Insects and Human Society- Test 1

How many legs are attached to an insect thorax?

3 pairs

What is the function of the ovipositor?

A special structure used to lay eggs in special places

How does the number of insect species rank against other living things?

About half

Classify insects from Kingdom down to the Class level.

Animalia, Arthropoda, Hexapoda (Insecta), Diptera, Muscidae, Musca, domestica

What are the 2 suborders of lice and what type of mouthparts does each have?

Anoplura- piercing-sucking Mallophaga- chewing

Classify arachnids down to the four different orders studied in this lecture.

Araneae- spiders Scorpiones- scorpions Acari- ticks and mites Opiliones- daddy longlegs

What are some advantages of acoustical communication of insects?

Attract a mate or decent territory

Why is the ability to fly so important?

Avoid predators Additional sources of food Disperse to new, better habitats Easier to find a mate

Describe the sting of a honeybee. How does it difference from that of a wasp or hornet? How does one remove a stinger that is imbedded in skin?

Bee- barbed stinger, tears out of their bodies when they sting; poison glands and muscles on stinger continue to pump poison into the wound Wasp/Hornet- no barbs on stinger, so they can sting again Remove stinger by scraping sideways

What is hemolymph? What is its function?

Blood and lymph Dissemination of nutrients/hormones and collection of wastes

What structures make up the insect nervous system?

Brain, three thoracic ganglia, and six abdominal ganglia

List 2 differences that distinguish adult butterflies from adult moths.

Butterflies- fly during the day and have knobbed antennae Moth- fly during the night and have feathery antennae

What is the difference between a butterfly pupa and a moth pupa? Use the terms pupa, chrysalis, cocoon, and silk appropriately when explaining this question.

Butterflies- very smooth, often brightly colored, hang upside down on a stalk, pupa is called a chrysalis Moths- can see legs, wings, and other body structures, brownish color, often in a silk cocoon

What are the subphyla of Arthropods? Give characteristics of each.

Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks)- terrestrial, feeding structure moves up and down, no antennae, 2 major body regions: cephalothorax (head + chest) and abdomen (stomach), 4 pairs of legs Crustacea (lobsters, crayfish, shrimp)- aquatic, mandibles: feeding structure moves side to side, 2 pairs antennae, 2 major body regions: cephalothorax (head + chest) and abdomen (stomach), 5-7 pairs of legs Atelocerata (millipedes, centipedes, insects)- mandibles: feeding structure moves side to side, 1 pair of antennae, 2 or 3 major body regions, 3 to over 100 pairs of legs Trilobita (extinct)- marine, abundant on sea floor, many segments

Which group of arthropods does not have any antennae?

Chelicerata- spiders, scorpions, mites, whipscorpions

What class does ticks, spiders and mites belong to? What are the major characteristics of this class?

Class Arachnida- chelicerae (feeding structure that move up and down), no antennae, 2 major body regions: cephalothorax (head + chest) and abdomen (stomach), 4 pairs of legs

Which order of insect has the most species?

Coleptera

What do the words "Coleoptera" and "Lepidoptera" mean?

Coleptera- "sheath wings" Lepidoptera- "scale wings"

Which is the most advanced type of metamorphosis and how does it help explain why insects are so diverse and abundant?

Complete- allowed for very different specializations by larvae and adult stages and hence better adaptation and greater likelihood of success

What are the specific functions of the compound eye, ocelli, and stemmata?

Compound- vision for adults Ocelli- simple eyes used to determine photoperiod- to induce diapause Stemmata- simple eyes used for vision by larvae

Why does a newly molted insect have a whitish color?

Cuticle has no color, it needs to tan

What are some types of insects found in our food products?

Dannon's yogurt- color additive from bodies of cochineal beetles Chapul Bars- use cricket in their energy bars

Define metamerism. Metamerism is a characteristic of what phyla (singular: phylum:)?

Defn: body is segmented Phylum Arthropoda

What are the differences between diapause and quiescence?

Diapause (complex)- insects stop developing, genetically programmed, induced by change in photoperiod, irreversible Quiescence (simple)- occurs in direct response to environmental conditions, reversible, temporary

Where is the heart located in an insect? In what direction is blood pumped from the heart?

Dorsal (top) Up

Some Homoptera produce a secretion. This secretion is used to produce what?

Dyes and shellac

Why do arthropods need jointed appendages?

Each segment may have one pair of appendages (legs, wings, mouthparts, antennae)

What is the difference between an endoskeleton and exoskeleton and what are the advantages of an exoskeleton in insects?

Endoskeleton- inside Exoskeleton- outside Advantages- strength and flexibility

Explain the advantages of exoskeletons versus bones.

Exoskeleton is good for small things and protects body from damage.

Name some ways insects can obtain or retain water.

Exoskeleton- wax layers keep water from evaporating Uric acid for their urine- excreted as a dry pellet, no water for dilution Metabolic water- no drinking, glucose is metabolized into water, oxygen, and energy Capture water from air by getting it to condense on their body

True or False - All arthropods are insects.

False

Describe how chiggers feed and what causes the skin to itch.

Feed on fluids in-between the layers of our skin Injected fluid dissolves skin around break, but hardens surrounding tissues so that a stylostome, tube, forms. Chiggers suck up liquid through stylostome. Tube remains after chigger leaves, causes itching.

What are chelicerae? What kind of digestion do spiders with chelicerae have?

Feeding structures that move up and down Digestion is external

What are the basic organs of the female insect reproductive system? The male?

Female- vagina, ovaries, spermatheca, and accessory glands (making egg cases) Male- testes and aedeagus (penis)

How do insects smell? Where are the odor receptors?

Find mates and food Olfactory chemoreceptors

What is a larva [larvae: (plural)]?

First stages after the egg move around actively and eat

Why do insects need to hear?

For avoiding predators For finding mates

What parts of the insect digestive system undergo molting?

Foregut and hindgut

Describe the passage of food through an insect.

Foregut to midgut to hindgut

What are the basic parts of the insect digestive system and what are their functions?

Foregut, or crop + gizzard- used for storage and grinding food Midgut- stomach, for absorption of food Hindgut- reabsorption of water, salts, and eliminates waste

What are ganglia and what are the functions of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia? What insect activities do the thoracic ganglia control?

Ganglia- balls of tissue Thoracic- movement Abdominal- digestion, excretion, and reproduction.

What are sensilla? Where are they found on insects?

Hair- when they are bent they send an electrical transmission from the dendrite of the nerve cell to the brain or ganglia, for tactile senses Found- on body surface and legs, mouthparts, antennae, and tails

Describe how ticks feed.

Have a hypostome, or modified mouth, which buries into flesh of host. It secretes anticoagulants in its saliva. The head is completely imbedded while tick feeds. Hypostome is barbed and forced into the wound. If tick is pulled off, hypostome may remain, causing infection.

How do members of Isoptera digest wood and how do the young develop this ability?

Have microorganisms in their gut to digest wood

What is a cephalothorax?

Head and chest body region

What are the 3 body regions of an insect and where are the legs and wings located?

Head, thorax (chest), abdomen (stomach) Legs- thorax Prolegs- abdomen Wings- thorax

What are the primary functions of the head, the thorax, and the abdomen?

Head- sensory inputs and feelings Thorax- locomotion, sensory, and digestion Abdomen- digestion, excretion, and reproduction

Which order represents the correct use of the term "bug"?

Hemiptera

What are ommatidia?

Hexagonal facets that make up the eye

What is a nymph? If an insect is a nymph, what kind of metamorphosis does it have?

Immature form Incomplete Metamorphosis

Give some examples of how insects can affect our lives.

In our culture- "Don't bug me!" Plant, household, and animal pests Transmit diseases Contribute to ecosystem- pollination and decomposition

The legs of fleas are modified for what?

Jumping

What is one mnemonic you can use to help you remember the 7 major levels in the classification of animals and their correct order from general to specific?

Keep (Kingdom) Putting (Phylum) Coffee (Class) On (Order) for (Family) Good (Genus) Students (Species)

List in correct order (young to old) the different life stages of complete metamorphosis.

Larva, pupa, adult

Name three examples of insects that use bioluminescence.

Laternflies, glowworms, and fireflies

What is the shape of an adult flea and why is it shaped like this?

Looks like they were put into a vise- small, hard-bodied, and laterally compressed

What is chitin and what other material is structurally similar to chitin?

Makes up the exoskeleton Cellulose

Describe how crickets make sound. Which sex makes these sounds?

Males, rubbing wings together or legs against wings

What is the main organ of the insect excretory system and what is its function?

Malpighian tubules- remove and get rid of nitrogenous wastes from body

What is metamorphosis? What is molting? How do the two processes relate?

Metamorphosis- change in form Molt- shed of old cuticle and expanding into new and larger Changes occur with each molt- this is called metamorphosis

What are the differences between millipedes and centipedes? What class does each belong to? Are any of these organisms considered beneficial to humans?

Millipedes (Class Diplopoda)- feed on decaying matter, two pairs of legs per segment, 1 pair of antennae, two major regions (head + long abdomen), harmless detritus feeder Centipedes (Class Chilopoda)- 1 pair of legs per segment, 1 pair of antennae, two major body regions (head + abdomen), can bite- have poison claws Millipedes are considered beneficial to humans

What is ecdysone and what is its role in molting?

Molting hormone produced by the prothoracic gland

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Monera (bacteria), Plantae (higher plants), Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), Protista (slime, molds, protozoans)

Where are the taste receptors located on insects? Name at least five locations.

Mouthparts, tarsi, antennae, ovipositors

Name 3-4 specializations each for insect mouthparts and legs. Give an example of an insect that has this specialization.

Mouthparts- appendages aid in feeding, middle ones for locomotion, last ones for reproduction (fly) Legs- running (cockroaches), digging (mole cricket), grasping (praying mantid), jumping (grasshopper), swimming (giant water bug)

Where would you typically see members of Blattaria in a house? What time of day?

Night, scattering across floor when you turn the lights on, dark places (behind furniture)

Are honeybees attracted to red flowers? Why or why not?

No, red is not visible to them

Do insects having no metamorphosis molt? Why or why not?

No, there are few changes externally- look same as adults They are wingless and have same food source as adults

What layers of skin are shed during molting?

Old cuticle, shedding of remnants of old cuticle

How many pair of wings do members of Diptera have? What are the modified wings called and what function do they serve?

One pair of wings Halteres- used for balance

Explain the circulatory, respiratory, and nervous systems of arthropods.

Open Circulatory System- blood washes over organs and is not entirely closed by blood vessels Tracheal Respiratory System- composed of tubes that carry oxygen as a gas in air to tissues; no lungs and blood does not carry oxygen. Ventral Nerve Cord- One nerve cord, similar to our spinal column; have ganglia that are segmentally arranged, instead of one large nerve mass, such as brain; do have brains, but not all nervous tissue in one are

What are the differences between an open and closed circulatory system?

Open- tissues are bathed in blood Closed- blood in tubes

What order of insect can produce musical sound? How do they use this sound?

Orthoptera- finding mates and defending territories

What external characteristic typically marks a member of Hemiptera?

Part of thorax enlarged to form a triangular shield

What is the "Mosaic Theory" of insect vision?

Perception of form- look threw a bundle of straws to see a surrounding

What type of mouthparts do fleas have?

Piercing-sucking

Homoptera are important because some transmit diseases to what?

Plants

What is bioluminescence?

Production of light by living organisms

Briefly describe the relationship between short generation time and insect resistance.

Rapid reproduction of multiple generations allows insects to adapt genetically to changes in their environment

Mantids have what type of specialized front legs?

Raptorial legs- specialized for grabbing and holding prey

List several ways insects make sound.

Rubbing on body part on another Byproduct of some other activity Impact of body parts on substrate Pulsed air streams Vibrating membranes

What are the two main types of reproduction in insects and what is the advantage of each?

Sexual- allowing genetic diversity Asexual (parthenogenesis)- no males, clones copies Viviparous- birth to live young Ovoviviparous- lay eggs that hatch immediately

What kind of mouthparts do members of Lepidoptera have?

Siphoning with a coiled tube

What is an accessory pulsatile organ? What is its function?

Small 'hearts' It circulates blood into the wings, antennae, and legs

What are the prolegs on an immature Lepidoptera?

Soft and fleshy

What is a tympanum and where is it located on insects?

Specialized mechanoreceptor that is analogous to human eardrum

Why are the light signals of fireflies' species specific?

Species specific- male can recognize females and vice versa

What are the sperm storage organs in the female and male? What is the importance of the spermatheca?

Spermatheca- enables females to keep sperm for a long time

What types of mouthparts do members of Hymenoptera have?

Sucking mouthparts in the form of a beak that comes off front of head

What do insect fragments, fruit fly eggs, and aphids have in common?

They are in our food.

How can you distinguish a flying ant from a winged termite?

They are wide-waisted and do not have elbowed antennae

How do song patterns of field crickets differ?

They have several different purposes for their acoustical communication

What are the characteristics of insects that make them different from their Arthropod relatives?

They have wings

Why is studying insects important?

They influence all aspects of life because there are so many.

Briefly describe in a sentence or two the purpose of the pupal stage.

This is when most of the changes in appearance take place in an inactive stage, which occurs just before becoming an adult. Development of compound eyes, antennae, segmented legs, and wings.

What region of the insect body are the legs and wings attached?

Thorax

What are the three main parts of the insect respiratory system? What are their functions?

Tracheae- admit air Tracheal lining- made of chitin, replaced every molt Tracheoles- gases diffuse through the liquid at their tips

Cockroaches are adapted for running. True or False

True

Insects and other arthropods have an open circulatory system. True or False

True

Malpighian tubules are like our kidneys? True or False

True

What external characteristics of Coleoptera help make them so successful?

Two pairs of wings- 1st is armor-like Many types of antennae- clubbed, threadlike, fan-like, etc.

What agency regulates insect parts in our food supply and why do we have legal tolerances for insect parts and other contaminants?

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Because it is impossible to keep insects out of our food.

Give the proper term for the location of the insect nerve cord.

Ventral (on the bottom)

What is the most important visual difference between a nymph and an adult?

Wings

What is a basic wing characteristic of Lepidoptera? How does this help with flight?

Wings are joined together. This helps aid in flight.