InQuizitive SYG2000 Chapter 7. Stratification

Identify the true and false statements about the poor in the United States.

True Statement(s) Politicians and others have characterized the poor as divisible into two groups, those who deserve assistance and those who do not. The poor are more similar to the rich than they are to the middle class.

Match each type of mobility to the corresponding example.

A retail store cashier gets a job as a machinist.=ascending social mobility A registered nurse leaves nursing to become a high-school teacher= descending social mobility A paramedic gets a job as a hospital orderly= horizontal social mobility

Identify the factors that contributed to the shrinking size of the American middle class after the early 1970s.

Contributing Factor(s) the emergence of the low-wage service sector greater demand for higher-skill jobs an expanding income gap between the highest paid executives and employees in the middle ranks

Identify the characteristics of an elite-mass dichotomy system of which Pareto would approve.

Greater power is bestowed on the more intelligent and physically able members of society. About 20 percent of the population holds more power than the remaining 80 percent.

Identify each trait as aligning with either the proletariat or capitalists, according to Karl Marx's economic theory.

Proletariat: earn money by selling their labor want to see wages go up

Identify the reasons why the ideology of equal opportunity resonates with most Americans.

Reason(s) -Americans tend to believe that inequality of opportunity stifles meritocracy. -We live in a bourgeois society, in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive.

In_____the distinction between the "working poor" and the "nonworking poor" is not just about those who have jobs and those who do not, but about those who_____help versus those who don't. Supposedly, the nonworking could work but_______. _______, however, the line between the working and nonworking poor does not mean a great deal, since families cross it often, as breadwinners gain or lose employment.

- politics -desevre - choose not to - Sociologically

According to the___approach to stratification, people are in similar___groups if they live similar lifestyles. For example, people might be grouped together by their job's___rather than their___

- status hierarchy system -status -typical dress code and tasks -income

Match each type of occupational mobility to the cell that best illustrates it in the mobility table.

524 - not upwardly or downwardly mobile 108- downward mobility

Match each type of equality to the corresponding example.

An orchestra likes two violinists competing for the same spot so much that it decides to hire both= equality of outcome Two cellists from the same music school audition for the same job= equality of condition An orchestra conducts blind auditions, with each player hidden from the audience by a curtain.= equality of opportunity

What was the main lesson across all of Horatio Alger, Jr.'s novels for boys?

Anyone willing to work hard can be successful

"Stratification" refers to how society is organized into hierarchies according to which characteristics?

Characteristic(s) of Stratification power economic resources

Identify the correct and incorrect observations about the mobility table.

Correct Observation(s): Less than 2 percent of upper nonmanual workers had sons go into farm work. Most of the sons of farm workers who did not follow their fathers ended up in lower manual occupations. Over half of the sons of lower manual fathers ended up doing similar work.

Identify each statement about class stratification as either being true of the immediate postwar period (1944-1973) or the late twentieth century (1974-2000).

Employers adhered to social norms regarding equality in pay and salary increases.= postwar period Rising incomes for blue-collar workers made middle-class lifestyles attainable for a large segment of society.= postwar period Educational expectations employers held for workers increased= late twentieth century Job growth primarily occurred at the very high and low ends of the job sector.= late twentieth century

In an elite-mass dichotomy system, a small number of people hold a great deal of power over others. According to___, this kind of system was ideal if___status was based on a___system, while___saw these systems as inherently___.

In an elite-mass dichotomy system, a small number of people hold a great deal of power over others. According to PARETO, this kind of system was ideal if ELITE status was based on a MERITOCRATIC system, while MILLS saw these systems as inherently UNEQUAL.

Identify the necessary factors for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs.

NECESSARY FACTORS: free contraception and other health services girls' education

Match each type of equality to the policy or policy proposal it is meant to support.

The "independent living proposal" provides training, services, and benefits to youth who were in foster care in the past but are now legally adults. This helps them get jobs and learn to live independently - equality of condition The "guaranteed minimum income" proposal would provide every family with a standard income they could live on comfortably, regardless of employment status or education.- equality of outcome Law mandates that young people in the United States attend school (or be homeschooled) until their late teens.- equality of opportunity

Match each type of mobility to its example as captured in the mobility table.

The son of a lower nonmanual worker becomes an upper manual worker.- individual descending mobility Although few sons of lower nonmanual workers end up in the same occupations, the overall size of the category is roughly the same across generations= exchange mobility The son of an upper manual worker becomes an upper nonmanual worker= individual ascending mobility Farm occupations constitute a smaller percentage of the total in the sons' generation than in the fathers'= structural mobility

A mobility table, like the one shown here, consists of cells arranged in rows and columns. Match each part of the table to its role or meaning.

list of fathers' occupations- leftmost column list of sons' occupations- top row list of totals from each column- bottom row list of totals from each row- rightmost column frequency counts for all possible combinations of fathers' occupations and sons' occupations- middle cells of table

Adding Erik Olin Wright's concept of contradictory class locations to the Marxist concept of capitalists versus the proletariat, label the workers according to their positions in a class-based economy.

proletariat: a salaried paralegal assistant at a law firm capitalist: the owner of a large franchised restaurant contradictory: a freelance graphic artist, the head of printing press operations at a major newspaper