Institutionalization of anti blackness in America Exam 1
The Reconstruction Era
The time after the Civil War between 1866 and 1877 when the institutions and infrastructure of the South were rebuilt. 40 Acres and a Mule
Christian Missionaries and Whitening of Jesus
Began perpetuating a white image of Jesus, and mass producing it to subconsciously instill the idea that Jesus, or God the closest things to perfection were white, thus creating an idea that white is superior, and forming a way to control enslaved people.
Segregationist
Blaming for Racial disparities - they believe in the inferiority of black people
1492
Columbus arrives in North America
early political parties
Federalists, Democratic Republicans.
850 CE
Gunpowder is invented in China and will become the thorn in the side of Black people
1804
Haiti becomes an Independent nation first independent African nation post colonization end of Haitian revolution.
General Oliver Howard
Head of the Freedmen's Bureau; Howard University named for him
Moors
(500 - 1000 C. E.) came to Europe from Morocco, nearly 800 years ruled in Grenada later becoming Spain until Isabelle took over and exiled.
Mali
(c. 1240-1645 CE) - One of the richest farming areas in West Africa. Three-quarters of the gold traded to North Africa and Europe during medieval times came from Mali, making it a global superpower. Mali's most famous king, Mansa Musa, capitalized upon this trade, enriching his kingdom and himself—his wealth has been estimated at $400 billion in today's currency. Mansa Musa invested in universities and libraries throughout Mali that were among the greatest
Zimbabwe
(c. 1300-1450 CE): Enriched by trade in gold and ivory, the city of Great Zimbabwe was home to as many as 18,000 people, including 2,000 goldsmiths, stonemasons and other skilled craftsmen. Among the 300 structures uncovered there by archaeologists are a hill complex surrounded by a 37-foot-high granite wall, a "Great Enclosure" surrounded by a wall of a million blocks and massive stone towers with sculpted stairways
Askum
(c. 1st-8th century CE): Considered as great a power as Rome, Persia and China in its time, Aksum's position on the Red Sea made it an international trading hub. Aksum was the first African society to issue its own currency and to adopt Christianity as its official religion. Built 100 monuments that were the tallest buildings in the ancient world. Each weighed 700 tons and was intricately carved from a single slab of stone
Enlightenment
1685-1815) also known as the age of reason, the period of rigorous scientific , political & philosophical discourse that characterized European society from the late 17th century to the ending of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, moving way from religion to more intellectual pursuits strong undercurrent of racist ideology.
Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States, became president after Lincoln, shot down the 40 acres and a mule proposal making things increasingly difficult for black people, and making it so reparation's could never fully be made
Curse Theory
A segregationist notion- used by religions. Blacks are naturally, and permanently inferior due to biblical curse of Ham.
Climate Theory
An Assimilationist notion. Blacks are interior because of their location in Africa the dark continent, but if they move to a cooler climate they can eventually become white, and more acceptable.
Social Construct
An Idea that has been created & accepted by the people in a society.
Racist Ideas
Any concept that regards one racial group as inferior, or superior to another racial group in anyway. (Kendi P.5)
Ibram X. Kendi
Author of Book stamped from the beginning.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin both helped to humanize enslaved people, but also set them back by perpetuating stereotypes.
Racism
Defined as prejudice, or discrimination based on race, directed against people with less social power by people with more social power in a society.
Race
Defined as- a socially constructed category for grouping people, based on features like skin color, hair texture, and eye shape.
1619
Dutch transported Africans to USA as indentured servants later becoming slavery.
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War
Nat Turner
Leader of a slave revolt in Virginia, led to the punishments/deaths of many enslaved people who were both involved, and uninvolved.
Impact of Haitian Revolution
Louisiana purchase over concerns of what happened in Haiti concerns the same would happen in the USA.
1831
Nat Turners revolt successful revolt but many who were, and weren't involved were murdered and it didn't end enslavement which was the ultimate goal
William Edmundson
One could argue he was in the anti racist category one of first to advocate for abolition of slavery founded Quakerism & believed you should treat others how you wish to be treated
Polygenesis
Polygenesis refers to the idea that human beings originate not from a single common origin, but from several separately originating lines of descent.
1441
Portuguese capture Africans & enslave them then sell them internationally
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
Abraham Lincoln
President of the USA Is "credited with freeing the slaves" but was racist he had said that if he could preserve the union by freeing the slaves he would do it, but if he could do it without freeing the slaves he would also be willing to do that.
William Lloyd Garrison
Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Uplift Suasion
Put responsibility on black people bc they needed to demonstrate their worthiness to white people" then perhaps they would be accepted.
Ethnic Racism
Ranking of Inferiority/ Superiority Europeans at top Africans at bottom
Carl Linnaeus
Swedish, came up with human hierarchy with whites on top, blacks on bottom.systema naturae (1735) Notions of human hierarchy; father of taxonomy
1808
Termination of International slave trade can no longer capture people from Africa and enslave them.
The fallout between William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass
This position, known as "disunionism," provoked heated debate in the abolitionist community. It also brought about a split between Garrison and the escaped slave Frederick Douglas William would ask Douglass to "dumb himself down" so not to be too threatening, or intelligent for white people.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free black people and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854
Went to extend slavery in Western states making it so states could decide.
Ghana
a (c. 6th-13th century CE): Land of Gold Invented gold-mining technology and controlled major gold fields in the region. Its kings, or "lords of the gold," controlled this precious metal, taxing it heavily and bestowing luxurious gifts of it upon allies. The trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and other goods enriched Ghana and allowed it to centralize power. Arab visitors wrote of a force of 200,000 soldiers, including 40,000 archers.
Safe Space
a place for anyone to feel accepted, place t be understood, a place for anyone to be heard.
Thomas "Daddy" Rice
a white actor became famous for depicting "black people" in black face, and did a tap dance with rice.
Buffon
agreed with linnaeus
The start of the civil war.
all over preserving the union.
Frederick Douglass
born into a system of enslavement (1818) In Maryland escaped in 1838
Pros and Cons of Uncle Toms Cabin 1852
both created empath for enslaved people, and perpetuated stereotypes about black people.
Kush
c. 1069 BCE-350 CE): Made rich from the mining of minerals and the development of iron, the Kushites had a massive gold-processing operation and a written language based on Egyptian hieroglyphics. Notable art and architecture from the major cities of Meroe, Kerma and Napata include stone temple complexes, pyramids, narrative tomb wall paintings and granite and bronze statues of gods and kings.
Voltaire
continued to advance and perceptualize notions
Taxonomy
developed by Carl Linnaeus belief of a human hierarchy whites on the top English and swedes then the lowest Europeans being Irish, Italian, Jewish, then blacks on the bottom.
Richard Boyle
during enlightenment period wrote "of the nature of whiteness and blackness 1664 " perpetuated idea white is better
Colonization
early 1800's process started removing black people from America & controlling them wherever they went (total European control)
Brave Space
emerged in more recent years as a place where "courageous conversations" could be heard.
Hiram Revels
first black senator during reconstruction era
phillis wheatley
first published AA woman posed question "can black people be improved through religion?"
Charles Darwin
formulated the theory of evolution, but perpetuated racist ideas claiming black people weren't equal to white people.
Financial benefits of enslavement
free labor, cash crops of tobacco, cotton and sugar cane.
Thomas Jefferson
had colonization plan to send blacks back to Africa, was an enslaver himself initially saying send all black people back to Africa, then freed black people, then enslaved
The Missouri Compromise of 1820
idea of equal number of slave vs free states.
Plessy v. Ferguson Decision 1896
made it constitutional to have diff areas for white and black people.
General William T Sherman
made law-union soldier leader pushed for 40 acres and a mule had land confiscated from confederate soldiers.
Critical Race Theory
origins developed in the late 1980's by law school scholars & others focused on the intersectionality of Racism, later extended to also examine the systematic nature of Racism.
William Shakespeare
perpetuated racist ideas/stereotypes in his work, always portrayed black people as animalistic & inferior.
Assimilationist
play middle of the road believe if black people "fix themselves up" they will be accepted willing to help cause but rooted in Racism "Act more white" or conform.
Theory of Natural Selection
proposed by Darwin suggested that certain features would make people more keen to survive having to do with intellect, genes etc proposed white people were superior over black people.
Uplift Suasian
put responsibility on black people because they need to "demonstrate their worthiness to white people" then perhaps they would be accepted.
origins of Jim Crow
relates back to Thomas Daddy Rice the actor who started characeture of Buffoonish Black Male.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
saying you are required to return any enslaved person who ran away back to their enslaver.
Goals of American Colonization Society
send black people back to Africa
Polygenesis Theory
suggested there was a different Adam & Eve for black and white people, suggesting black people are another species offspring between whites, and blacks disproved this theory.
Ben Franklin
surmised Black People could be improved through European ways- he was an assimilationist but believed they are still not inherently as smart but "can be improved"
1793
the fugitive slave act saying you are required to return any enslaved person away to their enslaver.
Sir Iassic Newton
took wheel of colors theory claimed whitness was the center of all colors, and superior. theory of color,
Denmark Vesey
tried to lead a revolt but was killed in process, someone ratted him out.
Anti-Racist
trying to actively dismantle slavery and & get rid of racist policies
Black uplift/ Exhibits
uplift black people in white peoples eyes
Cotton Mather
very religious did not believe black people were equal saw them as inferior.