INST Final

Two trends of political globalziation have been the evolution of human rights as a concept and the spread of democratization. What has been the context in which these ideals have gained power?

- Both ideals were emphasized after WW2 when war criminals were tried in court, introducing global court instead of execution - human rights stemmed from philosophers began to claim that people have the right to protection from reason and not religion

Globalism Definition & source

- Intro to Globalisation - The end product of a fully globalised world.

Globalism Example & source

- Thomas Friedman, the World is Flat - Refer to the idea that he states we have fully globalised already (which he later corrected in an interview: video about Globalization and Higher Education by Thomas Friedman

Gurmen "How Turkish Soap Operas Took Over the World" Stereotypes

- Turkish narrator saw idealized world of America in Nickelodean - shows in arabic portrayed more liberal views, lessening up stereotypes - critique for infiltrating western values and iranian husbands banning tv from house

Stiglitiz - how have role and methods of IMF changed since its creation?

- created in WW2 to save world from future economic depression and help finance recreation of post-war Europe - it would provide loans and put international pressure onto countries now: - IMF is now more of a free market ideology and become intertwined roles of World Bank - deals with structural stuff now too

Criticisms of Realism

- doesnt account for deaths outside of gang violence and wars - focus should not be on the state, but rather the indv. which could focus resources on threats - ignored key issues like land minds in dev. countries ex. millions of people being killed by famine which doesn't fall under security

McNeill Chapter 20 Process. Invincibility

- globalization isn't new, it has just been a process - globalization has given an illusion of invincibility to humans that won't last forever

The world is Flat. Outsourcing. Globalization 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. New Era. positive

- people are able to compete for global knowledge and equal opportunities for more than developed countries through outsourcing - Globalization 1.0 = countries when colombus opened trade. 2.0 is with companies expanding global markets. 3.0 is individuals through computers. - globalization is in a new era, brought by specific markers. - positive outlook

Peter Gavin "The Ship-Breakers" Bangladesh. Env. conditions

- people die from parts falling - pollute beach - highly lucrative business of tearing ships apart

Stiglitz - what critique does he make against proponents of globalization?

- rapid pace of change has been too fast for cultural adaptation - many prioritize economy over environment

joseph nye "The Future of Power" Realism. Soft Power. Smart Power

- realism portrays security as primary issue for states - soft power (communication and intangible strategies to appeal to mainstream) very important - smart power combines hard and soft powers & must have information and communication strategies

Why is it so contentious?

- smallman and brown - hard to measure - no contractual aspect, and focuses more on awareness and empathy - potentially unpatriotic

Anderson et al. Clash of Civilizations. Terrorism. Disciplinary. Pressure. Censorship.

- some critics highlight a "clash of civilization", but others argue that the world is actually experiencing an integration of civilizations - terrorism has been amplified by making videos and recruiting - introduces disciplines of international studies: 1. geography - space, regions, and env. 2. political science - power relationships between people and institutions 3. Economics - production, distribution, and consumption 4. anth - global culture = helps critical thinkings - globalization puts pressure on local societies - censorship is impossible to achieve - germany banned Mein Kampf but became bestseller on Amazon

how is the role of state changing? why is realism no longer a sufficient description?

- states no longer only important players in global affairs - secuirty not only outcome they seek - anarchy has very dif. effects than predicts due to mutual democracy, liberal culture, and a network of transnational ties

Joshi

- steorotypes --capitalistic, free, country with opportunities

Litvin Empires of Profit. NIKE. Complex

- while some companies like Gap and Strauss have publicly assumed corporate social responsibility for upholding labor standards, the complexity of the task may be beyond capacity of companies - NIKE advocated for things like women empowerment, but the labor conditions were extremely harmful to workers

What is the Gini coefficient right now?

.65

Global citizenship definition & source

According to Smallman and Brown Introduction, you have a commitment to global issues and a sense of empathy and loyalty for people of different cultures and backgrounds

Signifance of TNC's

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 2 History, globalization has created a platform for TNC's to challenge nation-states as they gain political influence through social media.

European Union

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 2 History, it is an international organization of European countries formed after World War II in 1993 off of the Maastricht Treaty to in hopes to cultivate their "pan-European vision" and increase flow of capital and trade.

Bretton Wood's System

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 3 Economic Globalization, it was named after a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire which created a foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. it is based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and capital investment.

Example of Neoliberalism

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 3 Economic Globalization, the Washington Consensus deemed the WTO lifting all taxes on bananas coming from Africa and the Caribbean were rooted in liberal ideals from wanting no regulation and free trade.

Example of Bretton Woods System

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 3 Economic globalization, after the Mexican financial crisis in 1994, the U.S dollar rose too high above the peso so the Mexican government could not pay their debts to the U.S and the U.S could not sell goods to Mexico. The IMF attempted to stabilize currencies, even though there are no longer a system of fixed exchange rates.

Neoliberalism

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 3 on Economic Globalization, neoliberal theory encourages free market, privatization, and deregulation of economies.Criticisms include that it can create inequalities in resource allocation and give corporations too much power

BRICS

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 3, BRICS contains Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa and it establishes these countries as major resource providers.

Example of UN

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 4 Political Globalization, - critique in UN's ability to address issues like genocide in Rwanda - been helpful in providing a forum for major countries to extricate themselves from hostilities like the Suez Crisis - Helped end violence in East Timor after nation voted for independence through moral authority and legitimacy

Example of EU

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 4 Political Globalization, An example of how the EU has created more trade and flow of capital is how eighteen have adopted the euro currency. Until 2008, the EU appeared to have been a success, as the income equality among its members transferred to lower income countries, such as Ireland, which helped it improve economically. After the 2008 financial crisis, Youth employment rates decreased and Greece suffered economic depression.

Example of Neocolonialism

According to Smallman and Brown chapter 8 food, China purchased land in West Africa which has been labelled as "land grabs" that will ultimately harm small land owners and lessen the amount of arable land to citizens.

Example of Global Citizenship & source

According to Smallman and Brown pg 364 conclusion chapter: - critics question the legitimacy of global citizenship, but especially in a business context, having a global connection is seen as very valuable, seen as it gives you skills to be good leaders and communicators. - The textbook points out that many authors stress that having a global mindset forces people to redefine their sense of identity and to pressure institutions to have a global responsibility. - It comes from a mainly ethical framework, rather than global government.

Dependency Theory Example

According to Smallman and Brown's chapter 6 on Development, the attempts in the 1950s to nationalize the oil industry in Iran would be an example of the theory because the government would have taken control and had to depend on the governments of "core" countries to buy their oil.

An example of BRICS being important is

According to Smallman and Brown,in 2007, these conomies accounted for 15% of the global GDP and by 2007, 21%. Smallman and Brown also state that South Africa joined to improve the access of minerals and oil.

Example of Capitalism

According to a lecture on introduction to globalization, it is an increase of supply of labor and decrease in demand for labor, equals greater capital for companies and less capital for people.

Clash of Civilizations

According to our "Samuel Huntington Clash of Civilizations" lecture on October 18th during our Political Globalization unit, - Clash of Civilizations is a theory made up from conservative political scientist Huntington to describe the post-Cold War new-world order. - It comes from a Western perspective and stresses that world powers will always clash. - Criticisms include that it focuses on states, but fails to acknowledge other global players and forms of powers with its over-simplistic nature and limited understanding of non-Western governments.

Intercultural Competence

According to our Cultural Imperialism lecture, it is the capability to shift cultural perspective and adapt behavior to cultural differences.

Westernization

According to our Cultural Imperialism lecture, it is the conversion or adoption of western traditions/techniques

Cultural Homogenization

According to our Culture Imperialism lecture, it is the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization of cultural symbols

GDP vs. Gini Coefficient

According to our Economic Globalization lecture, GDP is the total market value of all goods produced within an amount of time (usually a year) and Gini coefficient measures income gap which is the common measurement of inequality among states. The higher the Gini coefficient, the higher the gap of inequality.

Montreal Protocol

According to our Environment and Globalization lecture, it is a 1987 international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

Rio Earth Summit

According to our Environment and Globalization lecture, it is a 1992 climate change convention with 172 countries. The agreements, agenda 21, the Rio declaration on Environment and Development, the statement of Forest Principles

Alternative Globalization

According to our Future of Globalization lecture, it is against neoliberal globalization and want more equality, focus on solutions rather than criticizes globalization. It comes from the Global North.

IGO's

According to our Future of Power lecture, IGO's are intergovernmental organizations. A functionalist explanation of their role is that they face problems that they cannot easily handle alone and create organizations to solve those problems. Neo-functional explanation is they create organizations which finds problems it can solev to make itself useful. Realist explanation is that it serves great powers and reflect distance of power within the system.

INGOs

According to our Future of Power lecture, INGOS are International Non-Governmental Organizations that work in community and foster projects and operations. They are advocacy based and push for particular policy goals or changes to the international system. Also reference to the group presentation completed in week 8.

Example of Multilateralism

According to our Global Governance and IGOS lecture, an example is G7, which is made up of Finance Ministers and Central Banks Governors. Seven countries participate in making decisions on how to respond to calls for debt relief and hold conference to announce policy responses to crisis.

Example of IGO

According to our Global Governance lecture, the UN, the World Bank, and the IMF, is an example of a major IGO.

sustainability

According to our Globalization and Environment lecture, it is a process that envisions a desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use continue to meet human needs without undermining the "integrity, stability, and beauty" of natural biotic systems

Kyoto Protocols

According to our Globalization and the Environment lecture, it is a 1997 Treaty with 192 countries. It states global warming exists and man-made CO2 Emissions have caused it.

Greenwashing

According to our Globalization and the World Economy lecture in september, greenwashing is a misleading practice in which companies promote their products as environmentally friendly when it actually does not consider the environment. It works because there is no accountability in advertising.

TNC's

According to our Globalization and the World Economy slides, TNC stands for transnational corporation which is an organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one of more countries other than its home country.

Glocalization

According to our Identity lecture, glocalization is the interpretation of the global and local resulting in unique outcomes in different geographical locations.

Deterritorialization

According to our Intro to Globalization lecture and Conclusion of Globalization, it is the breaking down of borders.

Example of Religious Fundamentalism

According to our Religion and Globalization lecture, Al-Qaeda, Isis, or Boko Haram.

Religious Fundamentalism

According to our Religion lecture and globalization, it is a group threatened by percieved westernization and who are fearful that globalization is corroding religious values.

Hard Power vs. Soft Power

According to our Types of Power Political Globalization lecture, hard power is the ability to get a desired outcome through coercion and the use of force. Soft power is the ability to get what you want by the means of persuasion and influence.

Realism vs. Human Security

According to our Types of Power, Political Globalization lecture, - Realism approach is an older approach that began in the 1930s and argues that security is a key issue in International affairs. - IT shared a pessimistic view of human nature and the inevitability of war - Human security approach began after the Cold War and focuses on threats to human individuals rather than nation-states.

Migrant vs. Refugee

According to our Week 10 Refugee lecture, a migrant is a person on the move, often for labor, either immigrating or emigrating from a location. A refugee is someone who has been FORCED to flee a home country because of persecution, war, or violence.

Cultural Imperialism

According to our cultural imperialism lecture, it is the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols. It is exporting certain cultures. .

Global Village

According to our cultural imperialism lecture, the world is considered as a single community linked by telecommunication.

Worlds systems theory

According to our explaining globalization lecture, it came from sociologist Wallerstein that made the approach based on the distinction between core, semi peripheral, and peripheral countries in terms of their changing roles in the international division of labor dominate in the capitalist world-system. Core countries are skilled and white collar labor countries that exclude communist countries, periphery is unskilled labor and provide raw materials, and semi-periphery is between the 2 or moving from one.

UN

According to our global governance lecture in Week 7, the UN is an IGO that has the power of veto and focuses on peace, security, and policy assessing.

Anti-environmentalism

According to our globalization and the environment lecture, it refers to the way that corporations and conservative groups in society have sought to counter the gains made by the environment. According to our Environment and Globalization lecture, it is made up of the Global North and Global South perspectives. the Global North has a flawed understanding of risk and science as they downplay the model of economic growth and fails to take in account human needs. The Global South states that the Global North does not take into account the historical and political experiences of southern countries. They claim that it is a form of modern imperialism.

Consumerism

According to our globalization and the world economy lecture in september, consumerism is a modern movement for the protection of the consumer against useless, inferior, or dangerous products, unfair pricing, etc. It also encourages consumption as an economic policy

Multilateralism

According to our lecture on Economic Globalization, multilateralism is when multiple countries work in concert on one particular issue.

Capitalism

According to our lecture on Wallerstein, capitalism is the interaction between two countries when it comes to the economy, including the interaction between consumers and producers. It's a 500 year old system and people question where it is coming to an end or is it a transitional period?

Example of World System Theory

According to our lecture, a world system includes empire/world politics, information/technology, and world religions.

Neocolonialism

According to our lecture, it is a geopolitical practice to influence developing countries that usually refers to former colonial powers and colonies.

Dependency Theory

According to our lecture, it is when core states hold periphery states in an unequal dependent relationship that perpetuates global inequality.

Nation-State

According to our second unit powerpoint on history and globalization, a nation-state is single or many nationalities formed in a political unit and share the cultural aspects of a nation and political and governmental aspects of a state.

Example of Deterritorialization

An example is from our group's blood diamond presentations that showed diamonds travelling from the producer (most commonly Africa), to at least three other countries before its final destination in a big consumer country.

Example of Glocalization

An example, according to our Identity lecture, is less sugar in cokes in Europe because they are used to less sugary foods than in America.

Example of Cultural Imperialism

Andy Singer --> comic during our Cultural Globalization lecture portraying a modern D-day with major western cultures overpowering local cultures with hard power. Corporations like Disney, Tesco, Coke, Shell

Example of Intercultural Competence

As discussed in our cultural globalization lecture, Mcdonalds went abroad to India and does not sell beef.

What is new about world politics today according to Huntington?

Entering a new phase surrounding the fundamental source of conflict

Examples?

Example of refugees - refugee crisis in Syria which has over 50% of its population displaced with 1 million seeking asylum in Europe. The top places are in Germany and Sweden from Turkey, Lebanon, and Jordan.

Example of TNC's

Ford

Diaspora

From the lecture about globalization and history, it is when people settled far from homelands in clusters, but according to Smallman and Brown, these people often still have emotional connections to their homeland.

Weaknesses of both?

GDP requires modifications and adjustments for population growth, inflation, etc. The Gini coefficient has limitations due to constant changing economy. Many countries do not have data for the Gini coefficient.

Examples

Joseph Nye "Future of Power" tells that soft power is seen as when BBC and CNN framed the narrative of the Gulf War in Mexico in 1991, but by 2003 Al Jazeera played a large part in narrating in the Iraq War. This is more than just mere progranda, but shape preferences.

What are the costs 3 and benefits of outsourcing 4?

Litvin: costs: - cheaper labor - cheaper prices - gives people cons: - hurts env. in those countries - dangerous work conditions - decline in american jobs - more foreign competition

Example of Corporate Social Responsibility

Look at Litvin reading - NIKE

Multiculturalism

Many cultures within one society.

McWorld vs. Jihad

McWorld - >

What role does the state play in global power relations?

Nye: - achieve specific structural goals through persuasion - for example: a country can try to attract others through actions like public diplomacy

Example of Greenwashing

Our Globalization and the World Economy lecture showed a 7-up ad describing it as "natural" soda to make it seem more earth friendly.

Nelson "Social Media and the Egyptian Revolution"

Overthrew president and most participants came from facebook.

Stiglitz. Positive 3 & Negatives 3

Positives: - foreign aid - development increases and helps economic growth - more jobs available like in the Philippines Negatives: - globalization has not brought economic development to developing countries - growing wealth disparity - problems with IMF and World Bank destabilizing economic situations in developing countries

Example of multuculturalism

Samuel Huntington: "Multiculturalism is a threat to the Western Identity." -Germany and France with refugees (France with muslims in bathing suits)

Example of Realism vs. Human Security

Smallman and Brown in chapter 7 Security state that during the Cold War, people relied on Realist ideas because it emphasized Great Power politics. Smallman and Brown's chapter 7 also focused on an example of the importance of Human Security approach, as it allows for them to consider terrorism like Al-Qaeda as a threat even though they are nonstate actors.

Discuss the three key dimensions of neoliberal economic dimensions of globalization

Smallman and Brown: - Privatization = transfer of control of owernership from the public to private sector ex. privatization of electricity in El Salvador - Liberalization = the elimination of state control of economic activities, allowing higher autonomy to business ex. liberalization of OECD - Deregulation = removes policies that aim to produce trade barriers and competitive pricing ex. Zambia's redefining property owners which opened it up for foreign purchaser.

Corporate Social Responsibility

Social Responsibility, according to our Globalization and the World Economy lecture, is the idea that a company should embrace its social responsibilities and not be solely focused on maximizing profits.

2 Examples of Diaspora

The Irish leaving to the Americas, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa after the great famine, according to Smallman and Brown's chapter 2 History. Another example is the influx of slaves coming into the Americas from the slave trade.

Example of Westernization

Turkish Soaps: "Turkish soaps have also faced a degree of backlash. In Saudia Arabia, the religious establishment accused the shows of infiltrating "Western values" into local society. in Iran, Paschalidou reported, some husbands resorted to ripping out their tv antennas to prevent wives and daughters from being "corrupted" by soaps."

Samuel Huntington "The Clash of Civilizations"

Why Civilizations will clash: 1. cultural differences are fundamental and basic 2. world is getting smaller, emphasizing differences 3. economic modernization and social change are separating people

Examples of INGOs

World Wildlife Fund, because they target an International audience and work in many different countries. Also Amnesty International.

Example of clash of civilizations

according to Samuel Huntington "the Clash of Civilizations" - it occurs at a micro level, groups along fault lines between civilizations fight. occurs at a macro-level when states at different states compete for military and economic power

Example of Fair Trade

according to Smallman and Brown chapter 8 Food, Starbucks exemplified fair trade by doubling the amount of fair trade coffee it ordered as part of the Shared Planet Commitment and its business plan. They partnered with RED that focused on raising funds for the Global Fund to help eliminate AIDS in Africa.

Fair Trade

according to our globalization and the world economy lecture, fair trade is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect. It seeks equity in international trade and contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to producers, workers, and consumers, especially in the South.

Nation-State Example

from lecture of history of globalization, examples of nations are Kurds and armenians. Nation-states are france, italy, and germany

What are some challenges of social responsibility?

litvin: - inability to satisfy western critics - dealing with the type of gov. they outsource from - parents can forge documents - these conditions can be overlooked through marketing and advertising - facade of good labor conditions to appeal to the ethical consumer

Dionne Relgiion

read

Lechner - globalization and religion

read it

compare and contrast political and economic globalization.

smallman and brown: - both are rooted in conflict and started by development of major institutions like World Bank and UN - same factors driving are driving - to obtain order within countries to prevent future conflict - Both IMF and UN diverged from intended purpose

What historical factors have created modern population diasporas and how have they changed? How did European imperialism shape ideas of race?

smallman and brown: - historical factors: shifting production and trade forms like Indians employed in Gulf States - Now: more people moving because of violence, global capital, etc. - shaped ideas of race because of rise of slavery and has progressed on social media, though technology has now allowed for human rights to rise

what challenges to nation-states face and what do you think the future of nation-states is likely to be?

smallman and brown: - little to no defense against financial shocks, economic crisis - lack of information because of technology future: - continue to be powerful agents, but a suprannational entity like a transnational corporations or global governance

is media globalization an example of Westernization? Homogenization? Neither?

smallman and brown: - media globalization has power to keep cultural groups alive, maintain languages and cultures - but, spread of ideals can lean towards Westernization and Homogenization = Turkeys

what are the pros and cons of media globalization?

smallman and brown: - more info - less censorship - imperialism

how has media globalizaiton leveled the global playing field? How has it prevented such leveling?

smallman and brown: - preserving languages, cultures, and ideas through arts - internet has provided knowledge and resources - though, more priviledged and can mix local and popular culture

What were the different eras of globalization?

smallman and brown: 1. Islamic Expansion - technological, agricultural, and economic exchanges. 2. Pre& Post Cold War - accelerated growth to remote areas 3. WW2 - made BRetoon Woods System and evolved transnational corporations

There are at least four traditional security concern/flashpoints to world order discussed text.

smallman and brown: 1. potential collapse of fragile nuclear states and may sell nuclear technology ex. father of the pakistani bomb reveaed that he was selling the tech. to create nuclear weapons 2. north korea because it disregards international law and accords 3. increasing threats of hacking through the internet such as the hacking of energy

example of anti-:

smallman and brown: according to Bjorn Lomborg, environmentalists dramatize natural disasters and romanticized movement.