Inman RD Prep

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Vitamin A 1)Stored in the 2)Function 3)Sources 4)Deficiencies cause 5) Precursor

1) liver 2) skin, vision 3) yellow, orange fruits, dark leafy greens, fortified skim milk 4) Nyctalopia (night blindness) Xeropthalmia (cornea damage, not reversible) Bitot's spots on conjunctiva Dry, scaly skin 5) carotene (converted in intestinal mucosal cells)

how does acid affect angel food cake?

1) maintains the white color by preventing the Maillard rxn 2) stabilizes the egg white to increase volume 3) makes the crumb tender

Patient has pH 6.94; HCO3: 15, pCO2: 40 1) condition 2) compensatory response

1) metabolic acidosis 2) hyperventilation

Patient has pH 7.48, HCO3: 30, pCO2: 40 1) condition 2) compensatory response

1) metabolic alkalosis 2) hypoventilation to lower pH

SBS MNT

1) parenteral nutrition initially to restore & maintain nutrient status 2) start enteral feeding early to stimulate growth & increase over time; continuous drip 3) may take weeks or months to transition to food

Patient has pH 7.32; HCO3: 25; and pCO2: 56 1) Condition 2) compensatory response

1) respiratory acidosis 2) kidneys hang on to HCO3 (base)

Patient has pH 7.5, HCO3: 25, pCO2 27 1) condition 2) compensatory response

1) respiratory alkalosis 2) the kidneys dump HCO3

4 Functions of liver

1) store & release blood 2) filter toxic elements 3) metabolize & store nutrients 4) regulate fluid & electrolyte balance

3 types of written specifications for orders

1) technical--objective quality e.g: graded food items 2) approved brand specifications 3) performance e.g: pH level for detergents

1) Protein Bound Iodine measures 2) When PBI is elevated __ is higher

1) the activity of the thyroid 2) BMR

Weakest positive correlation 0.89 0.65 -0.99

0.65

Insensible water loss is ___/day

0.8-1L

Strongest positive correlation

1

Ratio of gelatin to liquid

1 T gelatin: 1 pint liquid

Recipe for buttermilk

1 T vinegar or lemon juice or 1.75 tsp cream of tartar & add enough milk to make 1 cup

Respiratory Quotient for intakes of: 1) CHO alone 2) PRO alone 3) fat alone 4) mixed intake How can you lower the respiratory quotient?

1) 1 2) 0.82 3) 0.7 4) 0.85 increase fat

1) #3 can has how many cans/case? 2) How much does it weigh? 3) How many cups fit? 4) How many servings?

1) 12 cans/case 2) 46 oz 3) 5.75 cups 4) 12-15 servings/can

AW of & # of Valence e- 1) Na 2) K 3) Ca

1) 23;1 2) 39;1 3) 40;2

1) #2.5 can has how many cans/case? 2) How much does it weigh? 3) How many cups fit? 4) How many servings?

1) 24 cans/case 2) 1 lb 13 oz 3) 3.5 cups 4) 6-8 servings/can

1) #2 can has how many cans/case? 2) How much does it weigh? 3) How many cups fit? 4) How many servings?

1) 24 cans/case 2) 1 lb 4 oz. 3) 2.5 cups 4) 4-6 servings/can

1) #300 can has how many cans/case? 2) How much does it weigh? 3) How many cups fit? 4) How many servings?

1) 24 cans/case 2) 14-16 oz 3) 1.75 cups 4) 3-4 servings/can

1) #10 can has how many cans/case? 2) How much does it weigh? 3) How many cups fit? 4) How many servings?

1) 6 cans/case 2) 6 lbs 9 oz 3) 13 cups 4) 20-25 servings/can

Vitamins affected by Bill Roth I and II

1) B12 (lack of intrinsic factor and bacterial overgrowth) 2) folate (needs B12 for transport inside cell; also from poor iron levels)

1) what is sorbitol? 2) How is it absorbed? 3) what is it converted to? 4) May cause

1) EToH from glucose absorbed more slowly than glucose 2) PASSIVE diffusion 3) fructose. 4) diarrhea

1) If linoleic acid replaces CHO 2) If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat

1) LDL goes down & HDL goes UP 2) total cholesterol goes down including HDL

What are the 5 federal block grant areas?

1) Maternal and child health 2) Community Services 3) Social Services 4) Preventive Health Service 5) Primary Care

6 Steps in program planning

1) Mission statement- needs/problem statement 2) set goals-broad/gen purpose 3) set objectives (SMART) 4) develop plan 5) budget development-controls/coordinates activities 6) implementation

1) Epilepsy meds 2) What supp do they need 3) Interfere with absorption of 4) How to take if eating/ if TF

1) Phenobarnital & phenytoin (Dilantin) 2) 1 mg folate daily (may need vitamin D, Ca, thiamin) 3) Calcium 4) away from meals and other supplements/ if TF hold feeds for at least 2 hrs

Describe dumping syndrome

1) Simple carbs enter jejunum 2) water is drawn in for osmotic balance, which quickly empties vascular fluid compartment & reduces peripheral vascular resistance 3) Blood pressure goes down and cardiac insufficiency signs pop up 4) 2 hrs later, CHO is digested & absorbed rapidly 5) Blood sugar goes up 6) insulin is overproduced to compensate 7) blood sugar drops (reactive/alimentary hypoglycemia)

1) Chronic GI disease, intestinal lesions; may also affect stomach. Caused by bacteria, virus, or parasitic infection 2) can cause 3) treatment includes

1) Tropical Sprue 2) Diarrhea, malnutrition, deficiencies of B12 and folate due to low HCL & intrinsic factor 3) Abx, high cal, high PRO, intramuscular B12, oral folate

hyperbilirubinemia in newborns 1) causes 2) MNT

1) a result of increased breakdown of RBC 2) encourage 9-12 feedings/day to promote hydration & intestinal motility

Payback period

1) add up cost of service 2) add up cost saved by new service cost of service ÷ dollars saved

CKD stages 1-3 kcals Stage 4,5 kcals

1) based on EER 2) 30-35 kcals/kg

What is reliability?

1) consistency or reproducibility

Budget projections

1) determine actual cost for this year (n) 2) multiply (n) by expected increase for next year= (b) 3) b+n 4) total all costs sales 1,500,000 labor this year=35% projected increase=7% 1) 1,500,000 (.35)=525,000 2) 525,000 (.07)= 36,750 3) 525,000+36,750=561,750

Candy preparation method for small crystals.

1) dissolve all sugar, allow NO dust to settle during cooling 2) cool until viscous 3) agitate continuously

1) What organ produces secretin and pancreozymin. 2) After what surgery are they reduced?

1) duodenum 2) Bill Roth II

food cost per month (2 equations)

1) food cost purchases + foods removed from inventory 2) (beginning inventory - ending inventory)+ foods purchases

hemodialysis happens

a few times a week and is more restrictive

Prime cost Mark-up FACTOR formula

a) add desired food cost % + labor cost % = z b) 100 ÷ z

What percentage of butter & margarine is fat?

80%

80/20 rule

80% of output is result of 20% input

DBPCFC

Double Blind Placebo Controlled Food Challenges--gold standard for food intolerance diagnosis

Developed to explain why people, esp high risk, fail to participate in programs designed to detect or prevent disease. A person must perceive the severity and their susceptibility to the threat for the threat to be a behavior-motivating factor

Health Belief Model

A survey categorizing a population's general health status (used in work sites, government agencies as a health education or screening tool)

Health Risk Appraisal

USDAs overall measure of diet quality

Healthy Eating Index

Reduce infant mortality and improve health of low income women, infants, children, and families

Healthy Start by DHHS

provides foods to help meet nutritional needs of children and adults and strengthens agricultural market for products produced by American farmers. The food is given to School Lunch, elderly feeding, and supplemental food programs

USDA Commodity Food Donation/Distribution Program

1) Properties: Most abundant mineral. Regulated by the parathyroid hormone. Vitamin D, acid, lactose aid absorption. Calcitonin lowers serum ___ by inhibiting bone resorption. 2) Function: blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, smooth muscle contractility 3) Sources: dairy, leafy veggies, legumes 4) Deficiencies cause: tetany

calcium

If teeth are missing, loose, or missing enamel, you've probably got a___ deficiency

calcium

the elderly often lack__ and ___ due to decreased absorption as a result of decreased HCL

calcium & iron

Mineral absorption affected by Bill Roth II

calcium (bc absorbed fastest in duodenum) & iron (bc requires an acid as a reducing agent)

Thermic effect of foods

calories burned by digesting, absorbing, & assimilating nutrients

causes abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea found in raw/undercooked meat or poultry, raw milk, raw veg

campylobacter jejuni

judiciary branch

can discard a law if in violation of basic rights

Executive Branch

can veto legislation & sign a law

The most unsaturated fatty acid is

canola oil

Hyperkalemia causes

cardiac irregularities

regulations

carry the force of a law, but easier to change

What does a gallbladder infection lead to

causes excess water to be absorbed causing cholesterol to precipitate out leading to gallstones- cholelithiasis

PN Long term central access

cephalic, subclavian, or internal jugular into superior vena cava

hedonic scale is great for

children and people who speak another language

HDL (alpha)

cholesterol from cells to liver and excretion

Prader-Willi syndrome

chromosome 15 deletion low LBM high body fat ghrelin levels are elevated obesity at 2-3 years of age, try to control intake

Signs of Ulcerative Colitis

chronic bloody diarrhea, wt loss, anorexia, electrolyte (Na, K) imbalance, dehydration, anemia, fever, negative nitrogen balance

Diverticulitis MNT

clear liquids, low residue or elemental, gradual return to high fiber

Gastritis MNT

clears; advance as tolerated, avoid gastric irritants

What happens to a baked product with too much sugar?

coarse cells thick walls shiny crust crumbly product

Gout meds

colchicine

Job analysis

collects info & studies all aspects of a job for job description

__ and __ may cause liver failure or liver disease. Also avoid __ with liver disease

comfrey (liver dz) Kava (liver failure) Valerian Root

commercial versus non-commercial

commercial: only purpose is to sell food non-commercial- sells food as secondary thing (hospitals, schools)

cost effectiveness analysis

compares cost of ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES & analyzes outcome assumes goal of project is worthwhile

benchmarking

comparing satisfaction levels to those of other facilities that are considered "best in class"

integrative problem solving does what?

conflict is converted into a joint problem solving situation

What stage of the Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change is this? Thinking about making a change "I was looking at the salt content of the foods I have at home"

contemplation

Fiedler management approach

contingency/situational management. What works sometimes may not work others

What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?

contracts gallbladder to release bile & stimulate pancreas

These are all examples of which function of management? measure present performance against standard, document both process & evaluation

controlling/evaluating

Cooling steps

cool from 135-70 F in 2 hrs cool from 70 to 41 F in 4 hrs

what oils can be winterized? Which is not?

corn, soy & cottonseed olive oil is NOT

cost of sales

cost of raw food & beverages SOLD

Inventory turnover rate

cost of sales aka food cost ÷ average inventory cost

injunction

court order to prevent someone from doing something

How to prevent a film from forming on heated milk?

cover or beat it (produces foam)

stomatitis

cracks in skin at corners of mouth; riboflavin (B2) deficiency avoid extreme temperature foods (hot/cold), spices, sour rinse with lukewarm water after meals

List 3 baking acids

cream of tartar, molasses, sour milk

Seat turnover formula

customers served from 1 seat--> (hours of operation x # of times seats turnover)÷ total # of seats

This menu type is non-selective, serves people who are unable to or do not wish to choose, permits more accurate forecasting, & greater control

cycle or single use

mobile equipment and storage cabinets are usually made of

aluminum because strong and lightweight

differential costs

amount increase/decrease when you compare alternative choices

mini max stock

amount ordered is the same every time. You establish a minimum and maximum amount to have on hand

Retrogradation is more likely in foods that are high in___.

amylose

Dextrin is

an intermediate of starch breakdown

clostridium botulinum

anaerobic, deadly, found in honey (do not give to infants) and improperly canned/sealed goods

triangle test

analytical three samples; 2 same, one different; determine which are the same. test differences between new and old product

paired comparison

analytical two different samples side by side; compare to each other

A serum transferrin greater than 200 mg/dL means

anemia

Manifestations of Renal Dz

anemia (low EPO), blood pressure upset, low vitamin D (bc kidney produces active form)

methyphenidate (Ritalin) can cause

anorexia, weight loss, nausea

What is sodium stearate used for?

anti-caking

BHA and BHT

antioxidants used for fatty products

numerical continuous

any data that is numerical and continues to be measured as it changes(e.g. blood pressure)

Delaney Clause

anything causing cancer in animals or humans must be removed from market

What are some symptoms of ESLD?

apathy, drowsiness, confusion, coma (PSE--Portal Systemic Encephalopathy)

Marinol is an

appetite stimulant

Megestrol acetate is an

appetite stimulant

dextroamphetamine is an

appetite suppressant, causes anorexia, nausea, weight loss

2 amino acids needed during times of stress

arginine & glutamine

When blood can't leave the liver

ascites

net worth ratios

assess ability to meet LONG term debt

liquidity ratios

assess ability to meet SHORT term debt

profit center

assigned both expense and revenue responsibility (like a cafeteria in hospital)

Bacteria found in rice, cereals, starches Forms SPORES

bacillus cereus

this microorganism needs abundant moisture and neutral foods

bacteria

Food cost %

daily food cost ÷ daily income

6 Sigma

data driven approach for quality improvement hoping to get little variation 6 sigma=6 standard deviations from the mean (very few)

numerical discrete

data with numbers (e.g number of clinic visit)

Atrophic gastritis

decreased HCL production in elderly

check off

deduction of union dues from pay

Nephrotic Syndrome

defect in capillary basement membrane of glomerulus which permits escape of large amounts of protein into the filtrate moving through the tubules

Glycogen storage disease 1) what is it? 2) diet

deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase in liver impairs gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis leading to hypoglycemia diet: provide consistent exogenous glucose with raw cornstarch at regular intervals high CHO low FAT diet

What does albumin over 5 g/dL indicate?

dehydration

high serum sodium

dehydration

nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, increased sweating, concentrated urine, high BUN, tachycardia, weight loss, low appetite all signs of

dehydration

acid as a preservatives does what?

denatures bacteria protein

Economic Order Quantity

determines most economical order size 2(Demand)(order cost)÷(holding cost)(purchase price per unit) & take square root of whole equation (see photo)

fixed order quantity inventory system

determines the order point

Managerial attributes that distinguish successful organizations from others

fix it, do it, solve it bias for action autonomy-be a risk taker treat people with dignity management is hands on & value driven

Break even point in sales volume (amt of money you have to make)

fixed cost ÷ 1-(variable cost/sales)

Break even point in # of units sold

fixed cost ÷ selling price-variable cost

What is asterisix?

flapping, involuntary jerking motions in ESLD, sign of impending coma treatment

What are the basic ingredients of quickbreads?

flour, eggs

Serum sodium is the best parameter for

fluid status

Path-Goal Theory Evans, House

focuses on leader's effect on motivation levels

methotrexate decreases

folate

Methotrexate affects

folate (B9)

phenobarbital decreases

folate, B6, B12, and Vitamins D & K

flow phase

follows fluid resuscitation & return of oxygen transport

food cost per meal

food cost per month ÷ # of meals per month

These programs collect excess wholesome foods that would otherwise be thrown away for delivery to hungry people.

food recovery & gleaning programs

ready prepared/cook-chill/cook-freeze

foods prepped on site then chilled or frozen for later use pros: lower need for skilled labor, less stress, lower labor cost cons: expensive freezers, storage space

Strong Heart Diet Study

for CVD and DM; Native Americans; trying to determine causative factors of obesity (must be something other than intake bc they eat fewer calories than avg US population)

4 dominance-suppression conflict resolution strategies

forcing-repress conflict rather than settle it smoothing-diplomatic; manager tries to talk one side into giving in avoidance-manager pretends it didn't happen resolve conflict by majority vote

operating budget

forecast of revenue, expenses, profit for specific period of time

standing order

forever order eliminates need to call in daily/weekly orders

audit

formal study that prospectively monitors performance

MNT for gastrectomy

frequent, small, dry feedings fluid before and after meals (not during) restrict hypertonic concentrated sweets 50-60% CHO, pro at each meal, moderate fat lactose may be poorly tolerated during rapid transport B12 injections may be needed

What is the sweetest CHO? least sweet?

fructose lactose

Upper part of stomach

fundus

Cholecystitis

gallbladder inflammation

may lower cholesterol and blood pressure, but reduces clotting time so should be avoided with warfarin

garlic

What are the natural remedies that should be avoided with anticoagulants (warfarin)

garlic, ginger, ginkgo biloba also avoid high doses of Vitamins A and E

Avoid use of ___, ___, and ___ with warfarin

garlic, ginseng, ginkgo biloba

Surgery, DM, viral infections, obstructions may cause

gastroparesis

Atopy

genetic predisposition to produce excessive IgE antibodies in response to allergen

Vitamin E in grains is found mostly in the___.

germ

an anti-emetic, but should be avoided with drugs that affect bleeding

ginger

vasodilator, but should be avoided with warfarin

ginkgo biloba

enhances immunity and endurance; may cause high blood pressure, avoid with warfarin

ginseng

blind check method for receiving procedures

give clerk blind invoice or purchase order requires more labor & time

forecasting usage: exponential smoothing

gives more weight to recent values; does NOT uniformly weight past observations

poor heat conductors

glass & stainless steel

wall requirements

glazed tiles, 5'8" high, washable, impervious to moisture

hormones that raise BG

glucagon, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, growth hormone

What process makes glucose from glycerols and amino acids?

gluconeogenesis

in the presence of magnesium, Phosphorous and glucose are converted to

glucose-6-phosphate

10% of fat is ____ which can be converted to glucose

glycerol

positive discipline practices

goal is to correct behavior & salvage emlpoyee

public relations

good press, newsworthiness, lobbying

An award of financial or direct assistance: anyone can apply, usually lasts over a few years

grant

If wash temp is low, what happens?

greasy dishes

How to detect PKU

guthrie blood test

If using Sweet and Low use __as much.

half

pilot study

has every step of the intended larger study, but on a small scale

EAR is used for

healthy people

diuretics are used for

heart failure

convection

heat moved with fan

Direct calorimetry measures

heat produced in a respiration chamber & has limited usefulness

Adding bran to muffins makes them___. How do you fix it?

heavy increase flour & liquid

Alcoholic liver disease can lead to

hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

High LDH, AST, SGOT

hepatitis

concerned with the lack of uniformity in the performance of people

heterogenicity

MNT for cirrhosis

high PRO, high kcal, mod/low fat, MCT if needed, decrease LCTs if steatorrhea develops, B complex, vitamins C, K, Zn, Mg & monitor need for A & D

If IBD (Crohn's/colitis) is in remission, what might stimulate peristalsis?

high fiber diet

MNT for constipation

high fluid, high fiber, exercise

Steatorrhea MNT

high pro high complex cho fat as tolerated ADEK, mineral supps MCT oil (rapidly hydrolyzed in GI)

In custards, the ___the % sag, the more tender the gel.

higher

luster of metals

higher number, higher polish

Steam cookers higher PSI means

higher temperatures

Range

highest # minus lowest #

Diffusion of innovation

how an idea or behavior spreads innovators-adopt it readily, with no input from others early adopters- opinion leaders early majority- cautious in adopting new idea late majority- skeptical, adopt idea bc peer pressure laggards- last to adopt

positioning statement

how you want your company to be viewed by others

What is glycerol monostearate?

humectant

Refeeding syndrome can result in

hypokalemia, hypophsphatemia, hypomagnesemia

SIADH-Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone is___ caused by ____ and treated with___

hyponatremia caused by hemodilution treated with fluid restriction

this acts as satiety & feeding center has glucoreceptors regulates body temperature

hypothalamus gland

ebb phase

hypovolemia, shock, tissue hypoxia

Functions of organization

identify tasks & divide them into positions

Chronic Pancreatitis vitamin concerns

if malabsorbing ADEK, give water soluble forms Parenteral B12 (pancreatic protease splits off vitamin from carrier & is deficient now)

Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy feedings

if needed for more than 3-4 weeks DO NOT use blue dye to check tube placement. X-ray confirmation only

Hawthorne Effect Western Electric- Elton Mayo

if people are involved in process they're more productive special attention results in better performance

If jejunum is resected, what happens?

ileum adapts to take over jejunal functions

Right to work Laws

illegal to fire an employee who refuses to join the union

causes of FTT

illness, restrictive diet, poor appetite. a secondary cause might be lack of fiber

imitation versus substitute foods

imitation=nutritionally inferior substitute=nutritionally equal

concentric model of organization

improves representation of dynamics bc eliminates above and below positions. Functions centered on individuals. Present organization without loose ends

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

inability to break down BCAA (Valine, isoleucine, leucine) avoid meat, eggs, nuts, dairy May use MSUD powder, gelatin may be used, allow small amount of milk to support growth

examples of vegetable blends

incaparina: maize, sorghum, cottonseed flour CSM: corn, soy, milk (fat free, solids), vitamins, minerals

NNMRRP--National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program

includes all data collection and analysis activities of the federal government jointly run by DHHS (Dept of health & Human Services) and USDA

When using buttermilk in place of regular milk, what do you do?

increase baking soda to neutralize acid

Acute Viral Hepatitis MNT

increase fluids care varies on symptoms 50-55% CHO to replenish liver glycogen & spare protein 1-1.2g pro provide lipotropic agents to convert fat into lipoproteins for removal from liver mod/lib fat if tolerated unless steatorrhea small, frequent feeds encourage coffee (antioxidant), multivitamin with B complex, C, K, Zn

What is overrun? What is normal? How do you measure it?

increase in ice cream volume from freezing & whipping/agitating 70-80% By weight

hyperventilation ___ pH

increases; more alkaline

What are some ETOH abuse concerns?

inflamed GI, B12, Vitamin C, & folate absorption issues, increased Mg needs, Folate and PRO deficiencies (most responsible for malabsorption) B1 deficiencies (dry beri beri-Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome)

Describe pancreatitis

inflammation with edema, cellular exudate, and fat necrosis may be due to blockage or reflux of the ductal system; premature activation of enzymes within pancreas leads to autodigestion

Managerial roles

informational, decision maker, conflict resolution

These keep food warm, have less moisture loss over conventional units

infrared tubules

Services are mostly produced and consumed at the same time so they are __ and ___

inseparable and perishable

hormone that lowers BG

insulin

service marketing consists of

intangibility perishability heterogenicity inseparability

most services are

intangible

_____ _____ tests whether the difference between two groups is real

internal validity

Transitional Feedings

introduce a minimal amt of FULL STRENGTH enteral feed at low rate to establish GI tolerance decrease PN as you increase EN by 25-30 mL/hr increments every 8-24 hrs to maintain prescribed nutrient levels

value analysis

investigating w/ goal of eliminating unnecessary costs

Total Quality Management (TQM)

involves quality management customers, culture, counting

Add solids from 4-6 months. Start with ____ then____

iron fortified cereals; strained f/v

If nails are brittle, thin, or spoon shaped, it indicates a ___ or ___ deficiency

iron or protein

If skin is pale, dry, and scaly, it means you have a ____, ____, or ____ deficiency

iron, folate, or zinc

BUN: Cr of 10:1

irreversible damage, dialysis is needed

Lead poisoning symptoms in children

irritability, lethargy, V/D, anorexia, anemia

Imitation milk

is made from casein derivatives or soybean protein and has no milk fat, only vegetable oil

acid does what to veggies?

it removes the magnesium for chlorophyll and turns it into pheophytin

invoices are checked against

items received & purchase order

loss leaders

itmes priced low to draw customers in

Weighted average purchase price

its time consuming its the average price paid for products over time

commissary-satellite

kitchen and, service areas are separate pros: low cost, uniform quality, no duplicate equipment/personnel cons: delivery safety; 9 CCP

prime costs

labor & food

What are the components of whey?

lactalbumin, lactose, lactoglobulin, water soluble vitamins, minerals.

Pyruvate can become

lactic acid (anaerobic conditions) acetyl CoA (with B1,2,3,5, magnesium, lipoic acid)

glucose+ galactose=

lactose

Casein Hydrosylate is recommended for

lactose intolerant babies bc it contains NO LACTOSE

Standard treatment for ESLD

lactulose--a hyperosmotic laxative that removes nitrogen neomycin- abx that destroys bacterial flora that produce ammonia

FIFO method for determining inventory value

last price paid X # of units in inventory PRICES INVENTORY HIGH

most phopholipids are ___ which contain ___

lecithins; choline

The more the muscle is used the ____ tender the meat.

less

Osmosis

less concentrated to more concentrated

significant figure p=

less than or equal to 0.05 so 0.06= NOT SIGNIFICANT

Normal Hgb for pregnant women

less than or equal to 11

fresh fish should arrive at what temp?

less than or equal to 41 F

Vitamin B6 and Protein both decrease the effects of ___, which is used to treat parkinson's. It should be taken in the morning, with limited protein.

levodopa

used to treat ulcers, but should be avoided with Spironolactone, thiazide and loop diuretics, and hypertensive meds

licorice root

ileal resection

limit fat, use MCT oil, supplement ADEK, Ca, Mg, Zn, parenteral B12 followed by IM B12

This menu type lets clients choose *some* items

limited choice

What happens if the ileum can't recycle bile salts?

lipids are not emulsified, which leads to ADEK malabsorption malabsorbed fats combine with Ca, Zn, Mg, leading to formation of "soaps" colonic absorption of oxalate increases, which leads to renal oxalate stones increased fluid and electrolyte secretion, increased colonic motility

choline is a ___ ___ which prevents fat accumulation in the liver & functions in transport & use of FA & cholesterol via enzyme LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase)

lipotropic factor

job description

lists duties

job specifications

lists qualifications

Organ synthesizes fat, but doesn't store it

liver

In ESLD, what function in the liver has decreased?

liver can't convert ammonia (NH3) to urea- ammonia accumulates

High iron foods

liver, kidney, beef, dried fruit, peas, beans, nuts, fortified whole grains, leafy greens

glycogen can be released from ___ but NOT __ to bring BG back up

liver; NOT MUSCLES

Ischemia

localized deficiency of blood due to obstruction

strategic marketing

long term view of marketing in the organization where resources are allocated and objectives set AFTER defining the market; creation and maintenance of an appropriate marketing mix

Critical Path Method

longest pathway through that shows order/relationships among phases of project dotted lines mean those phases have same predecessor and can be done at the same time

What are the 3 most concerning losses in SBS?

loss of distal 1/3 of ileum loss of illeocecal valve loss of colon

Adrenal hormones (Addison's dz) & what happens when they're low

low cortisol: glycogen depletion, hypos low aldosterone: Na loss, K retention, dehydration low androgenic: tissue wasting, wt loss

gallbladder dz treatment

low fat diet acute: 30-45g chronic: 25-30% fat kcals cholecystectomy--bile is then secreted from liver directly into intestine

CIrrhosis with varices MNT

low fiber

PedNSS is a surveillance system for

low income, high risk children, birth-17 years, emphasis on kids birth-5 years

PNSS- Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System

low income, high risk pregnant women, meant to ID and reduce pregnancy-related health risks

When canning acidic foods: When canning basic foods:

low pH/acid: boil high pH/basic: pressure

Gout diet

low purine (may not be enough) may need wt reduction mod protein liberal CHO low/mod fat decrease ETOH liberal fluid avoid high purine foods- broth, anchovies, sardines, organ meats, sweetbreads, herring, mackerel

Cirrhosis with edema or ascites

low sodium

Esophagitis

lower esophageal sphincter disorder causes dysphagia start with puree/moist-thick foods & progress to thick liquids

hypoventilation ___pH

lowers; more acidic

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

lungs no longer able to exchange gases, hypermetabolism, severely underwt provide enteral feeds containing EPA & GLA (gamma-linoleic acids), and enhanced levels of antioxidant vitamins

Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis & Crohn's (IBD)

maintain fluid status antidiarrheal agent (sulfasalazine) energy needs according to current BMI limit fat ONLY is steatorrhea water soluble vitamins & ADEK; Fe, folate; assess Ca, Mg, Zn May need MCT oil watch lactose high fat may help improve energy balance

sugar and salt as preservatives do what?

make water unavailable

Chemo can cause

malabsorption

Celiac disease can lead to

malabsorption of ADEK, macrocytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, weight loss, diarrhea, steatorrhea

Likert

management of conflict Autocratic, exploitative Autocratic, benevolent Consultative Participative (most desired/team work) Peter Principle-promote to level of incompetence

organizational change

managers serve as catalysts for change within organization rallies employees to effect change by showing need for change & appealing to values/goals of employees

cost center

manages expenses, but doesn't generate revenue (patients in hospital)

Selling price using mark-up factor

markup factor * raw food cost **May include hidden 10% of raw food cost added

meQ equation

meQ= (mg/atomic weight) valence

3 measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

continuous scores

measured on a continuous scale

Indicators

measurement tool that monitors & evaluates important aspects of patient care

specific gravity

measures consistency use for batter

line spread test

measures viscosity use for sauces

examples of using conduction and radiation

meat on a grill or meat braising in a steam jacketed kettle

Digitalis

med that strengthens heart contraction

Biguanide

metformin- enhances insulin action; suppresses hepatic glucose production

Limiting amino acid in soy

methionine

cysteine can be synthesized from

methionine

limiting amino acids in legumes

methionine, cystine, tryptophan

Gelatin is low in (which amino acids) ___ and ___ , and has no____

methionine, lysine, NO TRYPTOPHAN

Most digestion occurs in the

mid- jejunum

Trans fatty acids are found in

milk fat margarines shortenings/frying fats

may help protect the liver; no known interaction

milk thistle

What is filled milk?

milk with fat in it replaced with vegetable oil

Surimi

minced fish used for analogs

diagonal communication

minimizes time and effort expended in organization (eliminates a middle man)

How much staff should you plan to have during a disaster?

minimum

galactosemia & diet for it

missing enzyme that would have converted galactose-1 PO4 into glucose-1-PO4 diet: galactose & lactose free NO organ meats MSG extenders, milk, lactose, galactose, whey casein, dry milk solids, curds, Ca, Na, caseinate, dates, bell peppers

ESLD MNT

moderate to high levels of protein (1-1.5 g/kg) 30-35 kcals/kg 30-35% fat with MCT if needed low Na if ascites

This microorganism likes warm, damp conditions, is used in curing cheese & making soy sauce, doesn't produce harmful substances

mold

Describe these 3 informational roles: monitor disseminator spokesman

monitor role-searches for info to use disseminator-transmits info to underlings spokesman-transmits info to inside & outside

More sugar in cakes creates ___volume

more

The more collagen a meat has the ___you cook it.

more

Old baking powder is ____ _____ and causes ___ ___.

more alkaline; thiamine loss.

Diffusion

more concentrated to less

isotonic formula

osmolarity is close to blood's

low serum sodium

overhydration

NHANES II

oversampling of adults 65+ with no upper age limit

Four modifiable factors in primary prevention & tx of heart dz

overweight, high Na intake, ETOH consumption, physical inactivity

Butter turns rancid as it take up __ and releases __.

oxygen; hydrogen

What are the things that affect enzymes

pH and temperature

Odyniphagia

painful swallowing

Two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time. Reliability is determined by the degree to which the sets of scores coincide.

parallel forms

3rd party reimbursement

payment by a 3rd party for service rendered (Blue Cross, Medicare, etc.)

centralized purchasing

personnel in one office does all purchasing for all units in that organization. It's cost effective & time saving

EFAD sign

petechiae (little red spots)

PKU formulas

phenex 1,2 Phenyl -Free 1,2

tyrosine can be synthesized from

phenylalanine

What happens when albumin is below 2.8?

physical signs of fluid retention

Maslow's basic needs

physiological-food, clothing, shelter, pay, benefits, working conditions, schedule security & safety-insurance, retirement plans, job security

Functions of management

plan, organize, direct/control, evaluate

These are all examples of what function of management? objectives, policies, procedures, time span,disaster prep, security, production, procurement

planning

prospectus

planning guide

capital budget is used for

plant facilities, equipment, cost of improvement and repairs

HIGH popularity LOW profitability the menu item is called a ____ and you should consider ______

plow horse; price increase

When blood can't leave the portal vein it leads to

portal HTN

direct benefits in cost/benefit analysis

positive change in patient's health status

describe 3 behavior modification techniques

positive reinforcement-must be specific & immediate avoidance learning-learn to escape unpleasant consequences by improving performance extinction-completely ignore behavior

thiazide diuretics decrease __ and __ and absorb ___

potassium, magnesium; calcium

Most effective thickener

potato starch

What stage of the Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change is this? Unaware or not interested in changing "I did not know salt had an affect on my BP"

pre-contemplation

What stage of the Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change is this? decides to change and plans it "I bought a cookbook on low salt cooking"

preparation

fixed budget

prepared at one level of sales/revenue, does not anticipate major changes in patient/customer count

Propionate is a ___ and a ___.

preservative & mold inhibitor

Civil Rights Act

prevents discrimination based on race, color, national origin; prohibits SEXUAL HARRASSMENT--overseen by EEOC

Equal Employment Opportunity Act

prevents discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, POLITICS--overseen by EEOC

cost of profit pricing

price the product to ensure a certain amt of profit

Early screening for risk factors is an example of ____ prevention

primary

Pareto Charts

prioritize problems by importance using bar graph; big bars=big problems

Describe Non-Governmental agencies

private, non-profit organizations, chartered and licensed by a government agency, funded by contributions from citizens or organizations (like AHA)

iatrogenic malnutrition

pro-kcal malnutrition brought on by treatment, hospital, meds

3 types of descriptive research

qualitative (often precedes other research) case study surveys

promotions price

sale-- low price for a short time

net profit

sales - X X=ALL COSTS

gross profit

sales-cost of sales

What are MCTs

saturated fatty acids between 6-12 carbons that are naturally found in milk fat, coconut oil, and palm kernel oil

indirect benefit in cost/benefit analysis

saving physician's time & other resources not used because patient is healthy

pathway chart of flow diagram

scale drawing showing path of a worker during a process

Frederick Taylor management theory

scientific- try to find best, most efficient way to do job, focus on physical aspects

Recruiting those with elevated risk factors into treatment program is an example of ____ prevention

secondary

this hormone stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice and water into the duodenum, inhibits gastric acid secretion

secretin (duodenum)

Prime cost method for selling price

selling price=prime cost x markup factor

hollow square/free flow/scramble service system

separate counters for hot foods/salads/etc. fastest if too slow, add more stations

group/co-op purchasing

separate units come together to purchase a large order to get a lower price & divide product purchased

Functional position

serves as both line and staff

HBV (Hepatitis B) is transmitted

sexually

PPN

short term therapy, usually post-surgery (when enteral is resumed in 5-7 days) mild/moderate malnutrition, or as a supplement to enteral

forecasting usage: time series method

short term, moving average, uniformly weighs past observations; take average of most recent 3 months

To prevent stringy, curdled-looking cheese products, cook for a ___time at ___temperatures.

short; moderate

Dyspnea

shortness of breath

organizational chart

shows how employees fit into organization authority lines-bold advisory/staff positions-dotted line

flow chart

shows steps the work must take, their sequence, and the relation of working units to each other. typically has little cross traffic and no back tracking

How do fresh eggs behave in water?

sink to the bottom of a pan in cold water

MNT for gastroparesis

small, frequent meals, pureed food, AVOID HIGH FIBER/HIGH FAT (liquid fat may be better tolerated)

Work simplification procedures look at

smallest parts of a job to eliminate unnecessary parts of a job.

YRBS- Youth Risk Behavior Survey

smoking, ETOH, exercise, & eating habits of 9-12th graders by HHS

solid in liquid is a ____

sol gravy is a sol

Fiber that binds bile acids, converting more cholesterol into bile

soluble

Renal Solute Load measures

solutes excreted in 1 L of urine; daily fixed load of 600 mOsm mainly measures nitrogen (60%) and electrolytes (Na)

what is slightly less sweet than glucose?

sorbitol

irradiation is approved by the FDA for

spices, beef, lamb, pork, poultry, wheat, potatoes

3 foam cakes

spongecake chiffon cake angel cake

Carrageenan, pectin, cellulose, gelatin, vegetable proteins

stabilizers

HIGH popularity HIGH profitability this menu item is a _____ and you should consider____

star; promoting it

Endosperm is ___ and rich in___.

starchy; protein

This menu is the same every day, but clients change

static

benefits

statutory-payment required by law in event of unemployment, injury, or death compensatory-PTO supplementary-life & health insurance

This equipment uses conduction and radiation heating. It's very energy efficient. Two sections of stainless steel with air space between for circulation of steam

steam jacketed kettle

process charts

steps involved in work process using symbols

originates in intestines of humans and animals found in milk, eggs, potato salad, food help at room temp for too long

streptococcus

nominal group technique

structured & controlled brainstorming group. strong leader, leader writes down ideas & group ranks them & votes on final decision

PN is delivered to ____ vein to reduce risk of___

subclavian; phlebitis

formal; competitive bid buying

submit written specifications & quantities needed to vendors who submit a price. All bids are opened together & order is placed with lowest price

What do histograms measure?

summarizes data from a process that has been collected over time

Gelatinization

swelling that occurs when starch is heated in water close to the boiling point

Urea cycle defects, diet

unable to synthesize urea from ammonia resulting in ammonia accumulation diet: PRO restriction based on tolerance example: OTC--Ornithine Trans-Carbamylase deficiency

Low SGOT

uncontrolled DM with acidosis

disciplining a union versus non-union employee

union-formal, written non-union-settled by employee & supervisor

Oliguria

urine <500mL

induction heating

use of electrical magnetic vibrations to excite molecules of metal cooking surfaces (pan) burner doesn't get hot, just the pan faster heat, no wasted heat, iron-based

orangoleptic

use of sense organs

Gantt Chart

used for scheduling [start---complete] V=current time

traditional/incremental budget

uses existing budget as a base and projects changes for the ensuing year in relation to the current budget

lean

using less human effort, space, etc. to get work done e.g. use cameras to observe work being done instead of staff

social marketing

using marketing to advance a social cause, idea, or behavior change

prime vending

using one vendor for most purchases

BCAA are

valine leucine isoleucine

direct cost

varies directly with change in sales e.g.: china, silver, food, uniforms, repairs, benefit

Renin

vasoconstrictor 1) secreted by glomerulus when blood volume decreases 2) stimulates aldosterone to increase sodium absorption & return BP to normal

Renal Hormones

vasopressin (ADH) Renin Erythropoeitin (EPO)

found in raw/undercooked seafood. causes fever, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea

vibrio parahaemolyctis, vibrio vulnificus

Abx decrease ___ because they kill the beneficial bacteria that produce it.

vitamin K

If your tongue is smooth, slick, purple, or has a white coating, you may have ___ or ___ deficiencies.

vitamin or iron

Underwriter's Laboratories

voluntary inspection of electrical equipment

French serving style

waiter plates at table & makes dressing or sauce tableside

mechanical wash temp rinse temp

wash temp: 140-160 F rinse temp: 170-180 F

3 compartment sink temps wash rinse sanitize

wash: 110-120 F rinse: warm sanitize: 170 F for at least 30 seconds or use chemical solution for 1 minute in lukewarm water

informal/grapevine communication

water cooler talk. meets social needs

Large intestine absorbs

water, salts, & vitamins produced by bacteria (B1, B2, B12, vitamin K)

Loop of Henle controls

water/Na balance

compromise is a ___method for conflict resolution

weak because doesn't usually lead to solution that best serves organization

constipation may be caused by

weakened muscles (atonic colon from chronic laxative abuse)

Elavil is an antidepressant that can cause __, ___, and has a ___ effect.

weight gain, increased appetite, sedative effect

rate based indicator

what happens with BEST care 95% high risk patients are assessed in 24 hrs

variable of interest

what researchers are observing

informal;open market purchasing

when a small amount is needed quickly, buyer requests quotes on specific items

How do you use eggs as leavening?

when an egg foam is heated, air expands, egg white stretches & protein coagulates

marketplace

where service will be offered

When milk is heated ___precipitates out.

whey

Populations at higher risk of osteoporosis

white & Asian

legislative branch

who introduces & enacts laws & can override a veto

Type 1 osteoporosis

within 15-20 years of menopause

Leadership Grid Blake, Moulton, McCanse

x=concern for people, y=concern for production 1,9 Country Club Management example: Micheal Scott from "The Office" 1,1 Impoverished Management minimum effort to get work done 9,9 Team Management 9,1 Authority/Obedience

This microorganism grows in water, energy, and is an acid medium in oxygen

yeast

Does ETOH affect BP?

yes

ABC inventory classification system

you rank inventory by expense A=expensive C=cheap

triglycerides are made up of:

3 Fatty acids+ 1 glycerol

eggs will last

3-5 weeks

How many feet between tables

4-5'

Medium fat meat fat g

4-7

kcals in etoh=

(0.8)(proof)(oz.)

Lacto/Ovo vegetarian, no caffeine, no etoh

7th Day Adventists

high fat meat fat g

8+

Yellowing cake is caused by

alkaline batter (excess soda)

The longer eggs are stored the more ___they become due to loss of___.

alkaline; CO2

Medicaid is for

all eligible needy

lactation kcals for 1) 1-6 months 2) 6-12 months

1) +330 kcals 2) +400 kcals

PN protein % means?

# of % is g/100 mL so, 3% AA solution has 3g/100mL

Meals per labor hour

# of meals produced ÷ # of hrs worked

Formula for meals/labor hour

# of meals produced/# of hrs worked

incidence

# of new cases of a disease

Span of control

# of people supervisor is in charge of (narrow=few, wide=many)

EtoH proof=

% etoh x 2

Labor turnover rate formula

(# of employees terminated ÷ total # of positions in dept) *100

What vitamins are grains enriched with?

(B1, B2, B3, B9, Iron) Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, Iron

sulfonylureas, meglitinides

(Glucotrol) promotes insulin secretion

Cis fatty acids are found in

(all H's on the same side of the double bond) found in most natural fats and oils

Order Point Formula

(average daily use)(lead time)+safety stock lead time=how long it takes to deliver

cause and effect fish diagram

(causes point towards this word w/arrows)Cause-->thing-->effect (arrows pointing to effects)

Depreciation Equation

(cost of equipment-salvage value) ÷ # of years of useful life

Math to figure out how many kcals in Dex for parenteral

(mL)(% decimal)(3.4)

Edible portion

(portion size)(#of servings)

Weakest negative correlation -1 -0.85 -0.72

-0.72

Strongest negative correlation -1 -0.85 -0.72

-1

frozen food should be stored at what temperature?

-10 to 0 F

Lean meat fat g

0-3

normal HCO3

24-28

small for gestational age %ile?

10%

Normal BUN:Cr

10-15:1

What percentage of lard is fat?

100%

Mark-Up Factor

100÷ food cost %

Hepatic Failure (ELSD) means liver function is at __% or ___.

25% or less

Normal wt pregnancy weight gain

25-35 lbs

normal weight for newborns?

2500-4000gms

Dried whole milk is ___% fat. Does it keep well?

26% No

If pregnant: Min Hgb? Min Hct?

11 g/dL Hgb 33% Hct

Obese pregnancy weight gain

11-20 lbs

Normal Hgb in women

12-15 mg/dL

Normal Hgb in men

14-17 mg/dL

Safe min temp for pork, beef, lamb, steaks, roast fish

145F

2 Pasteurization time & temps

145F for 30 mins 160F for 15 secs

Sweetened condensed milk adds ___% sucrose/glucose.

15-18%

overweight pregnancy weight gain

15-25 lbs

Entire Leg

16%

Safe min temp for ground meats

160F

JDA Food Code temp for transporting hot food

165-170 F

Safe min temp for poultry

165F

DRI for CHO during GDM

175g/day 15-30g at breakfast, rest divided evenly

How many inches between chairs?

18"

Health & Diet Survey

18+ phone interview that tracks knowledge

Temperature for brewing coffee

185-203F

Straight dough versus sponge method

2 methods for mixing yeast dough Sponge method lowers proofing time sponge: liquid + yeast + part of flour & ferment then add sugar, salt, fat, other flour & knead straight: all ingredients added before dough rises

egg yolks and whites will last

2-4 days

Underweight pregnancy weight gain

28-40 lbs

Hand + forearm

2.3%

Hands should be washed using soap and friction for ___ seconds

20 seconds

low acid canned vegetables have to reach what temperature when canning

212 F

Age to introduce eggs? nuts/fish?

24 months 36 months

SCOOP formula

32 ÷ scoop #= ounces

Normal Hct in pregnant women

33%

how many more kcals do you add for the 2nd trimester?

340 kcals

Nephrotic Syndrome MNT Kcals Pro Na Pho Ca

35 kcals/kg .8-1 g pro/day 2-3g Na/day depending on edema phosphorous <12 mg/day calcium 1.5g/day

normal pCO2

35-45

Normal Hct in women

35-47%

dextrose infusion should not exceed ____ mg/kg/min to prevent _____

4-5 mg/kg/min; hyperglycemia

How much Vitamin D is added to milk per quart

400 USP

Temperature to which fat can be heated before smoke occurs?

400F

Temperature Danger Zone

41-135 F

Normal Hct in men

42-52%

How many more kcals do you add for the 3rd trimester?

452 kcals

winterized oil is chilled to

45F

2010 Guidelines for Americans are revised every

5 years

Entire arm

5%

Tropical climate can increase metabolism by

5-20%

low birth weight

5.5 lbs

Lower Leg + Foot

6%

how many g of N : 1g Protein

6.25g

Most state and local codes require immersion in chemical solutions for at least ___ using water temperature____

60 seconds; above 75 F

Kitchen main traffic lane should have how much space?

60"

Evaporated Milk has __% of water removed Has __% milk fat And is brown due to ___ during canning

60% no less than 7.9% caramelization

coffee, EtoH, and cigarettes can increase metabolism by

7-15%

ideal temp range for pathogens

70-125 F

fresh fruits and vegetable humidity

85-90%

label regulation for low cholesterol

<20 mg/ serving

How are canned f/v graded?

A (deserts, salads--Fancy), B (processed--Choice), C (puddings, pies--Standard)

What happens if you overmix quickbreads?

Loss of CO2 & overdeveloped gluten cause tunnels & tough/heavy product

Tool used to evaluate the validity of your test

ANOVA--Analysis of Variance

USDA provides healthy snacks. Schools receive cash subsidies for each snack served. Same eligibility bases as NSLP

ASP After School Snack Program

end products of catabolism

ATP, CO2, H2O

-Administered by state health agencies -Monthly commodity canned or packaged foods -low income women (pregnant, breast-feeding, postpartum), infants and children up to 6 years, some elderly; at nutritional risk

CSFP- Community Supplemental Food Program

High fiber diet may increase need for

Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Se, Zn, Fe and water

What ethnicity does this cuisine belong to? Yin foods: raw, cold--fish, veggies, fruit Yang foods: bright, hot--soup rice is neutral

Chinese

Name 3 pigments

Chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids

Sous vide

ANAEROBIC & extends storage life of meat Vacuum packing meat in O2 impermeable packaging & stored at 0C

McClelland's Achievement

Achieve, Power, Affiliation Achieve: make things better (sales/management) Power: competition Affiliation: being liked

Name 3 crystal inhibitors

Acid-cream of tartar,vinegar Fat-chocolate, milk Protein-milk, egg whites, gelatin

How do you stiffen an egg white foam?

Add acid (such as cream of tartar) to tenderize the protein.

How do you prevent crystallization in non-crystalline candies?

Add interfering substances (fat, milk) or increasing concentration of sugar

BRFSS- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Adults 18+ telephonic nutrition assessment by HHS

Retrogradation

After a starch paste cools, it may become less soluble and recrystallizes to form a solid/rigid gel. The H+ bonds break and reform in an orderly way, causing gritty texture

When using a translator, who do you speak to?

Always speak directly to client

What is starch made up of?

Amylose & amylopectin

2 flavonoids

Anthocyanin & Anthoxanthins

Thiazide diuretics (name 5) may cause

Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Chlorthalidone. Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) Indapamide. Metolazone. Low Potassium (Hypokalemia)

LDL (beta)

Cholesterol from diet & liver to all cells

1) Properties: Component of lecithin 2) Function: transports lipids as acetylcholine 3) Sources: fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans

Choline

1) Properties: absorption enhanced by Vitamin C, niacin, Ultra trace mineral 2) Function: Aids insulin action & glucose metabolism 3) Sources: yeast, oysters, potatoes, liver 4) Deficiencies cause: insulin resistance

Chromium

Bran has what vitamins?

B1, B2, Phosphorous

1) Properties: contains cobalt & is bound by intrinsic factor in gastric juice 2) Function: coenzyme in protein synthesis & forms RBC 3) Sources: liver, meat, milk, kidney, eggs, fish, cheese 4) Deficiencies cause: macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia--after gastrectomy or removal of ileum due to lack of intrinsic factor

B12

What is affected if distal ileum is resected?

B12 absoprtion, intrinsic factor, bile salts

1) Properties: Lost in UV light 2) Function: energy release from protein, needed for RBC production 3) Sources: liver, kidney, meats, milk 4) Deficiencies cause growth failure, cheilosis (cracked lips), angular stomatitis (mouth corner cracks, sore throat, magenta tongue)

B2- Riboflavin milk is packaged in opaque containers because B2 is lost in UV light

Atrophic gastritis supplemetation

B6 & B12

Oral contraceptives decrease what vitamins?

B6, folate, Vitamin C

1) Properties: Isoniazid interferes with this vitamin 2) Function: coenzyme in amino acid metabolism: Deamination & transamination 3) Sources: meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, RTE cereals, 4) Deficiencies cause: seizures, anemia, dermatitis, glossitis, peripheral neuropathy

B6- Pyridoxine

ESLD altered neurotransmitter theory

BCAA are decreased bc the muscles use them for energy. Aromatic AA are high bc the damaged liver can't clear them out adding BCAA adds kcals and PRO; may not reduce symptoms & its used when standard therapy doesn't work

Dawn Phenomenon

BG goes up at dawn (no low required)

Pyruvate --> Oxaloacetate requires

BIOTIN

What is baking powder made of?

Baking soda dry acid cornstarch

Why do frozen vegetable have a shorter cook time?

Because blanching and freezing have made them tender.

1) Properties: Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, inactivated by avidin (protein in raw egg white) 2) Function: coenzyme in fatty acid synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis 3) Sources: liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast 4) Deficiencies cause: muscle pain, dermatitis, glossitis

Biotin

____ from federal government are given to states or local communities in distributing funds.

Block Grants

Nitrites inhibit___.

Botulism

Anatomy of a whole grain

Bran Endosperm Scutellum Germ

gas is measured in

British Thermal Units

loop diuretics (name 4) may cause loss of ___

Bumetanide (Bumex) Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) Furosemide (Lasix) Torsemide (Demadex) thiamin

Supports public and non-profit food service programs for family day care centers, neighborhood houses, homeless shelters, nonresidential day care centers. Reimburses operators for meal costs, provides commodity foods and nutrition education materials Must serve foods that meet guidelines; must offer free or reduced price to eligible Eligibility standards same as NSLP

CACFP Child and Adult Care Food Program (run by USDA)

this hormone is released from the duodenum when fat enters, contracts the gallbladder, releasing bile, and stimulates the pancreas

CCK- cholesystokinin

This is a major federal level grant; steps to a healthier US focused on community based health initiatives related to obesity. Directs funds to address asthma, obesity, and DM prevention

CDC Steps Grant

Parts of stomach

CF BAP Cardiac Sphincter Fundus, Body, Antrum Pyloric Sphincter

Under Social Security Act, partnership between federal and state governments Expands health coverage to uninsured children whose families earn too much to qualify for medicaid but who can't afford private insurance

CHIP

___ is protein sparing and allows PRO to be used for muscle building

CHO

the thermic effect after consumption is higher for __ and __ than it is for___

CHO, PRO; FAT

during prolonged exercise, ___ is needed to provide ___ for lipid oxidation.

CHO; pyruvate

AKI with edema Na needs

Low Na (oliguric phase)

Milk is 80%___.

Casein

When an acid is added to milk,___precipitates out.

Casein

If baby can't tolerate cow's milk OR soy based formula, what do you feed?

Casein hydrosylate formula (Pregestimil)

Acrolein

Causes bitter taste in burned fat

Damaged liver tissue is replaced by bands of connective tissue, which divides liver into clumps and reroutes many of the veins & capillaries

Cirrhosis

fire with ordinary, combustible materials, wood, paper cloth

Class A fire (triangle)

fire with flammable liquids, gases, greases

Class B (square)-- most kitchen fires

Live electrical fires

Class C (circle)

Extinguishers used in most kitchens

Class K

1) Properties: exists with B12; stored in liver 2) Function: maturation of RBC 3) Deficiencies: related to B12 deficiency

Cobalt

soothes nerves & may cause irreversible liver disease

Comfrey

How many Critical Control Points do each of these have? Commissary Ready Prepared Conventional Assembly Serve

Commissary: 9 Ready Prepared: 8 Conventional: 5 Assembly Serve: 4

horizontal communication

Communication between departments

Development of sustainable, community based strategies to ensure all have access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food at all times

Community Food Security Initiative

CAM and AIDS

Complimentary Alternative Medicine is discouraged. Use of Vitamin C or St. John's Wort could result in drug resistance

1) Properties: Trace mineral; attached to protein; ceruloplasmin 2) Function: hemoglobin synthesis, aids in iron absorption 3) Sources: liver, kidney, shellfish 4) Deficiencies cause: (rare) microcytic anemia, neutropenia. Wilson's Disease: low serum __, genetic absence of liver enzyme

Copper

Sulfur containing amino acids?

Cysteine Cystine Methionine

Why are room temperature eggs better for whipping?

Lower surface tension

During this metabolic pathway, lactate is released from tissue, transported to liver, and converted back to pyruvate

Cori Cycle

_____ _____ retards crystallization and increases viscosity and chewiness.

Corn Syrup

High homocysteine levels are an independent risk factor for

Coronary Heart Disease

DTERMINE

Disease Tooth loss Economic hardship Reduced social contact Multiple meds Involuntary wt loss/gain Needs help with self care Elder years above 80

Regional enteritis aka

Crohn's disease

2 main types of candies

Crystalline and noncrystalline

Herbals, botanicals, & supplements are regulated by

DSHEA: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994

When baking at high altitudes __ baking powder and __liquid.

Decrease baking powder ;increase liquid

What kind of variable is an outcome?

Dependent

Prospective Payment System

Diagnostic related groupings; part of TEFRA (Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act), means payment is known in advance based on diagnosis

What might happen after a gastrectomy?

Dumping Syndrome

found in rare or raw ground beef, uncooked fruit/veg, raw milk, unpasteurized apple juice can survive high acidity, freezing, & can grow at refrigerator temps

E. Coli

1) Provides grants to universities that assist in community development. 2) trains nutrition aides to educate the public 3) improve food practices of low income homemakers with young children 4) Works with small groups; teaches skills needed to obtain a healthy diet (how to budget, meal planning, shop, cook)

EFNEP- Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program run by USDA

Giovanetti Diet may be used for

ESRD; 20g pro (HBV) increase kcals; control edema, prevent deficiencies

This organization establishes and monitors water quality standards & determine safety and tolerance levels for pesticides

Environmental Protection Agency

Egg cuticle

Shell

2 International agencies

FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization- raising worldwide levels of nutrition by increasing efficiency of production & distribution of foods WHO-World Health Organization-developed RDAs for developing countries

Licenses radio and TV

FCC- Federal Communications Commission

Standards of identity, quality and of fill of containers are formulated by

FDA

Who controls additives?

FDA

Ensures safety of some domestic & imported food production

FDA- Food & Drug Administration

Monitors truth in labeling & regulates content of food ads

FTC- Federal Trade Commission

This organization monitors internet, TV, radio

FTC-Federal Trade Commission

How is fresh produce graded?

Fancy, Extra #1, #1, Combination, #2

Wet Beri Beri

Fast heart rate, Shortness of Breath, Edema (legs)

Tricep Skinfold measures

Fat

supplements for pregnancy?

Fe and folate

What bacteria can cause ulcers

H. Pylori

1) Properties: trace mineral 2) Function: teeth, bones 3) Sources: soil, water 4) Deficiencies cause: dental caries

Fluoride

1) Properties: water soluble, PABA (Para Mino Benzoic Acid) is a precursor 2) Function: DNA synthesis forms RBC in bone marrow, prevents neural tube defects 3) Sources: fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green/leafy veg, citrus, lentils, beans 4) Deficiencies cause: megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, diarrhea, fatigue

Folate

What accelerates retrogradation?

Freezing

Introduce children to fresh f/v free to children nationwide in selected schools

Fresh Fruit and Vegetables Program

In the presence of glucose and fat, these hormones are released from the intestine to stimulate production & release of insulin

GLP-1 and GIP GLP-1: Glucagon-like Peptide 1 GIP: Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide

Disorder of purine metabolism

Gout

two standard deviations from the mean

Green

Atherosclerosis risks

HTN, obesity, smoking, elevated blood lipids, heredity

elevated T3 and T4 means

HYPERthyroidism

low T3 and T4 indicate

HYPOthyroidism

2 Lactose intolerance tests

Hydrogen Breath test- H2 is produced by colonic bacteria digesting lactose & exhaled within 60-90 minutes Lactose tolerance test- oral lactose (up to 50g) after a fast. If BG goes up less than 25 mg/dL, indicates lactose intolerance

High TG and low HDL is called

Hyperlipidemia

cyclosprine is an immunosuppressant that can cause the Hyper 4, which are

Hyperlipidemia hyperglycemia hyperkalemia hypertension

1) Properties: trace mineral 2) Function: central nervous system 3) Sources: whole grains, legumes, nuts 4) Deficiencies: are unlikely

Manganese

Under Title V of the social security act fosters public health nutrition programs at the state and local levels provides training, consultation, funding women of child-bearing age, infants, children;state eligibility requirements

Maternal & Child Health Block Grant from DHHS

AKI MNT

IV glucose, lipids, PRO then, if no dialysis needed .6-.75g pro/kg & increase to 1.2g/kg if non-catabolic as GFR returns to normal catabolic= 1.2-1.5g/kg low Na replace potassium fluid output+500 mL

High ALP, ALT, SGPT

Liver disease

What kind of variable is the kind you manipulate in your experiment?

Independent

Crystalline Sugar Candies

Large Crystal- rock candy Small Crystal- fondant, fudge

Why might ice cream be grainy?

Large crystals due to too little fat

fiber that binds water & adds bulk

Insoluble

___ softens gluten & prevents its development by absorbing some of the water gluten needs.

Sugar

1) Properties: Trace mineral; part of thyroxine 3) Sources: Seafoods, iodized salt 4) Deficiencies cause: Goiter (in adults) & cretinism in children

Iodine

1) Properties: Trace mineral, part of hemoglobin, 2) Function: Oxygen transport 3) Sources: animal: meat, fish, poultry non-animal: cereals, vegetables 4) Deficiencies cause: 1) Food name: 2) Absorbable form: 3)Stored form: 4) animal sources contain____ 5) non-animal sources contain___and require a reducing agent (vitamin C) Oxaloacetates DO NOT aid absorption because if they are present, they bind to this mineral unless calcium is present, then the oxaloacetate will bind to calcium instead.

Iron 1) Ferric 3+ 2) Ferrous 2+ 3) Ferritin 4) Heme iron 5) non-heme

How do we get green eggs?

Iron in the yolk combines with sulfur to make ferrous sulfide. Happens when eggs are over cooked or cooled slowly.

Intracellular electrolytes

K+, Mg++, P Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphorous

relieves anxiety; may cause liver failure and is very likely hazardous

Kava

IDL (Intermediate Density Lipoprotein aka pre-beta to beta)

LDL precursor; found in circulation prior to catabolism of other lipoproteins

This fat does not require bile salts & needs less intestinal surface area

MCT oil

1) Properties: abundant in food because it's part of chlorophyll. 50% in bone, 50% in cells 2) Function: protein and fatty acid synthesis, stabilizes structure of ATP, high protein, calcium, and vitamin intakes increase need 3) Sources: most foods, milk, bread 4) Deficiencies cause: (rare) tremors

Magnesium

What stage of the Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change is this? sustains the change for 6 months or longer "I found a website that helps me plan family low sodium meals"

Maintenance

Drucker MBO

Management by objectives participative, democratic, establish performance goals with employees

Meat inspection is ____ by _____and assures____

Mandatory by USDA and assesses wholesomeness at time of slaughter

Health insurance program for 65+ or of any age with ESRD; employees and employers pay

Medicare by DHHS

B12 deficiency leads to

Megaloblastic anemia

Vitelline Membrane

Membrane that surrounds the yolk

Median

Middle number after putting them in order

Evaluates independence, medication therapy, number of full meals consumed/day, protein intake, fruits, veggies, fluid, mode of feeding

Mini Nutritional Assessment

What is MAP cooking?

Modified Atmosphere Packaging: remove O2 & replace with CO2 or N

4 emulsifiers

Monoglycerides, diglycerides, lecithin, disodium phosphate

Serum Creatinine is related to

Muscle mass

Marasmus

NO EDEMA

Staphylococcus Aureus

NO FEVER resists drying & freezing n/v/d avoid--wash hands cool food quickly in shallow pans

Run by Administration on Aging Developed Services to foster independent living; cash and commodities to state agencies

NSIP Nutrition Services Incentive Program

Extracellular electrolytes

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3- sodium, calcium, chlorine, bicarbonate

NCEP 1) Assessment risk factors? a) HDL, LDL, Total Cholest 2) Diet Recs a) fat kcals %, sat fat %, PUFA %, MUFA %, max cholest b) fiber recs c) how to inhibit cholest absorption d) PA recs/#kcals to expend

National Cholesterol Education Program 1) LDL <100 optimal Total Cholest <200 desirable HDL<40 low for males; <50 low for F 2) Therapeutic Lifestyle Change from Adult Treatment Program III a) up to 35% kcals from fat <7% sat fat 5-10% PUFA max 20% MUFA <200mg cholest b) 25-30 g fiber (half soluble) c) stanols and sterols inhibit cholest absorption (2-3g/day) d) increase PA to at least 30 mins most days (expend 200 kcals)

A private nonprofit, voluntary health agency that focused upon health misinformation, fraud, and quackery as public health problems.

National Council Against Health Care Fraud

Entitlement program to improve nutrition of children, esp. from low income families, utilize surplus production of foods cash grants and food donations; dollars reimburse schools on the basis of number of meals served National guidelines require it meets 1/3 of DRI

National School Lunch Program

1) Properties: precursor is tryptophan & it is essential in all cells for energy production 2) Function: metabolism of CHO, PRO, & FAT 3) Sources: protein, peanuts, RTE cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, milk 4) Deficiencies cause: Pellagra, 3Ds-Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Beefy, bright red tongue, pigmented rash in sunlight

Niacin- B3

___competes with starch for the water needed for gelatinization

Sugar

Lignin

Non-CHO substance softened by cooking. AMT in veggies increases as they age

Assessment for the elderly

Nutrition Screening Initiative DETERMINE checklist (increase awareness of factors that affect nutritional health) Level I- Level II

Helps ID nutritional problems of the elderly

Nutrition Screening Initiative DTERMINE checklist (Dz, Tooth loss, Economic hardship, Reduced social contact, Multiple meds, Involuntary wt change, Needs assistance w/self care, Elder yrs above 80 Level 1 Level 2

BMR mesasures

O2 consumed

Indirect calorimetry measures

O2in & CO2 out and which nutrients are being used

Determines minimum safety standards record keeping of accidents inspection of facilities

OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Act

1 hot meal/day, 5 days/wk, provides 1/3 DRI eligibility: all aged 60+ and spouse, regardless of income Congregate meals (if ambulatory, transportation essential for rural elderly) Home Delivered Meals- Meals on Wheels- must be homebound Counseling, nutrition education, referrals, social interaction

Older Americans Nutrition Program by DHHS

Non-profit programs that link sources of unused, cooked, and fresh foods with social service agencies that serve the hungry.

PPFPs (prepared and perishable food programs)

1) Function: Coenzyme A- energy synthesis of fatty acids 2) Sources: animal foods, grains, legumes 3) Deficiencies cause: Rare deficiency, paresthesia in feet

Pantothenic acid

When you use flour as a thickener, sauces are ___.

Opaque

Motivational Interviewing Foundation Skills

Open-ended questions Affirmations Reflective listening Summaries

When high CRP goes down, ___ goes up & it indicates

PAB; nutrition therapy would be beneficial

Chronic pancreatitis MNT

PERT w/ meals & snacks MCT oil (do not require pancreatic lipase) add to mixed dishes, jams, jellies to increase wt, give max tolerated fat without steatorrhea or pain Pancreatic bicarb may be deficient, many need antacids for PERT may need TPN/PPN if severe/prolonged avoid large meals with fatty foods, avoid etoh

Cystic fibrosis MNT

PERT w/ meals & snacks high Kcal, High pro high salt (additional 2-4g/day in hot weather) liberal fat supplement water soluble vitamin A & E

Medicare Hospiral insurance

Part A

Medicare optional insurance for supplementary benefits

Part B

Protopectin becomes...

Pectin-->Peptic Acid

MACROcytic Anemia RBC Hgb Hct MCV MCH MCHC

RBC: low Hgb: low Hct: low MCV: high MCH: high MCHC: normal

Microcytic & Hypochromic Anemia RBC Hgb Hct MCV MCH MCHC

RBC: may be normal Hgb: low Hct: low MCV: low <80 MCH: low MCHC: low

DRI now replaces

RDA

Components of Health Belief Model

Perceived susceptibility- obesity puts me at risk for heart dz Perceived impact- heart dz will impede my ability to work Perceived advantage of change- greater mobility appraisal of barriers- i hate exercise self efficacy- conviction that you can successfully do the thing that produces outcomes "i can join the gym close to work"

1) Properties: Second most abundant mineral. part of DNA, RNA, and ATP 2) Function: phospholipids transport fat through lymph and blood, bone, teeth 3) Sources: meat, milk,poultry, eggs, fish, cheese. best sources are animal sources 4) Deficiencies are rare

Phosphorous

What are the 2 branches in Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Physiological (Basic) & higher human needs

PDCA cycle

Plan, Do, Check, Act: a problem solving technique for TQM

When R=+1

Positive correlation line goes up and right

Aldosterone increases excretion of___

Potassium

Steam is measured in

Pounds per Square Inch

Taft Harley Labor Act

Pro Management- outlawed closed shop, limited union shop to one year

What is elastin? What happens to it in heat?

Protein found in ligaments, yellow color. Little change during cooking.

What is a hiatal hernia & what MNT does it require?

Protrusion of stomach into above the diaphragm into the chest; small, bland feedings, avoid late night snacks, caffeine, chili powder, and black pepper

Criteria should___

RUMBA! Relevant Understandable Measurable Behavioral Achievable

The 3 possible products of glucose-6-phosphate are:

Pyruvate (aerobic conditions, with glucose-6-phosphatase) Ribose (NADPH is released) Glycogen (reversible reaction)

How does heat affect color of meat?

Red-->pink-->brown--> gray because heat denatures globin and iron is oxidized

Entitlement program, purpose is to initiate, maintain, or expand food service programs to children when school is not in session Objective is to provide meals and snacks to children at participating institutions in poor areas

SFSP- Summer Food Service Program

Largest food assistance program; ENTITLEMENT assist low income needy with monthly benefits; net income must be at or below a certain % of poverty level Least costly of USDA four food plans

SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

used to relive symptoms of enlarged prostate; may also have diuretic effects

Saw palmetto

How is pernicious anemia diagnosed?

Schilling Test

Entitlement program, meal must provide 1/4 of DRI for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C

School Breakfast Program

SAP stands for

Screen Assessment Plan

Low ALP

Scurvy, malnutrition

What part of the grain has most of the thiamin?

Scutellum (the layer around the germ)

1) Properties: Cooperate with vitamin E; trace mineral 2) Function: antioxidant; tissue respiration 3) Sources: soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy 4) Deficiencies cause: myalgia, cardiac myopathy

Selenium

Grants to states to provide low income seniors with coupons to be exchanged for eligible foods at farmers markets, roadside stands, community supported agriculture programs (CSA) fresh, nutritious, unprepared fruits and vegetables, honey may be limited to certain locally grown foods nutrition education provided

Senior Farmer's Market Nutrition Program

Proportion of people who test positive for a particular condition during screening for it.

Sensitivity

found in cold mixed salads, raw veg, watermelon, causes bloody diarrhea

Shigella

The colon transforms malabsorbed CHO and fibers into

Short Chain Fatty Acids (acetate, butyrate, propionate, lactate), which provide substrates for energy production gases: H2, CO2, N, CH4 (methane)

When preparing candies, you want __crystals for a smooth, creamy mouthfeel.

Small

Maslow Higher Human Needs

Social-organized activities Self Esteem-job title, praise, rewards, promotion Self Realization/Self Actualization-realizing your potential (job enrichment)

1) Properties: Part of amino acids: Cysteine, Cystine, Methionine 2) Function: components of organic molecules 3) Sources: meat, fish, eggs, poultry

Sulfur

What are thiols?

Sulfur containing phytochemicals in cruciferous veggies

_______ is an example of a thick, white sauce

Souffle

Pork; few dairy products

Southeast Asian

Non-athetoid CP

Spastic; low kcal, hig fluid, high fiber

Purpose is to encourage consumption of milk by children. Objective is to provide subsidy for milk served to children in participating schools, child care centers, summer camps not participating in other subsidized meal programs, and free milk to the needy

Special Milk Program

Proportion of non afflicted people during screening for it.

Specificity

What kind of test is it if you divide the test in half & determine reliability by the degree of similarity in results.

Split halves reliability test

antidepressive, but may compromise meds for heart disease, cancer, seizures, and birth control

St. John's Wort

Modified starch

Starch with chemical modification by acids/enzymes to change gelling ability physical modification: pre-gelled dehydrated starches (like instant pudding)

Dextrinization

Starches heated and broken down into dextrins (toasting)

TANF- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

States determine the eligibility of needy families and the benefits and services those families will receive

3 leavening agents

Steam (used in popovers and cream puffs) Air (beat, sift, fold, cream) CO2 (yeast + sugar OR acid + baking soda or adding baking powder)

Describe Bill Roth II

Stomach to Jejunum (more serious!)

Describe Bill Roth I

Stomach to duodenum

What is collagen? What happens to it in heat?

Structural part of tendon that surrounds muscle. In heat, it hydrolyzes to gelatin & becomes tender.

History, intake, GI symptoms, functional capacity, physical appearance, edema, weight change

Subjective Global Assessment

Systems approach

System is an organized whole based on interdependent parts

Quarterly distributions of commodity foods by local, public, or private nonprofit agencies, food banks,soup kitchens, homeless shelters Supplements diets of low income households

TEFAP- The Emergency Food Assistance Program

1) Motivate child to make healthy choices; helps schools meet Guidelines 2) provides recipes, training, support

Team Nutrition Implements School Meals Initiatives for Healthy Children

How is syneresis induced?

Temp too high Temp too low and cooked too long

MacGregor

Theory X: people hate work Theory Y: work is natural

How do vinegar and salt improve shape of eggs?

They hasten coagulation

How do acids change proteins?

They increase water holding capacity

Non-Crystalline Sugar Candies are/look like

They're amorphous, glass-like

1) Properties: water soluble, lost as temp or pH rises. It's heat stable in acid 2) Function: Important in oxidation of CHO 3) Sources: Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver 4) Deficiencies: Beri beri, muscle weakness, foot drop, tachycardia, low erythrocyte transketolase and high plasma pyruvate

Thiamin/ B1

What vitamins are coenzymes?

Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid (B 1,2,3,5)

What hormone regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation? -influences physical and mental growth -stimulates liver glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis--raises blood sugar

Thyroxine

Why are nitrites added to meats?

To inhibit botulism

Poor volume in cakes is caused by

Too little baking powder, improper level of sugar or fat

Solanine

Toxicant produced in potatoes exposed to sunlight

Who grades f/v?

USDA

When you use cornstarch as a thickener, sauces are___.

Translucent

TV TILL PMH= Essential AA

Tryptophan Valine Threonine (309) Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Phenylalanine Methionine Histidine

This menu type offers upscale items for clients willing to pay more

Two tier

This organization inspects and certifies fishing vessels, seafood processing plants, retail facilities for federal sanitation standards

US Department of Commerce

Name 2 uses for Disodium phosphate.

Used as a cheese emulsifier (Velveeta) Added to quick-cooking cereals to make them more alkaline so the granules swell faster

How can we prevent retrogradation?

Using waxy corn, sorghum, or rice as thickener

RQ= what /what

VCO2 (CO2 expired)/VO2 (O2 consumed)

calmes nerves, but should be avoided with liver disease

Valerian Root

If eyes are pale, dry, and you have poor vision, you maybe deficient in

Vitamin A, Zinc, Riboflavin

1) Properties: Most easily destroyed, structure similar to glucose, it's an antioxidant, needs and acidic pH, is destroyed by heat, alkalinity, and oxidation 2) Function: changes proline-->hydroxyproline-->collagen, which strengthens intercellular substances, wound healing, and aids in iron absorption 3) Sources: citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green & yellow veggies 4) Deficiencies cause: scurvy, poor wound healing, bleeding gums, petechiae

Vitamin C

If hair is thin, sparse, dull, dry, and brittle, you may be deficient in

Vitamin C & Protein

1) Cholesterol is a precursor 2) Function: Calcium and Phosphorous metabolism 3) Sources: 3) Sunlight, egg yolks, 4) Deficiencies cause Rickets in children (soft bones) and Osteomalacia (same condition, but for adults)

Vitamin D

1) Least toxic vitamin 2) Function: antioxidant. resists hemolysis of RBC 3) Sources: veg oils, whole grains, green veg, almonds 4) Decifiencies cause: hemolytic anemia

Vitamin E.

1) Synthesized by bacteria in lower intestinal tract 2) Function: forming prothrombin in liver. It is given before surgeries & helps with calcium metabolism 3) Sources: Dark, leafy greens 4) Deficiencies cause: hemorrhage

Vitamin K

Meat grading is ____by ____ and assures____

Voluntary by Agricultural Marketing Service of USDA and assures quality

NOT an entitlement program for at risk, low income pregnant, postpartum women and children UP TO 5 YEARS OLD

WIC

conventional system

all prep done where meals are served pros: flexible, low distribution cost, less freezer storage cons: stressful, low productivity, high labor cost

Syneresis

Weeping liquid from a coagulated food, creating a tough, watery product

Least effective thickener

Wheat

What are the prolamins (storage PRO 'gluten' refers to) in Wheat Rye Barley Oats

Wheat: gliadin Rye: secalin Barley: hordein Oats: avenin

What is convenience or accidental sampling?

When you use whoever is willing/shows up for research instead of trying to eliminate bias in your population.

When do we use waxy starches?

When you're making a gel that you plan to freeze (like gravy)

Chalaza

White strands that anchor the yolk

Where is glutamic acid found?

Young vegetables. Used to make MSG.

1) Properties: trace mineral, excess leads to copper or iron deficiency 2) Function: increases taste acuity, enhances insulin action, stabilizes DNA, RNA, and cell division. Important in glucose metabolism 3) Sources: Meat liver, eggs; phytates and copper decrease absorption 4) Deficiencies cause: reduced immune function, alopecia, poor wound healing, hypoguesia

Zinc

budget gives management

a basis for control-estimate for future needs

Determining needs equation

a) EP; convert to pounds b) amt to purchase=EP ÷ % yield

phenylalanine-->

tyrosene

most glucogenic amino acid

alanine

Catabolism of amino acids

aa-->NH2-->NH3 --> Urea --> Purine --> ketoacid is transaminated to create new amino acid

Drug therapy for ulcers

abx (for H. Pylori) and antacids Cimetidine Ranitidine They are H2 blockers that prevent binding of histamine to receptor & decrease acid secretion

alcohol is converted into ____, which does what?

acetaldehyde and H+; disrupts liver metabolism

Distal tubule controls

acid/base balance

ceiling requirements

acoustically treated, lighter in color than walls, 14-18' high

What stage of the Transtheoretical Model for Behavior Change is this? Tries to make the change "I removed the salt shaker from the kitchen table"

action

Coagulation

action/process of a liquid turning into a solid or semi solid PRO coagulates at 62-70C This is how custards are set

physical inventory

actual count of all goods on hand at the end of accounting period

How can you prevent browning of f/v low in Vitamin C?

add acid, add sugar before freezing, or heat to boiling

flexible budget

adjusted to various levels of operation with varying levels of sales throughout year (e.g. closing a floor for renovation)

Addison's Dz & MNT

adrenal cortex insufficiency MNT: high PRO, frequent feeds, high Na

Staff

advisory; specialist advise & support the line but not involved in day to day e.g. Personal Director, Consultant

paired preference test

affective compares two samples for preference of a specific attribute

If making a gel/custard that requires acid, when do you add it & why?

after cooking/gelatinization is complete because if you add it too early, acid will break down starch and product will be runny.

Do you evaluate vendor performance after several orders have been filled, or after the first order especially if there are errors?

after several orders

Type II osteoporosis

age related >70 yrs

How can you make ice crystals small in ice cream?

agitation; fat

foam cake leavener

air

pound cake leavener

air and steam

Americans w/Disabilities aisles doors alarms for deaf

aisles-36" doors-32" flashing light alarms

nominal variables

aka non-ordered no- rank variables (e.g. gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

exercise releases____ from muscle protein & takes to liver to deaminate it and convert it to glucose

alanine

Mean

average

IBS basic food recs

avoid large meals, caffeine, alcohol, and sugar

MNT for Ulcers Omit:?

avoid late night snacks, diet as tolerated Omit: cayenne pepper, black pepper, large amts of chili powder, excess caffeine, and ETOH

Layer cake leavener

baking powder

Self rising flour has

baking powder, flour, salt

queue theory

balance of cost of making people wait in line longer versus cost of preventing lines by increasing service/staff

collective bargaining steps

bargain -verbal between union steward and management mediate- neutral person helps settle differences (not legally binding) arbitrate-hearing to dissolve dispute (legally binding)

zero based budget/planning programming budget system

begin at 0, must justify each expense, planning oriented; past dollar allocations are NOT basis of projections

Adult diarrhea: what to do when it stops.

begin with low fiber foods followed by pro, fat need not be limited avoid lactose foods/supplements that contain prebiotics (oats, banana, pectin, fructose bc favor friendly bacteria) Probiotics

Where does ulcerative colitis begin and what does it affect?

begins in rectum; affects the COLON

___ formation may occur in people with gastroparesis due to____. tx includes enzyme or endoscopic therapy

bezoar; undigested food/meds

Landrum Griffin Act 1959 Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act

bill of rights for union members;regulates internal union affairs

good heat conductors

black cast iron, copper, aluminum

Eases menopause symptoms & may cause blood clotting

black cohosh

Heparin is used to treat

blood clots

azotemia

blood in urine

Why might a Crohn's patient suffer from iron deficiency anemia?

blood loss, decreased absorption

CAP-FEIA

blood test specific for identifying children with milk, egg, fish, peanut allergies

HCV (Hepatitis C) is transmitted by

blood to blood

steroids decrease ___ growth and can cause __ intolerance.

bone; CHO

semi variable cost

both fixed and variable e.g: labor, maintenance, utilities (electricity)

Acute Crohn's flare-up may require:

bowel rest, parenteral nutrition OR minimal residue

Par stock method & formula

bring stock up to par level every time you order if par is 10 and you have 8, order 2

AKI is caused by

burns, accident, obstruction, severe dehydration

Name 3 fermented milks

buttermilk sweet acidophilus milk kefir

mineral oil/cholestyramine decreases aborption of __ and ___ soluble vitamins.

fat;fat soluble

methionine-->

cysteine

Orlistat decreases___ absorption by binding ____

fat;lipase

WWEIA- What We Eat In America

dietary intake component of NHANES conducted by USDA

These are examples of which branch of management? delegating, communicating, motivation, leadership, management approaches

directing/coordinating

market segmentation

divide market into categories (like age, social class,etc.)

Nonparametric test

does not depend on normal distribution

food broker

does not own products, but connects buyers with sellers

LOW popularity LOW profitability this menu item is a _____ and you should consider____

dog; eliminate

What are Baker's Special Eggs?

dried eggs with sugar added to improve foaming ability.

prevents & moderates cold symptoms, but you should avoid taking it for more than 2 months

echinacea

lack of linoleic acid causes

eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae (red/purple skin spots)

What does albumin under 3.5 g/dL indicate?

edema

Low serum protein leads to

edema and ascites

cross charts

efficiency of equipment placement; shows # of movements between equipment

Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative

effort to increase breastfeeding time. hospital must show ten steps to successful breastfeeding

Acute UC flare-up may require

elemental diet to minimize fecal volume

Vasopressin (ADH)

elevates BP (pressor effect) increases water resorption from distal & collecting tubules

fan system purpose

eliminates odors

continuous quality improvement

emphasis on organization & systems rather than individuals

humanistic approach

employee participation, Ouchi Theory Z: high value placed on group & group decision making

How does hard water affect dish washing?

encourages formation of soap scum makes it harder to form a lather, use more soap

If CF child grows normally, how many kcals? If they don't?

enough to cover RDA; if not, may need 110-200% Energy needs

Requires payment of benefits to all eligible people as established by law; for a specific population who meet certain income or other eligibility requirements, usually for a finite amount of time (1 year) 5 EXAMPLES

entitlement program 1) SNAP 2) Medicare 3) NSLP 4) SFSP (summer food service program) 5)SBP

Sometimes ___are added to grains so they cook faster. It works by splitting the proteins.

enzymes

promotes weight loss; but causes rapid heart rate, headaches, and is likely very hazardous

ephedra

During times of catabolic stress, BG raises because

epinephrine suppresses insulin secretion

HAV (Hepatitis A) is transmitted via

fecal oral contact

Quasi governmental agencies, like the red cross, receive funds from

federal and state sources

business marketing

filling customer needs & desires

4 renal functions

filtration --keeps RBC & PRO in blood, filters all else absorption--100% glucose, Amino acids, 85% water, Na, Potassium excretion- wastes, urea, excess ketones secretion- BP balance & blood component controlling hormones, acid/base ions,

balance sheet

financial condition at a particular time

When blood can't enter the liver it leads to

esophageal varices and the esophageal, abdominal, and collateral veins enlarge

Fair Labor Standards Act 1938

established minimum wage & overtime Minimum Wage or Wage Hour Law

leniency of error

evaluating everyone higher than they ought to be

peritoneal dialysis happens

every day; less restrictive

agency shop

everybody pays membership not required

marketing channel

exchange of ownership; producer, processor, distributor, customer, supplier

Analytical research

experimental model (basic research) quasi experimental-test before & after something is implemented cohort studies-follow a specific population/group to see if they develop same illness (incidence studies) case control studies-people with a disease compared to those without cross sectional aka prevalence study--all cases of a specific disease among a group of people in a specific time

___ ___ tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a larger population.

external validity

Anasarca

extreme localized edema associated with cardiac, liver, & renal failure and extreme protein/kcal malnutrition

Russian servinf style

family style

What are 3 strategies to strengthen local food systems?

farmer's markets, food recovery & gleaning programs, PPFPs (prepared and perishable food programs)

At rest, ____ is the primary energy source

fat

during low/mod intensity exercise ___ is a significant energy source

fat

What is finish?

fat cover on carcass

chronic nonspecific infantile diarrhea, what to consider?

fat: CHO ratio volume of ingested fluids give 40% kcals as fat, balanced with limited fluids, restrict or dilute fluids with high osmolar loads, like juice

To prevent lumps in custard, mix starch + ___, ___ liquid/sugar.

fat; cold

Pregnancy Induced HTN (PIH)

more frequently found in women with poor diets w/ lack of prenatal care do not use Low Na diet Na is needed

More sugar in cakes means it takes __time to reach the ___coagulation temperature

more; elevated

mode

most repeated # in a set

Describe ascitic fluid

mostly plasma with a high osmolar load. It pulls in more fluid to dilute it, which may cause low serum albumin

Herzberg's 2 Factor Theory

motivation/maintenance approach maintenance-hygiene factors (fair wage, insurance, retirement, etc) if present-satisfiers If not-dissatisfiers: interfere with work they don't provide motivation, but they can prevent it from occurring motivation-achievement, accomplishment, job enrichment

operation charts

movement of hands; reduces transportation and re-plans work areas

____ is depleted in 2-3 hours of continuous exercise

muscle glycogen

Arm Muscle Area measures ____ & is useful in finding ___

muscle; pro-energy malnutrition in children

closed shop

must be member of union before hiring (Taft Harley Labor Act outlawed this)

union shop

must join post-hire

1) Properties: In plants as phytic acid related to sugar. Contains phosphorous vitamin-like factor 2) Function: binds calcium, zinc, iron membrane structure 3) Sources: outer husks of cereal grains, leafy green veg

myo-inositol

market niche

need you are filling

appropriations bill

needs to be passed for funding

When R=-1

negative correlation line goes up and left

profit margin

net profit ÷ sales dollars

tryptophan --->

niacin OR serotonin

Do union stewards get paid more?

no

label regulations for low calorie

no more than 40 kcals/ serving

Null hypothesis

no relationship in population of data. Often has "equal to" expressed

Maillard reaction

non-enzymatic browning that happens when a reducing sugar (all except sucrose) & amino acid combine. faster browning-increase pH to 6+, increase temp, decrease water content

Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

non-spastic; wormlike movements; needs high cal, high pro finger foods

jejunal resection MNT

normal balance of CHO, PRO, FAT, avoid lactose, oxalates, large amt of concentrated sweets, need vitamin & mineral supps

indirect costs

not affected by sales volume e.g.: rent, taxes, interest on debt, insurance, depretiation

Dry Beri Beri

numb hands/feet confusion pain aka Wernicke Korsakoff

diuretics may cause what other symptoms

nutrient loss, glucose intolerance, high serum uric acid

Nutrition Education Training Program (NET)

nutrition education for educators and food service staff

work sampling

observe random samples to determine amt of time working/idle

LIFO method for determining inventory value

oldest price paid X # of units in inventory UNDERESTIMATES THE VALUE OF OF CURRENT INVENTORY

a-linoleNic is aka and comes mainly from

omega 3; fish oils, walnuts, flax seeds, canola

linoleic acid is also known as ___ and the best source is ___

omega 6; safflower

What does Maslow believe in regarding needs/motivation?

once basic needs are met, higher needs serve as motivators

NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

ongoing repeated survey used to obtain info on health of American people

What are waxy starches made up of? What are some examples?

only amylopectin waxy corn, rice, sorghum

dichotomous scores

only two results are possible

3 types of budget

operating budget cash flow budget capital budget

open shop

optional membership to union

These are examples of which function of management? provide organizational structure, determining staffing needs, work simplification, productivity management, work schedules, labor/turnover rate

organization

Delphi technique

probes expert minds via written interviews, people never meet

Erythropoeitin (EPO)

produced by kidney; stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC

Food Additive Amendment

producer of an additive must prove safety

marketing mix consists of

product place price promotion

marketing mix

product-good, service, idea place-where it's sold promotion-advertising price-cost

types of control

production, quality, quantity

Free on board

products are delivered with all transport paid

cash budget

projects revenue & expenses, showing input & output of cash purpose is to determine if funds will be available when needed

erythromycin and metoclopramide are examples of

prokinetics--increase gastric motility

Low energy washer pros and cons

pros: no booster heater, water temp is 140 F cons: increase use of detergents, rinse aids, water, higher labor costs because longer wash/rinse times

Egg Bloom

protective bacteria layer from chicken butt that Americans wash off

Formula and cow's milk both have more____ than breast milk

protein

If hair is easily plucked, you may be deficient in

protein

Transthyretin and PAB pick up changes in ___ status quickly because of the short half life.

protein

What leads to ascites, fatty liver, and impaired blood clotting in cirrhosis?

protein deficiency

glucocorticoids and Abx can cause ___

protein deficiency

BUN is related to

protein intake renal disease

descriptive research

provides baseline info and monitors changes over time

when can a nutritionist present views about a potential law

public hearings where testimony is taken from bill's sponsors

future contracts

purchase goods at specific price to be shipped later

Just in time purchasing

purchase products as needed for production & immediate consumption by customer

Acute pancreatitis MNT

put pancreas at rest, withhold all feedings, maintain hydration (IV) 1) progress as tolerated to easily digested foods with low fat 2) elemental enteral nutrition into jejunum may be tolerated

LOW popularity HIGH profitability this menu item is a _____ and you should consider____

puzzle; whether or not it should stay

Most digestion in the stomach occurs in the

pyloric region

Is needed for the transport of amino acids

pyridoxine

This vitamin is involved in catabolism

pyridoxine

gluconeogenesis requires

pyridoxine (B6)

Isoniazid treats TB, but it depletes___ and can cause peripheral ___. You should take it with ___ because it interferes with vitamin ___, __, and ___.

pyridoxine; neuropathy, food; D; calcium, phosphorous

without thiamin, what happens?

pyruvate can't be converted into acetyl Coa for energy & heart muscle is deprived

What kinds of cereals should people on low Na diets avoid?

quick-cooking

observations compared from best to worst. (maybe on a scale of 1-4)

rank order aka ordinal scale variable

prime cost formula

raw food cost + direct labor costs

Somogyi Effect

reactive hyperglycemia (low BG stimulates hormones that made BG rise)

cash accounting

recognizes a transaction when cash is taken in/out

accrual accounting

recognizes revenues when earned/expenses when incurred regardless of when actual cash is released

general ledger

records/reports transactions categorized by acct number

When meat changes colors, what's the progression? Why?

red-->brown-->green caused by Myoglobin breakdown/oxidation

Motion economy

reduce motions & time required

What does detergent do to soil?

reduces surface tension

Osteoblasts

reform bone

Barriers to effective delegation

reluctance to delegate feel they can do it better, feel a loss of power, may be too disorganized to plan ahead, lack of confidence in subordinates

Adults diarrhea MNT

remove cause bowel rest (NPO) replace lost fluid & electrolytes

Acute infant/child diarrhea MNT

replace fluids & electrolytes lost FAST (WHO recommends glucose electrolyte solution bc cheaper/easier to obtain/just as effective as parenteral rehydration) reintroduce oral intake within 24 hrs

AKI in diuretic phase Na needs

replace losses

Osteoclasts

resorb/remove bone

a-linoleic acid is important for ___ __ and __ __. Deficiency results in :

retinal functions and brain development. Deficiency= neurological changes- blurred vision, numbness reduces hepatic production of VLDL

BUN:Cr of 20:1

reversible renal dmg; no dialiysis

Expectancy Theory Beer, Vroom

rewards are motivators they must be attractive to employee and employee must feel work leads to reward

If lips are swollen, red, dry, and cracked, you may be deficient in

riboflavin, Pyridoxine, or niacin

Food least likely to cause allergy

rice

Wagner National Labor Relations Act

right to organize & join labor union--Pro Labor

In this oven, food is in motion while inside, good for large volume baking

rotary, reel, revolving tray

perpetual inventory

running record of balance on hand; updated each time an item is placed in or removed from storage

Too much sugar in starch thickened pie recipe means ___ filling.

runny

To prevent curdling, add acids ___ to milk.

s l o w l y

most polyunsaturated fatty acid

safflower

This menu offers a complete meal at a set price.

table d'hote

Traditional/classical management

task focused, scalar principle (authority goes from highest to lowest echelons), mechanical, doesn't see group interactions

inferential statistics

techniques that allow you to assume conclusions beyond the group tested (may be applied to a larger group)

Carry over cooking

temps rise 15-25F within 10 mins or removing from cooking heat source

What organ does Crohn's affect

terminal ileum. (May lead to B12 deficiency)

As dz progresses, intervention to reduce severity is an example of ____ prevention

tertiary

chi square

tests whether or not there is a real difference between categories

Calcium binds

tetracycline

How does alcohol disrupts liver metabolism?

the hydrogen replaces fat as fuel in the Kreb's Cycle & fat accumulates in liver and blood, which increases TG

Loop diuretics deplete

thiamin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium

As energy expenditure (calorie needs) increase, the need for these vitamins also increases

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Pantothenic acid B1, B2, B3, B5

Very versatile piece of equipment. Serves as oven, fry pan, braising pan, kettle, steamer, food warmer

tilting skillet

NFCS- National Food Consumption Survey

to obtain info on food intake of individuals and total households from entire US- evaluates 7 nutrients: protein, calcium, iron, thiamin,riboflavin, Vitamins C & A

Why do we use the acid/alkaline diet?

to prevent acidic/alkaline kidney stones

Why do you need a drying agent for rinse cycle in mechanical wash?

to reduce water spots

Coarse texture in cakes is caused by

too much baking powder, too much sugar, inadequate mixing too low oven temp

Tough/dry crumb in cakes is caused by

too much flour, egg, too much mixing, overbaking too little fat or sugar

Fallen center in cakes is caused by

too much sugar, fat, baking powder Inadequate mixing too low temperature, oven door opened early in cooking process

Formula for # of relief workers needed

total # of employees * 0.55

Formula for total # of workers needed including relief staff

total # of employees * 1.55

prevalence

total # of people with a disease during a period of time

assembly-serve

total convenience kitchen-less kitchen pros: low labor time, low equipment & space needs cons: limited menu, quality, acceptability

Cost of profit pricing

total food cost ÷ desired food cost % (as decimal)

What happens to an angel food cake with no acid?

tough, yellow, small

transactional vs transformational

transactional-clarifies roles/responsibilities, uses rewards/punishment transformational-agents of change--inspires followers to become leaders

PN concerns

translocation of bacteria (may cause sepsis) GALT-gut associated lymphoid tissue- is compromised by bowel rest or PN. Provides 50% of total body immunity

Sugar increases ____ and reduces ___ and ____ strength.

translucency viscosity gel strength

VLDL (pre-beta)

transports TG from liver to adipose cells

Chylomicron

transports dietary TG from gut to adipose cells synthesized in intestine from dietary fat lowest density due to smallest amt of PRO

homosystinurias

treatable inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by severe elevations of methionine and homocysteine

a-linoleNic acid will reduce ___ but have little effect on___

triglycerides; total cholesterol levels

60 mg ____= 1 mg niacin

tryptophan

What does gelatin do?

turns a liquid into an elastic solid

Reward, coercive, position, expert, referent

types of power referent (likeability)

If taken with MAOI, this can cause HTN

tyramine


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