Inquizitive Chapter 6 (:
(6.1) Select the data point that indicates when the infant's sucking response has dishabituated. notes: > Dishabituation occurs when a response that was weakened by habituation is restored to its initial strength
Times 5
(6.6) Which of the following associations are we more likely to make due to the concept of preparedness?
(Likely CS-US Associations) - food with nausea - light with electric shock (Unlikely CS-US Associations) - food with electric shock - sound with nausea
(6.4) Lupita has successfully trained her pigeon to peck at a button when a red light (CS1) turns on in order to receive a food pellet. Now, she wants to see whether she can get her pigeon to peck at the button when the word "eat" (CS2) is played through a speaker. Match each potential training strategy with the result it would have.
(Lupita could repeatedly present the sound simultaneously with the light) -The pigeon pecks when it sees the light but not when it hears the sound, illustrating the concept of blocking. (Lupita could repeatedly present the sound shortly before the light.) -The pigeon is successfully conditioned to peck the button at the sound of "eat."
(6.4) Which of the following factors are needed for an organism to be successfully classically conditioned?
(correct answers) -contingency -contiguity (incorrect answers) -blocking -generalization
(6.17) Label each example of cultural learning with the correct term notes: >(diffusion chain)-learning something from a model and then being a model for others >(vertical transmission)-skills transferred from parents to offspring >(horizontal transmission)-social learning between peers
(diffusion Chain) -learning a card trick and showing friends at school (vertical transmission) -I forgot to enter the answer before clicking next... just guess. (horizontal transmission) -peer pressure
(6.10) Based on the Premack principle, identify the behaviors are preferred or less-preferred.
(preferred behaviors) > eating dessert > going to movies with friends (less preferred behaviors) > eating veggies > studying daily
(6.18) Studies on brain training suggest that there may be certain benefits. Identify each claim as either supported or not supported by psychological research.
(supported by research) > Playing certain brain-training games can improve attentional processing and working memory. > Brain training through mindfulness meditation can help the brain grow new neurons. (not supported by research) > A meta-analysis of brain-training studies found that the effects were long-term and generalized to various cognitive processes. > Playing chess can improve people's general ability to memorize information.
(6.16) Identify the true and false statements about Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment.
(true statements) - Regardless of personality type, all children in the study mimicked the aggressive behavior modeled by the adult. -Children mimicked the adult's aggressive behavior without instruction to do so. (false statements) - Only the children assessed as having a medium to high propensity for aggressive behavior mimicked the aggressive behavior of the adult. - Only the children who were instructed to mimic the behavior of the adult model acted aggressively toward the Bobo doll.
(6.15) Identify the true and false statements about the similarities and differences between observational learning and operant conditioning. notes: > Only observational learning requires the use of a model to demonstrate the behavior to be learned. > Operant conditioning, on the other hand, relies on consequences that may occur with or without the presence of others. aka....Operant conditioning requires tangible consequences to reinforce behavior, while observational learning occurs purely by watching a behavior in others.
(true statements) > Both forms of learning involve behaviors that the organism learns how to execute. > Observational learning differs from operant conditioning in that it is affected by social and cognitive factors. (false statements) > Both forms of learning require the use of a model. > Both forms of learning involve tangible consequences (e.g., specific rewards or punishments).
(6.4) Match each description of neuronal activity during the phases of classical conditioning to the figure that depicts it. (this is the one with the dogs, I tried , sorry)
1. (0.0)--> CS -->(0.0) -------^--------------- = neuronal activity during early extinction 2. (0.0)--> CS-->US-->(0.0) ------------------------^-- = neuronal activity during early acquisition 3. (0.0)-->CS-->US-->(0.0) -------^-------------------- = neuronal activity after acquisition
(6.10) This figure shows data from a study investigating the effects of different types of feedback on learning in children and young adults. Place the groups in order from those who learned the most to those who learned the least.
1. 18-25 yr old's receiving positive feedback 2. 11-13 year old's receiving negative feedback 3. 8-9 year old's receiving positive feedback 4. 8-9 year old's receiving negative feedback
(6.3) Pavlov identified five fundamental processes underlying learning. Match each of these processes to the correct description.
1. During this process, the organism begins to form an association between the US and a neutral stimulus that will eventually become the CS. = acquisition 2. In this process, the CS is presented repeatedly without the US after conditioning has been established. = extinction 3. This process prevents overgeneralization from occurring. = discrimination 4. This process occurs when an extinct behavior reappears after a delay. = spontaneous recovery 5. During this process, the organism elicits a CR to a stimulus similar in nature to the original CS. = generalization
(6.12) The researcher ___1___ is associated with latent learning and argued that organisms create ___2___, which he described as internal mental representations of the world. Insight learning, like latent learning, involves learning without ___3___. The researcher associated with insight learning is ___4___ , who studied ___5___ using chimpanzees.
1. Tolman 2. cognitive maps 3. reinforcements 4. kohler 5. problem solving
(6.6) Hongyao has a phobia of wasps. This is likely due to___1___, or the predisposition to learn some associations more readily than others. In Hongyao's case, it is likely that the sting of a wasp served as the___2___, while seeing and possibly hearing the wasp formed the ___3___. Now, anytime Hongyao sees or hears a wasp he gets fearful, which is the ___4___. notes: > preparedness: species-specific biological predisposition to learn some associations more quickly than other associations. EX: human preparedness= learning specific phobias
1. preparedness 2. US 3. CS 4. CR
(6.14) Which of the following factors are needed for an organism to be successfully classically conditioned? notes: > We experience *insight learning* when the solution to a problem seems to appear on its own, without the effort of trial and error. > In latent learning, organisms learn without conditioning. > Operant conditioning involves consequences that are likely to increase or decrease voluntary behaviors. > Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, or a stimulus that elicits an involuntary behavior. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
> associated with the "aha!" moment (insight learning) > showing evidence of learning with little or no reinforcement (latent learning) > associative learning involving behavioral consequences (operant conditioning) > occurs when a previously neutral stimulus elicits an involuntary behavior (classical conditioning)
(6.3) On her way home from school every day in the fall, Halia walks past a blue house whose owner has an overly protective dog. It usually comes running up and barking ferociously at anyone walking near the wired fencing. Over time, Halia shows signs of fear at the sight of the house, even when the dog is not outside. However, as the owners begin to keep the dog inside every day during the cold winter months, Halia gradually stops feeling scared at the sight of the house. One spring day on her way home from school, though, Halia walks by the house and suddenly feels her heart flutter and her palms grow sweaty, even though the dog isn't there. Label each description from Halia's situation with the correct conditioning term.
> fear response in spring = spontaneous recovery > sight of blue house in fall = CS > sight of dog in fall = US > sight of blue house in winter = extinction
(6.19) Identify the true and false statements about our genes.
True Statements: - Genes provide us with the ability to learn. - Human cultural evolution is theorized to have shaped our genetic evolution. False Statements: - Genes contain all the information we need to survive.
(6.5) Identify the true and false statements about Watson and Rayner's research demonstrating how conditioning influences our emotional reactions.
True Statements: > By the end of the experiment, Little Albert reportedly feared rabbits. > The US in their experiment was a loud noise. False Statements: > The CR in their experiment was the little white rat. > Their research project would likely be considered ethical by today's standards.
(6.8) Unlike classical conditioning, which involves voluntary behavior, operant conditioning involves involuntary behavior. notes: > (Operant conditioning) occurs when organisms discover the consequences of operating on the environment voluntarily.
false
(6.2) Identify each attribute as belonging to either classical conditioning or operant conditioning.
operant conditioning: > active form of associative learning > involves changes in voluntary behavior > stimulus follows behavior classical conditioning > passive form of associative learning > stimulus precedes behavior > historically described as "conditioned reflexes"
(6.11) To demonstrate operant conditioning, Dr. Martin invites one of her students, Rosario, to play "hot/cold" with the rest of the class. Unknown to Rosario, the class selects a goal behavior of touching the whiteboard. Any time Rosario goes in the direction of the whiteboard, the class yells, "warm!" When Rosario goes away from the board, the class yells, "cold!" Rosario's movement of getting closer and closer to the whiteboard best illustrates which concept?
shaping
(6.12) This figure shows the rate of responding over time using the different schedules of reinforcement. Each line corresponds to a colored box above the graph (e.g., the yellow line corresponds to the yellow box). Drag the schedule of reinforcement to the corresponding box based on the rate of responding shown on the graph.
turquoise- fixed ratio pink- variable-ratio yellow- variable- interval indigo- fixed interval
(6.12) Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to the extinction of learned responses? note: > A variable schedule involves a degree of unpredictability, which influences an organism's behavior more strongly than other schedules
variable schedule reinforcement
(6.16) During Juanita's basketball practice, two of her teammates start conversing rather than paying attention to the coach's instruction. As a result, the coach tells the two players to run four laps around the gym. Consequently, the likelihood of Juanita conversing with a fellow teammate while the coach is instructing the team decreases. Which term best describes the type of learning Juanita is demonstrating?
vicarious punishment
