Information Systems and Digital Trends
Pricing Models (2): Cost-Per-Acquisition (CPA)
Like the offline world, CPA is when a platform charges an advertiser for every paying customer that they send their way. This is typically seen in affiliate marketing, which is when an individual or a company is paid to advocate a service or product to their users or follower-base. Affiliate marketing platforms may also charge advertisers on a commission basis.
Mobile telecommunications: the fourth generation
Long Term Evolution (LTE) - started in 2013 - high speed connection (mobile broadband) - high quality multimedia services (high definition video conferences, fast cloud computing access, TV shows/movies streaming) - more and more users
Digital Dashboards' use
dashboards use various graphical elements to highlight important information
The problem is that many organizations are not able to harness the value of ________
data
Data VS Information
data --> the transformation process --> information
Mobile and IoT
data geolocalization, data from automated sensors...
Machine Learning explained briefly
- 1959: Arthur Samuel "Field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed"
Most common types of E-Commerce
- Business-to-Consumer (B2C) --> a person buys a book from Amazon.com - Business-to-business (B2B) --> retailer for procurement of inventory - Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) --> one person purchases from another on eBay (diffrent types of auctions) - Consumer-to-business (C2B) --> a person sells something to a company
Types of Networks: Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Campus Area Networks - Metropolitan Area Networks - Enterprise WANs - Global Network
Marketplace
- allow many buyers and many suppliers to interact - some operate within a vertical market (industry-specific). ex: paperindex.com fibre2fashion.com - some others are not industry specific. ex: http://www.toboc.com/
Problem-solving and predictive analysis (list)
- anti-spam filters - fraud detection - recommendation systems (ex: Amazon and Netflix)
SEM VS SEO: SEO
- appear as organic results and have featured snippets (search results) - it pays nothing - it's not shown to annyone - it's not good for testing - provide value over time - higher click-through rate
2. High Variety
- as of 2011, the global side of data in healthcare will estimate to be 150 exabytes - 30 billion pieces of content are shared on Facebook every month - by 2014, it's anticipated there will be 420 million wearbale, wireless health monitors - over 4 billion hours of video are watched on Youtube each month - 400 million tweets are sent per day by amount 200 million monthly active users
Click-and-Mortar Business Strategy
- bricks-and-clicks business strategy - hybrid strategy - multichannel value proposition - added complexity combining two diffrent enviroments
Click-Only Business Strategy
- business conducted online only - no physical location - so called "pure layer" - sometimes customers are uncomfortable with online transactions
Operational level (list and explain)
- day-to-day business processes - decisions (structured, recurring) - following actions and processes can be often automated using IS - IS used to: --> automate and optimize processes --> understand causes of performance problems Keyword: increase EFFICIENCY
Mobile telecommunications: the second generation
- global system for mobile communication (GSM) - digital signal - sim card - SMS
Gaining competitive advantage through information systems. How?
- improving organisational efficiency - improving organisation effectiveness - improving organizational planning - defining new business models used by companies operating in the digital world
SEM VS SEO: SEM
- include "Ad" designation and have ad exxtensions in search results - pay each time user clicks - for visibility: shown to select targeted audience - immediate results - good for testing - doesn't provide value over time - lower click through rate
Growth drivers explain as list
- increasing computing power available at accessible costs - unprecendted amounts of data
What's a CPU
- interprets instructions to the computer - performs logical arithmetic operations - causes the input and output to occur
B2C: capabilities and opportunities
- opportunity to sell/purchase 24/7/365 - firms from across the world can potentially compete for customers and gain access to new markets - opportunity to better profile customers - disintermedation (cutting out the middleman. ex: wholesaler, retailer) and reaching customers more directly and efficiently
Digital Marketing VS Traditional Marketing: Digital Marketing
1. reach out to maximum people 2. targeted or client specific marketing 3. versatile (can make changes in the advertisings) 4. immediate communication PAY PER PERFORMANCE
Changes in society and in businesses (list)
1. social media 2. internet of things 3. mobile 4. big data 5. artificial intelligence 6. cloud computing
Components of computer networks
1. two or more computers (hosts) 2. a transmission medium (cable, wireless) 3. a protocol (rules) dictating communication
AI timeline (not detailed)
1955: a proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence 1969: Herbert Simon and Allen Newell studied how machines could simulate processes and outputs typical of human intelligence through studies in diffrent fields. ex: artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology
Explain the Internet 1960s till 1991
1960s-US Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA) - 1969-Arpanet- WAN that linked universities and research centers 1972 - Arpanet has 37 hosts / TCP/IP '80s - inside Arpanet there were three diffrent networks: NSFnet (National Science Foundation Network), BitNet (Because It's Time Network), CSnet (Computer Science Network) 1983 - Internet 1991 - WWW
Which tools can be used by organizations in order to manage data? Explain
3. Big Data analytics Big Data are important since a key to effective management is high-quality and timely information to support decision making
Pricing Models (2): Cost-Per-Action (CPA)
A variation of Cost-per-Acquisition, Cost-per-Action is when digital advertisers are charged for specified actions including likes, shares, clickthroughs, requests for information, or anything else specific to the channel they are advertising on
Artificial Intelligence (AI) definition
AI is the science of enabling information technologies to simulate human intelligence
How many standards does ASCII have? Explain
ASCII has two standards: 1. 7 bit ASCII - 128 characters 2. 8 bit ASCII - 256 characters
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) defintion
ASCII is the standard that encodes the charter for communication. ASCII support specific character and occupies less space
Pricing Models (1): Cost-Per-View (CPV)
Advertisers running Digital video ads are charged on a cost-per-view basis which, as you can probably can guess, is a fee for every time someone watches any portion of their ad. There is a less common, but related metric, Cost-per-Completed-View (CPCV), in which an advertiser is only charged when the ad is seen in its entirety
Advertising definition
Advertising is the literal process of making a product and service known to an audience. It is the description used to present the product, idea or service to the world.
Pricing Models (1): Cost-Per-Click (CPC)
CPC is a pricing model where the advertiser is charged every time their ad is clicked by an individual. Advertisers running search engine ads, display ads, and social media ads typically have the option to be charged through this method.
Cloud Computing defintion CONT.
Cloud computing is a type of computing architecture that relies on shared computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications
Cloud Computing defintion CONT.
Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power
Extranets and Intranets explain
Companies have confidential data. These data still need to be shared on a limited basis
Domain Name Addressing defintion CONT.
domain names can include any number of parts seperated by periods, however most domain names currently in use have only three or four parts domain names follow hierarchical model that you can follow from top to bottom if you read the name from right to left ex: domain name gsb.uchicago.edu is the computer connected to the internet at the Graduate School of Business (gsb), which is an acadamic unit of the University of Chicago (uchicago), which is an educational institute (edu)
Define web + examples
dynamic web applications that allow people to collaborate and share information online ex: comments, reviews, likes, shares, send to a friend, blogs...
Bit and Bytes: Bit
each "digit" of a binary number (each 0 or 1) is called a bit
Decision-Making Levels of an Organization (pyramid style)
executive level ------------------- managerial level ------------------- operational level
The Internet is a large worldwide collection of _________ that use a common protocol to _________ with each other. The Internet is based on _________, or combining networks to form larger networks
networks; communicate internetworking
The world's most valuable resource is no longer _________ but __________
oil; data
Top-level Domains (TLDs): Country code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)
one for each country
Digital VS Analog Systems DIGITAL
operate on discrete digits - numbers - letters - symbols - etc... deal strictly with ON and OFF - represented by 0s and 1s
Output devices definition + examples
output devices make the information resulting from processing available for use ex: printers, computer screens, speakers
extranet definition
password-protected website designed for sharing with selected partners
intranet definition
password-protected website designed for sharing with the company data and communication are protected via fire-walls and virtual private networks (VPNs)
Software defintion
software are programs and applications - part of computer that cannot be seen - needed for computer to function - designed to solve common or custom problems
Cloud Computing defintion
storing and accessing data and programs over the internet instead of your computer's hard drive. the cloud is just a metaphor for the internet
We can now build ________ that learn how to perform tasks on their own. Within just the past few years _________ _________ has become far more effective and widely available
systems; machine learning
Information and communication technology (ICT) is...
technology that is used to handle information storage, retrieval, management and communications
What are two other protocols that you can use on the internet?
the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the SMTP Protocol (for email)
TCP/IP
the Internet's standard communication language, dictates how messages are borken into packets and later reassembled
Databases: Entering and Querying Data definition
the activity of entering data is typically managed through the use of FORMS. It can be used to enter new data, update or delete existing data, or create reports
IP Addressing explained defintion CONT.
the combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2 billion possible addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256) this number seemed adequate until 1998
IS (information systems) organisation JUST READ IT
there are diffrent types of information systems accoarding to diffrent decision making levels of an organisation
How does a computer work? (Information processing cycle)
there are four operations performed (refered to as the information processing cycle): 1. Input 2. Process 3. Output 4. Storage
Digital convergence definition
transformation of analogical signals and physical objects into DIGITAL ones
Making predictions about technologies: TELEPHONE
"This 'telephone' has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communications" --> today 820 million telephone lines
Making predictions about technologies: AIRPLANES
"heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible" --> today booming business
Making predictions about technologies: CINEMA
"who the hell wants to hear actors talk?" --> today booming business
Bit and Bytes: Bytes (a byte can represent a symbol/letter)
- 1 byte = 8 bits - 1 KB = 2^10 bits = around 1 thousand bytes - 1 MB = 2^20 = around 1 million bytes - 1 GB = 2^30 = around 1 billion bytes - 1 TB = 2^40 = around 1 trillion bytes
3. Undefined Veracity (reliability)
- 1 in 3 business leaders don't trust the information they use to make decisions - 27% of respondents - UNCLEAR PIC FROM PDF
1. High Volume (unprecedented amounts of data)
- 40 zettabytes (43 trillion gigabytes) of data will be created by 2020, and increase of 300 from 2005 - 6 billion people have cell phones (world population 7 billion) - it's estimated that 2.5 quintillion bytes (2.5 trillion bytes) of data are created each day - most companies in the US have at least 100 terabytes (100,000 gigabytes) of data stored
Major IS Tasks: Business Value Added (automating, organisational learning, supporting strategy)
- Automating: doing things faster - Organizational Learning: doing things better - Suuporting Strategy: doing things smarter
Business-to-Bueiness E-Commerce
- B2B involves exchange between two or more business; these exchanges do not include end customers (consumers) - Supply chain: companies processes moving product from suppliers of raw materials to suppliers of intermediate components, to final production, to the customer
The Processor Unit is compromised of two components. List them
- Central Processing Unit (CPU) - Central Memory
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
- Industry 1: mechanization, steam power, weaving loom (1784) - Industry 2: mass production, assembly line, electrical energy (1870) - Industry 3: automation, computers and electronics (1969) - Industry 4: cyber physical systems, internet of things (IoT), networks (today)
Search Advertising types
- SEM: sponsored links - SEO: organic search results
Voice recognition examples
- Siri (Apple) - Google Now - Cortana (Microsoft) - Echo & Alexa (Amazon) - Bixby
Mobile telecommunications: the first generation
- Total Access Cellular System (TACS) - analog signal - only voice - within national boundaries
Application software (list)
- Word Processing Software - Electronic Spreadsheet Software - Database Software - Presentational Software - Communication Software
Some AI limits (list)
- artificial narrow intelligence - catastrophic forgetting - no awarness - it needs a huge number of examples - no human abilities such as common-sense reasoning, understanding the nuances of langugae. AI is not endowed with will - AI is not able to pose questions
Wearable Technology definition
- clothing or accessories that incorporates electronic technologies. ex: smart watches, fitness trackers (fitbit)... - existing and futiristic - these devices track wearers health metrics (heartbeat, blood pressure...) cataloging behaviors like steps taken, calories burned and exercises performed - privacy (also health data) and infrastructure issues
Computer Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) definition
- computer's primary storage of data to be processed - silicon chips that store data and instructions as electronic signals - CPU can manipulate electrical signals - contents of RAM will be lost when power is turned off
Packet Switching listed definition and explanation
- current data networks use packet switching - messages are broken up into packets, which are sent individually to the destination - the receiving computer assembles the packets back into the message - this allows packets from diffrent messages to be intermingled on the network
Challenges of IoT
- data privacy and security - compliance - data ownership - data reliability - data management 43%
Paid Media/Digital Advertising
- display advertising --> any digital property with traffic - search advertising --> search engines (Google) - social media advertising --> social media (IG, TW, FB...)
BI examples
- financial forecasting system - inventory level forcasting systems - product demand forecasting system - forecast system in supply chain planning - etc...
New business opportunities
- mobile commerce (m-commerce) - geolocalization for marketing activities - mobile as part of the omnichannel approach
Examples of IoT
- monitoring home temperatures while on vacation remotely (smart homes) - alerting drivers of parking spaces and traffic volumes (smart cities) - smart factories - cardiac monitors alerting physicians of potential health risks (e-health)
Managerial Level: IS can help by supporting business decisions with:
- performance analytics (dashboards) - predictive analysis - providing key performance indicators (KPI)
Brick-and-Mortar Business Strategy
- physical locations only - traditional scores, no E-Commerce - Limited geographical reach
Transation Processing Systems (TPS) defintion
- process day-to-day activities - collect data generate by these activities - used by a broad range of organisations ex: banking system for managing your bank account ex: grocery store checkout cash register with connection to network
4. High Velocity (data generation and data require rapid processing and analysis to maximize the value)
- the New York Stock Exchange captures 1 TB of trade information during each trading session - by 2016, it is projected there will be 18.9 billion network connections (almost 2.5 connection per person on earth) - modern cars have close to 100 sensors that monitor items such as fuel level and tire pressure
Industry 4 defintion
- the current trend of automation interconnection and data and information exchange inside organisations - includes the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, mobile, AI...
!!! Where are these data from?
- the digital trends social, the Internet of Things and mobile, have led to a tremendous increase in potentially useful data: - the increase in mobile devices, social media, automated sensors and other devices generates unprecedented amounts of structured and unstructured data
Machine Learning explained briefly CONT.
- the machine's ability to keep improving its performance without humans haing to explain exactly how to accomplish all the tasks it's given
Executive Level explained
- the president, CEO, vice presidents, board of directors - decisions: unstructured, long-term strategic issues, complex and nonroutine problems with long-term ramifixations - IS is used to: obtain aggregate summaries of trends and projections, and provide KPIs across the organisation
Why do organizations need reliable data and information?
- there is a strong linkage between effective data management and organization performance
B2C: Drawbacks
- trust - direct product experience - product delivery and returns
Query for databases (structured and specific queries)
- what are the names, addresses, ID, ages, gender of this group of customers? - create a list of customers living in Charleston, SC - etc...
Databases (narrow and simple queries and analysis)
- what are the names, addresses, ID, ages, gender, of this group of customers? - ccreate mailing labels for every customer in Charlseton, SC
BI Systems (broad and complex queries and analyses)
- what is our market share trend in the East Region for L.L Bean mountain jackets? - what is the projected revenue growth of L.L. Bean mountain jackets by region? - show me the best, the worst, the most changed, the least changed, the top 10, bottom 10...
Case-study: American Airlines and FedEx (American Airlines)
- which type of IS has been analyzed in this case study? Is it used for doing what? - is it a case of failure or of success? - why? - consequences?
Common operating systems
- z/OS - Unix - Windows - Mac OS - Linux - Android - iOS
Internet of Things ----> ? Mobile -----> ? Social media -----> ?
----> Big Data
Revenues by Pricing Model: cost per impression
--> 2019: 35% --> 2022: 31%
Revenues by Pricing Model: hybrid model
--> 2019: 5% --> 2022: 5%
Revenues by Pricing Model: Cost per click/cost per action (performance):
--> 2019: 61% --> 2022: 64%
Top-level Domains (TLDs): Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) list
.com - commercial organisation .org - non profit organisation .edu - educational organisation .mil - military organisation .gov - governmental organisation .net - network service providers NEW: .biz, .info, .name ...
Components of a computer
1. Input devices 2. Processor Unit 3. Output Devices 4. (Auxiliary) Storage Devices
5 reasons to Outsource + explain each
1. Time Savings: allow someone else to handle tasks that would take you twice as long 2. Increase Efficiency: experts can get the job done faster and more efficiently 3. Expertise: you gain expert knowledge from subject-matter professionals 4. Flexibility: in times of ebbs and flows you can adjust production without adjusting internal resources 5. Control Costs: using outside resources allows you to reduce expenses such as headcount, overhear, office space, software licenses, phones and other costs
The Four V's of Big Data
1. Volume (scale of data) 2. Velocity (analysis of streaming data) 3. Variety (different forms of data) 4. Veracity (uncertainty of data)
Types of Display Advertising
1. banner ads 2. rich media 3. intersitial media 4. video ads
Organizations use information systems to:
1. be more productive and profitable 2. gain competitive advantage 3. Improve service to their customers 4. reach more customers
You need data and information mainly for: (2 things)
1. doing something 2. taking decisions high level of certainty vs low level of certainty
What is an Information System? (definition)
A set of interrelated components which are to collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization
Business Intelligence (BI) definition CONT.
BI is used to integrate data from disconnected; - reports - databases - spreadsheets
Information definition
Data that are organized, processed or arranged in a meaningful manner.
E-Commerce Business Strategies
Differentiated, based on levels of physical/virtual presence
Digital marketing definition CONT.
Digital marketing is a broad term that includes all marketing channels and methods you can use to design, research and promote products or services on the Internet but also on electronic devices to a specific audience.
Digital marketing definition
Digital marketing is a component of marketing that utilizes internet and online based digital technologies
IP Addressing explained defintion
Each computer on the Internet does have a unique identification number, called an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
Pricing Models (2): Cost Per Install (CPI) / Cost Per Download (CPD)
For those marketers promoting a mobile application, they have the option to be charged on a per-install or per-download basis.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) explain CONT.
HTML uses codes, or tags to tell the web browser software how to display the text contained in the document ex: a web browser reading the following line of text: A Review of the BookWind Instruments of the 18th Century recognizes the and tags as instructions to display the entire line of text in bold and the and tags as instructions to display the text enclosed by those tags in italics.
IP Addressing explained definition CONT.
IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet uses a four-part number (four bytes) each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and each part is seperated from the previous part by period. ex: 106.29.242.17
Internet of Things definition CONT. (IoT)
If all objects in daily life were equipped with tags, they could be identified and inventoried by computers ex: «Refrigerators can tell you when the milk expired»
Business Intelligence (BI) definition CONT.
Integrated data helps to monitor and fine-tune business processes
Invention VS Innovation (definitions)
Invent: to invent something is to discover a new thing Innovate: to innovate is to introduce somthing new to the market, to manipulate existing inventions and turn them into a product or process that is of use in the real world
Pricing Models (1): Cost-Per-Thousand (CPM)
Just like direct marketing, many digital advertising units are bought on a per-thousand basis. In digital marketing, an advertiser is usually charged per 1,000 impressions
Marketing definition
Marketing is a process that involves design, creation, research and data mining about how to best align the idea of a product or service with the target audience.
Digital Marketing Media Types: Paid Media
Paid Advertising: Pay Per Click, display ads, retargetting, paid influencers, paid content, promotion, social media ads
Data definition
Raw facts, typically about physical phenomena or business transactions
Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) defintion
The exchange of goods, services, and money among firms, between firms and their customers, and between customers, supported by information systems embedding ICTs and, in particular, the Internet. - services - physical products - digital products, such as software, music, movies and digital images
Digital Transformation
The integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, fundamentally changing how the company operates and delivers value to customers
universal character set or universal coding system (UNICODE) definition
Unicode is also the IT standard that encodes the text for computer and other communication device unicode supports a large number of character and occupies more space
Mobile telecommunications: the third generation
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) - provides a furthur increase in data transfer rate (mobil broadband) - more multimedia services
Types of Networks: Wide Area Network (WAN) - usage? size?
Usage: connect multiple LANs, often with distributed ownsership and management Size: large physical distance spanning multiple buildings or the area of a city to worldwide (Internet)
Types of Networks: Local Area Network (LAN) - usage? size?
Usage: sharing of data, software applications, or other resources between several users Size: typically within a building
Types of Networks: Personal Area Network (PAN) - usage? size?
Usage: wiress communication between devices (Bluetooth) Size: under 10 meters
Digital Marketing Media Types: Owned Media
Web Properties: website, mobile site content, blog, social media channels
Decision-Making Levels of an Organization (operational level who, what, why)
Who: employees, office workers, secretaries, assisstants, foreman, or supervisor What: automate routine and repetitive activities and events Why: improve organizational efficiency
Decision-Making Levels of an Organization (executive level who, what, why)
Who: executive level managers What: aggregate summaries of past organizational data and projections of the future Why: improve organizational strategy and planning
Digital Marketing Media Types: Earned Media
Word of Mouth: shares, likes, mentions, tweets, retweets, reposts, reviews, recommendations
Internet of Things definition
a broad range of PHYSICAL OBJECTS that can automatically share data (about themselves, about the environment around them) over the internet
Internet of Things definition CONT.
a device just needs to be connected to the Internet to be able to collect and transmit sensory data
Kowledge definition
ability to understand information, form opinions, and make decisions or predictions
What are they aimed at?
aimed at collecting, analyzing, and distributing useful information
Auxiliary Storage Devices definition + examples
also known as Secondary Storage Devices ex: hard-drives, CD-ROM, Tape Backup Drives, ZIP Drives
A business may take on ________________ for several reasons. Sometimes it's a survival issue.
digital transformation
Hardware defintion
hardware is everything you can touch and see ex: monitor, hard-drive, computer cables, mouse, printer.... Computer: 1969 for 5,975$ VS 2022 for 699$
Business Intelligence systems (or Decision Support Systems) explanation
help organisations make sense of the big amounts of data they collect data organiztion is key to being able to quickly retrieve needed data to help make critical business decisions
AI is incredibly _________ and its potential is ___________ BUT nowadays AI is ___________. AI has generated lots of unrealistic expectations
important; high; overhyped
IBM Deep Blue explanation
in the 50s they hypothesised that in the following decade there would have been machines able to play chess
ICT is more than an extended synonym for _______________ (__). ICT is used to describe the convergence of ____ and ___
information tenchonolgy (IT); IT and TLC
Input devices defintion + examples
input devices enable the user to enter data ex: keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen input. OCR
Computer Memory: Read Only Memory (ROM)
instructions and data are hard coded on the silicon chips. ex: BIOS (Basic Input-Output System) gives computer the initial instructions to get it started once computer is turned on
Digital transformation defintion
intergration of digital technology into all areas of business, fundamentally changing how the company operates and delivers value to customers
The World Wide Web is one of the many applications running on the _________ + explain
internet - web protocols (ex: HTTP) - web pages (documents containing HTML) - web servers (provides access via a website) - web browsers (provides interface to web pages)
Invention VS Innovation (in simple terms)
invention creates something innovation creates something that sells
Invention VS Innovation (in other terms)
invention: - CAN be interpreted and understood using TECHNOLOGY innovation: - MUST be interpreted and understood using TECHNOLOGY, SOCIO CULTURAL FACTORS, MARKETING FACTORS
Collaboritve economy definition
is a marketplace where consumers rely on each other instead of large companies to meet their wants and needs - crowdsourcing - crowdfunding - sharing economy - gig economy
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) definition
is the set of rules that the computers use to move files from one computer to another on the internet. the most common transfer protocol used on the internet is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Business Intelligence (BI) definition
is the use of information systens to gather and analyze information from internal and external sources in order to make better business decisions
Domain Name System (DNS)
it coordinares the IP addresses and domain names for all computers attached to it. the host computer that runs this software is called a domain name server
How many standards does unicode have? Explain
it has three standards: 1. UTF-8 256 2. UTF-16 65536 3. UTF-32 4294967296
Machine Learning explained briefly CONT.
it represents a fundamentally diffrent appraoch to creating software: the machines learns from examples, instead of being explicitly programmed for a particular outcome
Who developed the internet originally? Explain
it was originally developed by the department of defense, this lack of centralisation made it less vulnerable to wartime or terrorist attacks. It is based on TCP/IP protocol
Internet related to WAN defnition
it's a WAN. a global network. the wider --> "network of network" no ones owns it it has no formal management organization
Digital transformation defintion CONT.
it's also a cultural change that requires organisations to continually challenge the status quo, experiment, and get comfortable with failure
What does technology include?
machines (ex: computers), techniques and processes (computer chips)
Digital VS Analog ANALOG
measure and respond continuously varying electrical or physical magnitudes - temperature - pressure - velocity - position - etc...
IP Addressing explained defintion CONT.
members of many internet task forces are working to develop an diffrent addressing system that will accomodate the project growth (IPv6) however all of their working solutions require exensive hardware and software changes throughout the internet
Managerial Level: midlevel managers and functional managers
monitor and control operational-level activities - Focus: effectively utilizing and deploying resources - Goal: achieving strategic objectives
Digital convergence definition CONTINUED
refers to the ability to view the same multimedia content from diffrent types devices and thanks to the digitization of content (movies, picutres, music, voice, text) and to the developement of ICTs
What is a system? (definition)
set of interrelated componenets, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achive a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process
Bit (binary digit) definition
smallest unit of information that is held in a computer's memory. Either 0 or 1
What are some digital trends that shape the digital future?
social media, internet of things, mobile, big data, cloud computing, AI...
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) explain
the public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like the files used by word-processing software to allow web browser software to read them, the text must be formatted accoarding to a generally accepted standard --> HTML
Operational Level definition
the purpose of an operational system is to make the company run. this involves transaction processing and lots of uodates to the database
Technology is...
the way we apply scientific knowledge for practical purposes
Domain Name Addressing defintion
used to locate Websites and individual pages a domain name is a unique name associated with a specific IP address by a program that runs on an Internet host computer this program is called Domain Name System
Internet of Things definition CONT.
with the ability to connect "things" ex: sensors, cameras, tags, or detectors, the potential for gathering useful data is limitless
Database definition
collection of related and structured data organized in a way that facilitates data searches
15 years ago... - A ________ was for a television show - An _______ was for employement - _________ were something you hated to clean - A ________ was a piano - _______ was something you lost with age - ________ was something you did to garbage - A ______________ was a long trip on the road - _________ was adding wood to fire - A ______________ was where a mouse lived - ________ you did with scissors - _________ you did with glue - A _______ was a spider's home - A __________ was the flu
- program - application - windows - keyboard - memory - compress - hard drive - log on - mouse pad - cut - paste - web - virus
What does Big Data refer to?
- refers to large and complex data sets can not be processed by traditional data processing applications - with big data we refer to the use of predictive analytics or other advanced methods to analyze data and extract value
Managerial Level: managers' decisions
- semistructured - moderately complex - time horizion of few days to few months
System software tasks
- starting your computer - reading programs into memory and managing memory allocation - managing where programs and files are located secondary storage - maintaing the structure of directories and subdirectories - formatting disks - controlling the computer monitor - sending documents to the printer
Case-study: American Airlines and FedEx (FedEx)
- which type of IS has been analyzed in this case study? Is it used for doing what? - is it a case of failure or of success? - why? - consequences?
Information Systems (IS) has a combination of six (7) key components: (list them)
1. hardware 2. software 3. telecommunication 4. networks 5. data 6. people 7. processes
Digital Marketing VS Traditional Marketing: Digital Marketing
1. limited audience 2. global marketing 3. non-versatile (cannot be altered once published) 4. delayed communication INVESTMENT
True for all types of organizations
1. professional 2. social 3. religious 4. educational 5. governmental
Pricing Models (2): Cost-Per-Lead (CPL)
Cost-per-Lead is when a platform charges an advertiser solely for the amount of individuals they send their way who sign up to receive more information.
A huge ammount of data to be processed and anlyzed. How?
TBD
Decision-Making Levels of an Organization (managerial level who, what, why)
Who: midlevel managers and functional managers What: achieve strategic objectives monitor and control operational-level activities Why: improve organizational effectiveness
IBM Deep Blue explanation CONT.
a forecast that would have become reality only forty years later, in the 1996, during the memorable match between the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue and the chess champion Garry Kasparov.
