?
Neurological problems hat may be involved in later deficits -The relative strength of a reflexive action -Blinking
What are sensitive periods?
Period of dev't during which brain is especially sensitive to experience of env'l influences
What is the term for rules of lang use within specific contexts? Examples? Important environmental domain in which this component of lang is applicable?
Pragmatics -Irony, sarcasm, doubt, metaphor, etc. -Social contexts
Second substage, range, characteristics, example? What does this early stage indicate
Primary circular reactions, 1-4 months -REPEATING (circular) interesting/enjoyable actions using OWN BODY (primary), used as entertainment -Ex: Pulling own toes to mouth and chewing on toes -Indication of early egocentricity
What is emotional regulation? Very relevant to what persepective on emotional dev't? What sort of rules do children begin to learn as they master the difficult task of regulating emotion, how might this begin and develop?
Processes thru which emotions are monitored and, appraised, and modified so as to achieve goals -Functionalist! -Emotional display rules = some contexts it is more or less appropriate to have certain emotional displays: can start with simple imitation but then evolves into ability to appraise the social sitch
What is sensation? Perception?
Processing of info by sensory receptors -Organization and interpretation; making sense of what was processed
REMEMBER MISSED QUESTIONS FROM QUIZZES
REMEMBER MISSED QUESTIONS FROM QUIZZES
Who was associated with the nature side of the debate, and what did he argue?
Rousseau argued that children developed well based on a "biological script" that didn't require much parental/social intervention
What is the term for the study of word meanings and their combinations?
Semantics; vocabulary, and putting words together to create a meaningful phrase
What happens with FAS? Major issues?
Significant amt of alcohol during pregnancy resulting in notable physical characteristics -Microcephaly, small eyelid openings, missing ridge under nose
Risk factors for SIDS?
Sleeping on stomach, soft shit in crib, too many items in crib
What sorts of norms influence learning?
Social and cultural norms: influence kind of info taught and how it is taught
Vygotsky: Cog dev't resuts from..? What sort of tools lead to advances in psych functioning? What is the primary tool?
Social interaction -Cultural tools lead to advances in psych functioning -LANGUAGE
What is attachment?
Strong emotional bond that forms btw infants and caregivers in the SECOND HALF of the FIRST YEAR of life; has an apparent biological basis
What is syntax?
Structure of language, think: Grammar!
What is a Teratogen?
Substance or environmental influence that results in negative outcomes for the developing child
What is scaffolding?
Support provided for cog dev't initially, then lessened and removed as children demonstrate inc. ability
Fifth substage, range, characteristics, example? What causes a child to explore "workings of the world?"
Tertiary Circular Reactions, 12-18 months -Explore uses of objects; scientific exploration -INTRINSIC motivcation -Ex: Baby bangs on differing surfaces with a spoon
What is phonology?
The SOUND PATTERNS of lang
What does Goodness of Fit describe?
The match between behaviors of infant and the expectations of parent/caregiver
How interventions work on maltreated or shittily raised kids?
Those adopted and given sensitive and proper care early (like before 1 year of age), escape many of the pitfalls of maltreatment and neglectful care. -Training + Better structure is best case scenario
What do sensitive periods relate to?
Times of rapid physiological or behavioral dev't
When are accidents, such as falling into a toilet and being unable to extract oneself, most common?
Toddlerhood
What is meant by "Sex-linked abnormalities"? Examples of this genetically? 2 specific conditions in which this occurs?
Too many or too few sex chromosomes -Only on X, or 3 X's -Colorblindness: seen in men because it is X-linked and they have no alternate X to protect against; Hemophilia (lack of blood clotting)
What happens in the uterus as the egg travels thru the fallopian tube towards uterus? How do women produce eggs throughout their life
Uterine lining thickens in preparation for implantation -They do not; they are born will all the eggs they will ever have
What is the still face paradigm and what do we see occur?
When mothers exhibit still face: infant might screech, flail arms, arch back and general indicate distress; this show that it causes stress in infants and that the infant expects mother to act in diff way
What do the recent recommendations from the CDC say?
Women who are of childbearing age should not ingest alcohol because of the risks
Within the phonology component of lang, what is the smallest segment of sound that creates the meaning of a word?
a phoneme
What are the two types of compliance, definitions/behaviors/examples?
a) Committed Compliance: Embrace parental standards, values, and adopts them as own and comply thru self-regulation -Child complies and does so relatively happily -Ex: Kid asked to pick up on toy, sees what is happening and picks up more to help clean b) Situational Compliance: Cooperative, but do not adopt parental standards/values as own -Child only picks up toys as asked, won't generalize and comply with greater goals
What % if world's infants are actually breastfed until 4 mos.?
only 35%
A child's mother brings him to a university laboratory to participate in a study of language acquisition but is surprised that the researchers play recordings of nonsense sentences, comprised of invented words such as boga, giku, kuga, and gapi. This child is most likely participating in a study designed to...?
test his ability to learn to recognize different kinds of recurring patterns
