Integrated Natural Science
peripheral nervous system & 2 parts
*nerves in whole body besides brain and spinal cord *2 parts 1. Somatic - voluntary functions and sensory input 2. Autonomic - involuntary functions and internal organs -sympathetic - fight or flight -parasympathetic - rest and digest
sponges
*no head or tail *don't move *porous structure that filters food out of water *most sim0le animal *most salt, some fresh water
kingdom fungi of the eukarya domain
*non-motile *multicellular with cell walls *heterotrophs that take in energy and nutrients from outside
abiotic factors
*nonliving things
3 main reasons a reaction may be fast or slow
*not a lot of reactants present (higher concentrations) *reactants don't have a lot of energy, moving slowly(increase heat to increase kinetic energy) *reaction has a high activation energy(amount of energy needed to overcome reaching peak, a catalyst, or enzyme in biological system)
nervous system cell construction
*nucleus *dendrites *axon *axon terminals
nervous tissue characteristics
*only 2 types of cells 1. neurons - carry electrochemical signals through the body from brain 2. neuroglial - support neurons
land forms at convergent boundaries
*plates move together *compression occurs, crumples and folds *large earthquakes, causing largest recorded *3 kinds -oceanic-oceanic -oceanic-continental -continental-continental
domain archaea
*prokaryotic *single celled organisms *survive in extreme environments *called extremophles
What is GPS
*receiver of satellites *4+ satellites for each area globally *triangulation
roundworms
*roundworms *many species parasitic *many microscopic species *many free living/not parasites *most prevalent
What is remote sensing
*satellites *high altitude data collection *uses electromagnetic radiation to read layers
annelids
*segmented worms *earthworm, leech *marine, land *predators, parasites, fresh water *segments allow movement
what is homeostasis
*the way our bodies coordinate activities to live, life balance *blood pressure,temp, glucose, digestion etc
purpose of cellular respiration is what
*to make ATP molecules *everything in you uses ATP as an energy source
function of meiosis
*to produce reproducing sex cells (gametes) *2 cell divisions *yields 4 non-identical daughter cells (haploid) *each new cell contains differing genetic info *haploid means only 1 copy of each chromosome *fosters genetic diversity
What are Hadley Cells
*uneven surface heating on a global scale *transports heat from equator to poles in convection cells *produces global pressure systems
function of mitosis
*used for growth and repair involving body cells (somatic calls) *4th stage of cell cycle *cell division *creates 2 identical daughter cells (diploid) *each w/same genetic info as parent *mutations can occur(cancer tumors)
cellular respiration
*why you eat and breath *generates carbondioxide
Troposphere
- 1st layer - lowest and thinnest (top-bottom) - 90% 0f atmospheres mass - where weather occurs
mantle
- 2nd layer - contains most of the earth volume/mass - denser than crust - hotter than crust - has 3 parts/layers
Stratosphere
- 2nd layer - ozone layer - temp raises due to ozone absorption of UV radiation
Venus stats
- 2nd planet from sun - Orbits sun in 225 days, spins 1xevery 243 days(backwards hit by object) - A day on Venus is longer than a year - Similar size to Earth but much hotter - 460* and hottest planet in solar system(due to atmosphere) - Atmosphere is thick(mainly carbon dioxide green house gas traps heat) - Geologically active -volcanoes
Mesosphere
- 3rd layer - middle - cold
Earth stats
- 3rd planet from the sun - Orbits sun in 365 days; spins 1xevery 24 hours - 15*C average temp (due to atmosphere and distance from sun) - Geologically active - 1 moon
Thermosphere
- 4th - hotter - absorbs (energy and changed to heat) xray and uv radiation - no well defined upper limit
Mars stats
- 4th planet from sun - Orbits sun in 687 days, spins 1xevery 24 hours - 30*C by day, -130*C by night -Thin atmosphere helps regulate surface temps - Believed that there was geological activity and water - 2 small moons, Phobos & Deimos - are captured asteroids
Exosphere
- 5th - exit - the interface between Earth and space - Beyond 500km molecules can escape into space - man made satellites
Saturn stats
- 6th planet from sun - Orbits sun in 29.4 years, spins 1xevery 10 hours - Lowest density - (it would float) - 62 moons, Titan is bigger than Mercury - Extensive ring, composed of frozen rock chunks
Uranus stats
- 7th planet from sun, extremely far out - Orbits sun in 84 years, spins 1xevery 17 hours - Axis is tilted on side so looks perpendicular to plane of travel around sun, due to large object hitting - 27 known moons - Faint ring - 2% of composition is methane giving it a blue color
Neptune stats
- 8th and farthest from sun - Orbits sun in 165 years, spins 1xevery 16 hours - 13 known moons - Faint ring - 1.5% methane gives a blue color
Earth's core and parts
- Core is hottest and densist part of Earth - made of metal, iron and nickel - generates magnetic field - outer core - liquid - inner core - solid, spins
evidence of Big Bang
- Edwin Hubble observed Doppler red shift showing objects were moving away from the observer. - Galaxies were moving away from each other and away from us. Expansion in all directions. - Cosmic microwave Background Radiation Energetic leftovers - residuals found in what should be empty space. - Elemental abundance - 75% of the visible universe is hydrogen and 25% helium match the predicted amounts of elements left after Big Bang cooling
Jupiter stats
- Largest planet - 5th from sun - Orbits sun in 11.8 earth years; spins 1xevery 10 hours - Composed mainly of hydrogen and helium - solid core surrounded by liquid helium covered by atmosphere - strong magnetic field - 66 known moons, 4 larger than our moon - Faint ring
Pluto
- Past Oort Cloud - Orbits sun in 248 years, spins 1xevery 6.4 days - Tiny, smaller than Earth moon - Made of rock and nitrogen ice like comets - Highly elliptical and tilted orbit unlike other planets but similar to comets. - 1 large moon Charon, several smaller moons. - Because of size of Charon almost same as Pluto they orbit around each other. - Reclassified as a Kuiper Belt object or dwarf planet
solution
- a homogeneous mixture where one component is present in a much higher amount than the other components. - In a solution one or more substances are dissolved into another substance
air masses are
- a volume of air that has a characteristic temp and humidity throughout - tends to stay intact as it travels - acquires temp and humidity characteristics from region or origin
Characteristics of Group 1A
- alkali metals - soft, silvery grey, highly reactive - always bonded with other elements in nature - one valence electron - lose I valence electron - form +1 ions
weather fronts are
- boundaries where air masses meet - associated with rapid weather changes
cold fronts are
- cold air masses - lens or round shape due to cold air sinking - cold air mass collides with warm air, pushes warm up, hits top of troposphere and cold air, condenses, creates thunderstorms rapid cloud build up static electricity winds
north American air mass zones
- continental arctic - bitterly cold, dry - maritime polar - cool, moist - continental polar - cold, dry - continental tropic - hot, dry - maritime tropic - warm, moist
What is Wegner's idea
- continents fit together like a puzzle - continents have geologic and fossil similarities based on how they fit. - proposed continental drift - 1 flaw was he couldn't explain drift processes
What is magnetic stripping?
- evidence of sea floor spreading - Iron in molten rock orients with polarity - stripping pattern is distinct and allows ability to date seafloor
humidity
- is the mass of water vapor in a given volume of air - plays role in weather
3 parts of the mantle
- lithosphere - uppermost mantle, thin and brittle - asthenosphere - lower part of upper mantle, hotter thick plastic - lower mantle - hotter, plastic
Coriolis effect
- moving bodies including particle in the air deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere - deflection of wind varies according to speed and latitude *faster wind greater deflection *deflection greatest at poles and zero at equator
Characteristics to identify minerals
- naturally occurring - solid - inorganic - fixed chemical formula - crystalline structure
Ionosphere
- not a true layer - found between the thermosphere and the mesosphere - electrified region where there are ions - result is auroras happen
carbon dioxide in troposphere contributes to
- plant growth - greenhouse gasses
warm fronts are
- warm air masses - less dense, warmer air flows upward over cooler air (frontal lifting) - warm air mass collides with cool air you get rain, steady rain clouds, not thunderstorms, gentle lifting of warm air
3 evidences that Big Bang happened
1. Doppler Red Shift 2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation 3. Elemental Abundance
The 6 aspects of the scientific method
1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Reproducible result 6. Conclusion
3 methods of heat transfer
1. conduction - pacing of heat through atoms & molecules 2. convection - heat rises cooler sinks 3. radiation - heat transferred through light 1&2 are mainly how energy is transferred as heat by sun to us
species interactions
1. predation - 1organism eats another 2. competition - 2 or more organisms compete for same resources 3. symbioses
3 types of neurons in nervous system
1. sensory 2. interneurons - in nervous system structures (brain, spinal cord) 3. motor - send out
How long ago did the Big Bang happen?
13.7 billion years ago
Who is Charles Darwin
1809-1882 he proposed theory of natural selection and evolution after studying life in the Galapagos
Who was Alfred Wegner?
1st scientist to propose ideas that became plate tectonics. German lived in late 19th-early20th century
compound
2 or more chemically bonded elements
Structure of the sun
3 interior layers - core (nuclear fusion)-hottest radiative zone-heat is radiated outward convective zone- hot material rises and cool material sinks 3 exterior atmosphere - surface photosphere-produces most of light we see chromosphere above- pinkish during eclipse corona - top layer - seen during eclipse
what happens at the core of the sun
4 hydrogen to 1 helium makes energy through nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the core of the sun
Earth's radius
6300km
What is the approximate composition of the universe?
70% hydrogen, 30% helium, 1% other
percentage of red stars and size of our sun in relation to others in universe
70-90% are small red stars our sun is a mid sized star in relation to the rest of the universe.
Composition of our sun
71% hydrogen, 27% helium, 1% oxygen, .5% carbon, .01% nitrogen, .01% silicon
For most atoms what is a stable electron configuration
8 valence electrons, atoms either start as, or will generally try to configure to achieve that stable, unreactive 8.
Gravitational Constant
= 6.67 x 10^-11 m^2kg^-1s^-2 equals 6.67 times 10 to the negative 11 meters squared per kg-1 per seconds-2
Coulomb's Constant
= 8.99 x 10^9 N.m^2/C^2 8.99 times 10 to the 9th
A system
Any collection of parts that work, or interact, with each other.
Model
Any representation of an aspect of the natural world.
Derived units of measure
Area = some length x2 Volume = some length x3; or liquids liter (L) or milliliter (mL) density = mass/volume force = newtons (N) (Force is a push or pull and newtons and pounds used to measure weight because of gravity) energy = joule (J) or calorie (cal) energy is the ability to do work or cause change (energy = force x distance) power = watt (W) power = energy/time (the rate of energy use) speed = distance/time acceleration = change in speed/time
Inversely proportional
As one thing gets bigger the other thing gets smaller. According to Newton's 2nd Law of Motion, as mass increases, acceleration decreases.
Prediction
Aspect of scientific method; a guess about what will happen.
Reproducible result
Aspect of scientific method; a result of a scientific investigation that can be repeated.
Conclusion
Aspect of scientific method; an inference or summary of the meaning of the results of a scientific investigation.
Observation
Aspect of scientific method; information gathered about the natural world using tools and human senses.
Oort Cloud
Cloud of billions of comets outside and around solar system, past Kuiper Belt and Pluto or outer planet orbits
Aspects of light (or electromagnetic spectrum)
Consists of electromagnetic waves created by accelerating electric charges which creates an oscillating electromagnetic field. Light wave has an electric field and a magnetic field that vibrate or oscillate. Oscillation is perpendicular so light is a transverse wave. Doesn't need a medium to move/travel. Undergoes reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
Why is gravity important in thermonuclear fusion reactions in stars?
Contraction of matter due to gravity creates the high temperature needed to start the reaction.
Gravitational potential energy
Depends on mass, acceleration due gravity, and the height of an object. By increasing mass acceleration or height we increase potential energy. = Mass x Acceleration Due To Gravity x Height
2 classifications of sedimentary rock
Detrital & chemical
Edwin Hubble is famous for what?
Discovering that the universe is expanding through observing Doppler Red Shift in galaxies
What determines the amount of energy in an electron?
Distance of electron in shell from nucleus. Farther more energy
What happens in the law of segregation
Each gamete acquires one of the two alleles as chromosomes separate into different gametes during meiosis. *Heterozygotes, which posses one dominant and one recessive allele, can receive each allele from either parent and will look identical to homozygous dominant individuals; the Law of Segregation supports Mendel's observed 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Mendel proposed the Law of Segregation after observing that pea plants with two different traits produced offspring that all expressed the dominant trait, but the following generation expressed the dominant and recessive traits in a 3:1 ratio.
How do valence electrons relate to organization of periodic table?
Each group has same # of valence electrons For groups 1&2 valence electron = group # - 1A - 1; 2A - 2 For groups 13-18 the number of valence electrons = group # minus 10 - 13 or IIIA = 3, 14 or IVA = 4, 15 or VA = 5, 16 or VIA = 6, VIIA or 17 = 7, VIII or 18 = 8
define sedimentary
Form under water with pressure. Composed of pieces of other types of rock that are blown or washed and settled in lake beds. Layers of materials often visible
What is the main source of elements heavier than lithium in our universe?
Fusion in massive stars, when star explodes as a super nova the layered elements spread into the universe finding nebula and forming planetary systems
List the type of electromagnetic waves that are located on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Gamma Rays-high frequency-short wavelength-high energy Xrays Ultraviolet Visible light Infrared Microwaves Radio Waves - low frequency-long wavelength- low energy Good Xylophones Use Very Interesting Musical Rhythms or Real Men In Vegas Use X-ray Goggles
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitational Force
Gravitational Force = Gravitational Constant x Mass of 1 object x Mass of 2nd object/ distance between the two ^2
Aristotle
Great thinker lived 384-322 BCE, observed and inferred but never tested. Motion - determined heavier objects fall faster because they caused more damage.
alkaline earth metals
Group IIA react with water to form alkaline solutions - somewhat reactive - always bonded to other elements in nature - 2 valence electrons - lose 2 valence electrons - form +2 ions
chalcogens
Group VIA (16) - somewhat reactive - form ores with metals - 6 valence electrons - gain or share 2 valence electrons - form -2 ions
halogens
Group VIIA (17) means salt forming - reactive - forms salts with metals - 7 valence electrons - shares or gains 1 valence electron - forms -1 ions
noble gases
Group VIIIA (18) - unreactive - all gases - 8 valence electrons (except He has 2 but stable) - do not form bonds - do not gain, share, or lose electrons
transition metals
Group b's or 3-12 - form brightly colored compounds - 1,2, or 3 valence electrons - lose 1,2, or 3 valence electrons - form +1, +2, +3 ions
absolute magnitude
How bright a star appears if all stars were the same distance from earth
apparent magnitude
How bright a star appears when viewed from earth, in it's position in space.
What is density a measure of?
How tightly packed the particles of a substance are. The closer packed the particles the more dense a substance is.
Reflection
Returning of a wave to the medium it came from when it hits a barrier. If barrier is opaque wave will bounce off at same angle it arrived, a mirror.
Which planets have rings?
The 4 Jovian Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Energy
The ability to do work on a system or by a system. Work is the application of force over distance. SI unit for energy is the Joule (J); 1J = kg m^2/s^2
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. As mass increases, acceleration decreases. F = ma (or Force equals mass x acceleration)
Amplitude
The amplitude is the maximum displacement of the midpoint of a wave. Maximum displacement on either side of the direction of travel. From zero to high point/low point in transverse wave. Height or depth in transverse and compression or expansion in longitudinal waves.
Incident Angle
The angle that a ray of light or sound wave encounters a surface and bounces off. Angle it arrives is equal to the angle it bounces off.
Technology
The application of science to fill a need or solve a problem.
Why do the 3 phases of matter have different properties?
The arrangement and movement of particles in the substance.
What determines whether a substance is a solid liquid or gas?
The arrangement of particles determines what phase of matter a substance will be in.
Doppler Effect
The change in frequency of a wave due to the motion of the source, or due to the motion of the receiver.
Wavelength
The distance between two identical parts of the wave. All wave have wavelength. Often measured in meters (m), centimeters (cm), nanometers (nm) or a billionth of a meter
Potential Energy
The energy a system has due to its shape, position. Potential energy is the potential to do work. *ex: electrical, gravitational, chemical
Interference
The interaction of two or more waves with each other. Constructive interference
Frequency
The number of vibrations per unit time, so the number of complete cycles of the wave that could be counted in a say a second (measured in hertz). Shorter wavelengths - higher frequency Longer wavelength - lower frequency
Refraction
The path of a wave bends due to moving from one medium to another. When wave or ray hits different media it changes speed and direction so it bends as it goes through new material.
Resistance
The properties of a material that restricts current flow through a circuit measured in ohms (Omega, horseshoe). Low resistance - larger wire, shorter wire High resistance - smaller wire, longer wire
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of electromagnetic waves that extends in frequency from radio waves to gamma rays. All light falls upon the electromagnetic spectrum.
For a fission reaction to occur, what force needs to be overcome?
The strong nuclear force
Define cosmology
The study of the entire universe, its structure and origin and development over time
Period
The time needed for a single cycle of a wave to occur.
Why use simple machines?
They reduce the amount of force input necessary making work easier. You must increase distance to reduce force needed in work.
structure of the Earth's atmosphere
Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere
Destructive Interference
Two or more waves together where waves do not match up with peaks/trough or compression/expansion. When these waves don't match they cancel each other out, or cancels amplitude.
Constructive Interference
Two or more waves together where waves match up where peaks/trough or compression/expansion meet. This adds or combines the waves amplitude which results in brighter light louder sound etc.
Vectors
Vectors - quantities that measure a magnitude as well as a direction Examples - velocity, force, acceleration and momentum
Hottest planet
Venus due to thick carbon dioxide atmosphere
What substance does not follow density rules?
Water where ice, the solid form, is less dense than the liquid form so ice floats. Waters highest density when a liquid just before freezing. So water expands as freezes.
Longitudinal Waves
Wave motion parallel to direction of travel. Sound and p-waves during earthquakes. Oscillation sets up wave where wave itself is a series of compressions and rarefactions. Example - tuning fork tines wiggle back and forth, wave move out from compression rarefaction.
Transverse Waves
Wave motion perpendicular to direction of travel. Water waves, light, and s-waves. The wave is moving perpendicular or 90 degrees. In water, light and s-waves you see up and down motion.
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
Whenever one object exerts force on another object, the second object exerts and equal and opposite force on the first object. Force (F) = A push or a pull Force (F) is also an interaction between two objects. The mass (m) of an object can impact the reaction. Objects with less mass can experience more impact even though there is equal force applied to each object.
Work
Work = Force x Distance W = FxD * Work is the application of force over distance.
Does a pure substance have a fixed composition?
Yes because a pure substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule
can you say that pure substances can be both elements and compounds?
Yes because elements are only one type of atom and compounds are only one type of molecule
mutation is
a change in the genetic information or code
what is a claydogram
a chart showing evolutionary relationships
covalent bond is
a chemical bond that results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms (form between non metallic atoms)
a group or family in periodic table
a column
mixture
a combination of 2 or more pure substances where components are not chemically combined ex: salt water or rocks or air
secondary consumers
a consumer that eats primary consumers
primary consumers
a consumer that eats producers/plants
tertiary consumers
a consumer that eats secondary consumers
homogenous mixture
a mixture where ingredients are evenly distributed
heterogeneous
a mixture where the ingredients are not evenly distributed
phenotype
a physical appearance
chemical reaction is
a process in which atoms are rearranged to form new substances
enzyme is
a protein that acts as a catalyst for cellular processes *most are catalysts *critical for function of living things
nucleon
a proton or a neutron
period in periodic table
a row
solid
a state of matter that has a definite shape and definite volume
liquid
a state of matter that has a definite volume but not a definite shape
gas
a state of matter that has neither a definite shape or definite volume
a proton is
a subatomic particle with a +1 charge, located in the nucleus
electron
a subatomic particle with a -1 charge, orbits around the nucleus
neutron
a subatomic particle with no charge, located in the nucleus
an element is
a substance made of only one type of atom
catalyst is
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up during the reaction
What is infra red imaging
a tool to measure infra red electromagnetic radiation *heat imaging of infra red radiation *red warm *blue cool *remote temp readings
ion
an atom or group of atoms with an overall electric charge
valence electron
an electron in the outermost electron shell of an atom
ionic bond
an electrostatic charge between a + charged ion and a - charged ion (form between metal and nonmetal atoms)
pure substances
an element or a compound with a fixed chemical composition made of only one type of atom or molecule
what is mitochondria
an organelle where cellular respiration happens in 3 parts
chordates
animal with skull, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals
consumers
anything that eats
matter is
anything that has mass and takes up space; anything made of atoms
what is a biomes
are a earth region that is unified by having similar characteristics *they describe a general pattern *ecosystems are more specific to a region.
thermonuclear fusion happens
at extremely high temps where extremely hot gasses fuse together to create larger atoms, during this process energy is released. At the high temps atoms achieve high enough kinetic energy that the electric force is overcome :our sun, goes through fusion of hydrogen to helium and helium to carbon. Stops there due to size
hierarchy of life
atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organisms populations communities ecosystems
isotopes are
atoms of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
A uranium atom is split releasing energy, is this fission or fusion?
atoms splitting so fission (division)
3 domains of living things
bacteria archaea eukarya
Why do all phase changes happen?
because of a change in energy of the particles in a substance. Heat/cold affect particle movement/energy
why doesn't low to high energy process in photosynthesis violate law of conservation of energy
because there is an outside energy source - sun
electrical force
between + protons, repulsive
strong nuclear force
between and around nucleons, attractive
what is mitosis
body cell division *division portion of the cell cycle
what are the reactants in photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water are the reactants
basic in and out of photosynthesis
carbon dioxide and water go in sugar and oxygen come out
Temp at center and surface of sun
center - 10 million degrees surface - 6000 degrees
define igneous
come from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava
permanent gas components of the atmosphere
considered permanent gases (min. fluctuation) - nitrogen 78.09 ~ 80% - 20.95 ~ 21% - argon, neon, helium, methane, hydrogen @ less than 1%
variable gas and particulate components of the atmosphere
considered variable due to fluctuation - water vapor 0-4% * if in troposphere can be pollutant* - carbon dioxide - ozone - carbon monoxide - sulfur dioxide - nitrogen dioxide - particles (dust, pollen)
which direction do all the planets travel
counter clockwise in a slightly elliptical disc pattern around the sun
layers of the Earth
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
What are the types of plate boundaries?
divergent - move apart convergent - move together transform - sliding past
do keep pots clean or family gets sick
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
carnivores
eat meat only
omnivores
eats plants and animals
herbivores
eats plants only
the force that causes to protons to repel each other
electrical force
light
electromagnetic energy
Structure of the atom
electron - circle around outside of atom - negative Proton - particle at center - positive Neutron - particle at center - neutral/no charge
sound energy
energy from moving moleclues
kinetic energy
energy in motion
What are trophic levels
energy levels in the food chain, beginning energy levels high, at each new level less energy is available trophic level = biomass
fossil records are evidence of
evidence of the past used to generate timeline of evolution *time *location
What is the theory of Plate Tectonics
evidences * fit of continents *fossil similarities *magnetic stripping *distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes
2 classifications of metamorphic rock
foliated & nonfoliated
define energy transfer in food chain/food web
food chain is - what eats what energy transferred through what is eaten
define metamorphic
formed by heat pressure and chemical processes, changes from one to another type of rock
asteroid belt of our solar system
found between terrestrial and Jovian planet groups
Kuiper Belt
found past the central part of solar system and past Jovian planets, contains many comets
4 lobes of the cerebrum
frontal temporal parietal occipital
What is evolution?
generally considered a process by which different living organisms have adapted and changed over time
seismic waves & types
generated by earthquakes - P waves, primary travel through solid, liquid, gas. Longitudinal, fastest S waves, secondary travel through solid only. Transverse up down side side, slower - Love & Rayleigh waves - travel on surface only. Slowest but create most damage
scientific names use the
genus and species
decomposers
get food from decomposing stuff/mushroom
what are the products of photosynthesis
glucose/sugar and oxygen gas
what is ultimately produced in photosynthesis
glucose/sugars made of carbon oxygen and hydrogen
alkali metal
group 1A (not H) - 1
alkaline earth metal
group IIA - 2
chalcogen
group VIA - 16
halogen
group VIIA - 17
noble gases (inert)
group VIIIA - 18
What is Linnaean Classification
group things according to physical characteristics in a hierarchical way-groups within groups
What is erosion
happens when pieces of rock or sediment are carried from one place to another
what is chemical weathering
happens when the chemical composition or a rock is changed when the minerals react with other substances to form a new substance
massive stars
have enough size to be able to fuse beyond carbon and creates layers of fused elements hydrogen helium carbon neon oxygen silicon iron(does not fuse undergo fusion)
thermal energy
heat energy
vestigial organs are
hidden anatomical homologies, anatomies that have diminished but were at one time used similarly
stellar color is determined by
hotter stars emitting shorter frequency wavelengths and cooler stars emitting longer frequency wavelengths
color and temp of stars relationship
hottest blue - short frequency wavelengths hot yellow - cooler red - longer frequency wavelength associate with visible light spectrum
What is ecological succession
how ecosystems develop through process of succession where original plants and animals are eventually replaced by more advanced plants and animals
What is the shell model?
how electrons are organized in the electron cloud, in shells or orbits, each having a specific amount of energy
reaction rate is
how fast or slow a chemical reaction proceeds
What are the gas giants mainly made of
hydrogen & helium
particulate hypothesis
idea of genes proposed by Gregor Mendel
extrusive rock is
igneous rock that is formed as it emerges out of earth, volcano, cool quickly non crystalline
intrusive rock is
igneous rock that is formed under the earth, magma cooling underground, cools slowly and forms crystals
3 classifications of rocks
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
what happens to matter during a chemical reaction
in a chemical reaction, atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form new products. No atoms are destroyed, and no new atoms are created.
fission
in a fission reaction a large nucleus splits into smaller pieces, smaller nuclei
mutations are more likely to happen where
in fast reproducing cells -cancer -GI tract lining -immune system -bone marrow -reproductive tissue
where does the chem reaction of photosynthesis take place
in the chloroplast
domain bacteria
include living things that are prokaryotic and single celled *decomposers *found everywhere
autotrophs
is a producer, it doesn't need to eat plant
heterotrophs
is same thing as consumer
What is radioactivity
it is when the electrical force between the + protons breaks apart, or overcomes the strong nuclear force
How is Linnaean classification system set up
larger groups to smaller groups based on physical characteristics -domain -kingdom -phylum -class -order -family -genus -species
foliated rock is
layered minerals aligned perpendicular to the applied force, ex: gneiss, slate, schist
common ancestors
life that is found all on the same tree
2 sets of chem reactions that happen in photosynthesis
light dependent reactions light independent reactions
outer core
liquid - affected by spinning inner core
biogeography
location matters -different animals closely related will be different in different locations
vertebrate embryo development
looking at life as embryos, similarities or embryonic pattern works so has stayed relatively consistent
define detrital sedimentary rock
made from sediment, other pieces of rock, conglomerate, shale or sandstone are examples
DNA evidence
mapping of related heredity between same and different species
Basic scientific quantities
mass - gram (g) length - meter(m) time - second (s) temperature - kelvin (K) and Celsius (*C) or degrees Fahrenheit (F)
what is the difference between matter and energy
matter is stuff energy is something to have but not touch, no stuff
2 types of weathering
mechanical & chemical
4 terrestrial planets
mercury, venus, earth, mars
What is sea-floor spreading
mid-ocean ridges formed by deep convection cells that push hot mantle rock up, cools, circular movement pushes older edges down and under lithosphere and under water forms -- the subduction zones
Prefixes
nano- = 1 billionth of a unit, (n) 10^-9 micro- = 1 millionth of a unit, (u mu thing) 10^-6 milli- = 1 thousandth of a unit (m) 10^-3 centi- = 1 hundredth of a unit (c) 10^-2 kilo- = 1,000 units (k) 10^3 mega- = 1 million units (M) 10^6 giga- = 1 billion units (G) 10^9
What is the major mechanism that drives the changes of organisms over time?
natural selection
nervous system is composed of 2 types of cells
neurons - carry signals glial - support neurons
3 types of convergent boundaries
oceanic-oceanic oceanic-continental continental-continental
Specialized units of measure
ohm = (horse shoe, omega) - electrical resistance volts = (V) measure of electrical potential pH = degrees of acidity or base
elements are made of
only one type of atom
compounds are made of
only one type of molecule
Coulomb Force
or electrostatic force between two particles where mass doesn't matter but electric charge does. Two positively or two negatively charged particles will repel each other. An positively charged object and negatively charged object will attract. A negative result means objects are attracting, a positive result means the objects are repelling. Electrical force = Coulomb's Constant x Charge of 1 object x Charge of 2nd object/ distance between two objects^2
Effects of gravity in our solar system
orbits of planets, tidal locking, sun and stars -classification of planets and other objects -orbits or comets asteroids and moons -presence of the asteroid belt -geologic activity on the moons of gas giants -subsurface oceans on moons of gas giants
producers are
organism that makes it's own food, it doesn't have to eat plant
define chemical sedimentary rock
originates from the salt rocky material that passes through oceans, dissolved materials from living, non-living, limestone and dolomite are examples
crust
outermost layer of Earth. Where we live. - thinnest layer - average thickness 20-30 km , never more than 70-80 km - coolest layer average 20-30*C - least dense of all layers - rigid and brittle - lighter elements like silicon and oxygen
What is happening to particles in a liquid
particles are still touching but have enough energy that they can slide past each other
What is happening to particles in a gas
particles far from each other and move constantly at high speeds can collide but don't interact, because of this a gas can be compressed easily
video examples of evolution
peppered moth resistant bacteria Darwin's Finches
What makes up our solar system?
planets (& dwarf planets) sun (our star) asteroids comets and other similar bodies interplanetary dust and gases
differences between plant and animal eukaryotic cells
plants - cell wall, one large vacuole, chloroplasts(contain chlorophyll) animal - cell membrane, multiple small vacuoles
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
plot luminosity or absolute magnitude with respect to temp H-R diagram way to see sizes by color luminosity etc
stored chemical energy
potential energy in chem reactions
coniferous forest
precip - temp - plant & animal -
tropical forest characteristics
precip - a lot year round temp - hot humid plant & animal - year round growth, many varied types of life
tundra
precip - dry temp - cold plant & animal - short growing season, perma frost, low biodiversity
desert
precip - dry temp - hot plant & animal -
savanna
precip - log dry, short rainy temp - hot plant & animal -
temperate grassland
precip - low rain temp - seasonality plant & animal -
chaparral
precip - low, more in winter, minimal in summer temp - moderate warm wet winter, hot dry summer plant & animal -
temperate forest
precip - rain/snow for plant growth temp - hot summer/cold winter plant & animal - deciduous trees lots of small animals
What is primary & secondary succession?
primary - from bare rock or non sediment ocean floor secondary - after a disturbance
cytokinesis
process where cells actually divide after mitosis completing the cell cycle
the reactants of photosynthesis are the _______ and the products of photosynthesis are the ______________
products of cellular respiration are the reactants of cellular respiration
2 types of cells
prokaryote eukaryote
4 parts of mitosis
prophase - nuclear membrane breaks down, nuclolus disappears, chromosomes begin to condense, mirotubules are formed metaphase - chromosomes line up in along center line anaphase - sister chromatids (x) separate, mitotic spindles pull to separate sides telophase - new nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, new nucleolis
kingdoms of eukarya
protists plants fungi animals
cosmic inflation
rapid expansion of energy (from infinite density point) from Big Bang
endothermic reactions
reactants have low energy, products have more energy *as in photosynthesis energy is absorbed (usually light or heat into potential chemical energy)
Two main approaches scientists take to study systems?
reductionist approach systems approach
exothermic reactions do what
release energy, in chemical reactions the reactants have high energy, process releases energy into atmosphere, product has less energy
How many electrons fit in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd electron shells?
room for 2, 8, 8
homozygous heterozygous
same alleles - dominant different alleles - recessive
law of conservation of matter
says that chemical reactions can't create or destroy matter
what is meiosis
sex cell division *purpose is for reproduction producing sex cells (gametes, eggs, sperm)
2 main classifications of minerals
silicates - containing oxygen and silicon non-silicates - do not contain silicon
prokaryotic
simple cells that do not have nucleus ~ bacteria
nonfoliated rock is
single mineral recrystallized forming a different rock, limestone to marble
3 phases of matter
solid liquid gas
inner core
solid, spins affecting electric charges in liquid outer core
Echo
sound wave reflection sound is longitudinal wave
main sequence stars are
stars that in their core are fusing hydrogen into helium
what is the competitive exclusion principle
states that no 2 species will have the exact same needs, create niches to reduce competition
potential energy
stored energy, gravitational
A force that is strong over short distances like glue in the nucleus
strong nuclear force
basic in and out of cellular respiration
sugar and oxygen goes in carbon dioxide and water come out
What is a massive star
super giant stars have mass of 10x that of our sun and can fuse elements up to iron
Largest explosions in our universe
super nova - responsible for spreading heavier elements around the galaxy
law of conservation of energy sates
that energy cannot be created or destroyed
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis states
that having some variation in the ecosystem promotes biodiversity - frequent disturbances are good
energy is
the ability to do work or cause change
What is weathering
the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
what is the chemical process of photosynthesis based on
the carbon cycle
If a nucleus is unstable than what force is stronger
the electrical force
What gives an atom it's properties?
the electrons (protons and neutrons give mass)
Define Hubble's Law
the farther away a galaxy from Earth, the more rapidly it is moving away from Earth Velocity = Hubble's Constant x distance * as objects move away and apart they are speeding up
Define cosmic microwave background radiation
the low-level microwave radiation found everywhere in the universe left over from the cooling that followed the Big Bang
products are
the materials produced during a chemical reaction
mass number is
the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
atomic number is
the number of protons in an atom
What determines the properties of an atom
the number of valence electrons in an atom
what is chloroplast
the organelle in plants where photosynthesis happens
What part of the atom is involved with chemical interactions?
the outermost electrons, called valence electrons
Define element abundance
the percentage of the elements found in the universe
what needs to happen for a chemical reaction to happen
the reactant molecules have to collide with each other getting the atoms close enough to break existing bonds and form new ones
Describe Doppler red shift
the shift of light to longer wavelengths and lower frequencies from an object that is moving away from the observer
an atom is
the smallest particle of an element
molecule
the smallest unit of a compound
reactants are
the starting materials for a chemical reaction
What is the Big Bang Theory?
the theory that the physical universe began in a primordial explosion 13.7 billion years ago from a single point of infinite density (energy), this energy fluctuated resulting in a rapid expansion called cosmic inflation
luminosity
the total amount of energy released per second by an object
the greenhouse effect is
the trapping of heat in the Earth's atmosphere - 31% of light hitting Earth is reflected by clouds, snow, ice, sand etc - other % of light is absorbed as heat at the surface and re-emitted into atmosphere - as heat is emitted as infrared radiation molecules absorb
What is happening to particles in a solid
they are solidly fixed in place, touching each other and can't move past each other. Vibrate a bit but don't change positions significantly.
Where are ocean sediments thinnest and thickest?
thinnest - near the long volcanic mountain ranges running through Atlantic and Pacific. thickest - near many deep trenches
How do we determine information about the structure of Earths interior.
through seismic wave imaging. Waves bend in different ways as they pass through differing materials.
seismometer
tool that measures and records ground movement during quakes - digital or analogue
seismograph is a
tool to record *ground movement *location, depth, magnitude, causes of earthquakes
8 Earth biomes
tropical forest temperate forest coniferous forest tundra desert savanna temperate grassland chaparral
what happens during fusion
usually in making of stars, thermonuclear fusion smaller nuclei are fused. The product of the reaction is heavier, so releasing energy and losing mass E=MC^2
3 necessary traits of natural selection
variability: variation - nature needs choices Heritable traits: traits have to be passed to next generations fitness: choices or traits selected allow organism to better survive
adaptations are
what an organism does to respond to natural selection
metallic bonding
when bonds form between metallic atoms
parts of the cell cycle
when cells are prepared to divide they enter cell cycle. There are 4 major steps, 3 of which happen in the interphase(A,B,C) A. Gap 1 where cell enters cycle and roughly doubles in size B. Synthesis (S phase) where the cell's DNA replication C. Gap 2 where cell builds machinery prepare cell division D. Mitosis (M) fourth stage that is composed of steps (PMAT) -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase
In fission where does the energy in a nuclear reaction come from
when mass from the nucleons in the nucleus, when the mass per nucleon decreases, releasing energy and losing mass relationship is E=MC^2 energy = mass x speed of light squared
does every eukaryote do cellular respiration
yes, everything with mitochondria
Where is ocean floor crust younger and older?
younger - near volcanic mnt ranges older - near trenches
Thermal Energy
Is the measure of kinetic energy in molecules. The faster the molecules move the more thermal energy there is. Hotter = more thermal energy or more molecular movement. *Ex: Heat in hot coffee, fire, a furnace
What is computational modeling?
Is the use of computers to simulate and study the behavior of complex systems using mathematics, physics and computer science.
How does the strong force affect two protons placed in close proximity?
It attracts the two protons
Largest & smallest planets
Jupiter & Mercury
4 jovian planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Characteristics of Jovian planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune - all gas giants - huge made mostly of gas - Jupiter & Saturn larger, Uranus & Neptune a bit smaller
Magnetic field
Magnetic fields are closed loop areas where an object exhibits a magnetic influence. The fields affect neighboring objects along things called magnetic field lines. A magnetic object can attract or push away another magnetic object. Magnetic forces are NOT related to gravity. The amount of gravity is based on an object's mass, while magnetic strength is based on the material that the object is made of.
Magnetic Force
Magnetism only acts on charged particles that are moving parallel to the magnetic field. Magnetic force is defined as the power that pulls materials together, the repelling or attracting force between a magnet and a material with charged particles.
According to the mass-energy relationship (E=mc2), what happens to the mass per nucleon in a fusion reaction?
Mass converts to energy because the two hydrogen-2 nuclei reactants have more mass per nucleon than the nucleons in the resulting helium-4 nucleus. Lost mass is converted to energy
Mendels Principle of Segregation
Mendel's 1st law or law of segregation *states that a diploid individual possesses a pair of alleles for any particular trait and each parent passes one of these randomly to its offspring
Mendels Principle of Independent assortment
Mendel's 2nd law or law of independent assortment *that the alleles of one gene sort into gametes independently of the alleles of another gene.
Which planet has the shortest year (orbital period)?
Mercury
Which planets do not have moons?
Mercury & Venus
characteristics of terrestrial planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars each have rocky solid surfaces that you could walk on (terra) Venus & Earth similar size(sister planets) Mercury, Mars much smaller
What is the largest mid ocean ridge?
Mid-Atlantic
Role of creativity in science
Needed to observe, question, and analyze in experimentation
What causes super nova explosion
Newton's laws govern how heavy iron in the core causes thermal pressure outwards allowing gravity to pull outer layers of the star inward creating a large explosion
Is there a hierarchy among hypothesis, theory, law, and facts?
No, a hypothesis cannot become a theory or law and a theory can never become a fact.
Fact
Observable data or phenomena that people can agree on. Not open to interpretation or analysis.
How is evidence used to support of refute scientific claims?
Observable, collectable, data used to support or refute a claim.
What are the basic tenants of natural selection?
Observed changes over time in a population are a response to specific environmental pressures unique to each environment
Oort Cloud
Past Kuiper Belt, made of billions of comets, most stay within Oort Cloud
Kuiper belt characteristics
Past Neptune, made of dirty snowballs, comets, that become coma and tail as they approach sun, most stay within Kuiper Belt
Aspects of sound
Pitch - frequency of the vibration of the wave, higher pitch higher frequency Volume - amplitude of sound wave Media that transmit sound - solids best, lots of tight molecules liquids less efficient, molecules loosely packed, gases worst, not in a vacuum Humidity can affect how fast sound moves.
Projectile motion
Projectile motion is a form of motion in which an object or particle (called a projectile) is thrown near the earth's surface, and it moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only. The only force of significance that acts on the object is gravity, which acts downward to cause a downward acceleration. Ex: a ball thrown or hit by a bat, cannonball fired from cannon, person jumping on a trampoline, a rock fired from a catapult Not: a bird, a rocket, an airplane, or Frisbee
Inertia
Property of objects to resist change. Inherent laziness of objects
List stages of the life cycle of a massive star.
Protostar main sequence red giant gravitational collapse supernova black hole
Give practical applications for each of the different types of electromagnetic waves.
Radio - telecommunications, cell phones, RFID tags Microwaves - short range telecommunications, cooking Infrared - heat imaging in bodies or structures Ultraviolet- sterilization of food and equipment Xrays - immaging for medical and security Gamma Rays - cancer treatment
What is the principal of falsifiability?
Falsifiability or refutability of a statement, hypothesis, or theory is the inherent possibility that it can be proven false. A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which negates the statement in question. In this sense, falsify is synonymous with nullify, meaning to invalidate or "show to be false".
cnidarians
*jellyfish, anemones, coral *cnidarian means stinging cells on tentacles, cnidocytes *predators *dependent on sunlight
protists kingdom of eukarya
*least familiar *mostly single celled eukarya *cells larger than bacteria or archaea *have nucleus *have structures like flagella and cilia *can be autotrophic or heterotrophic or both
epithelial tissue characteristics
*lines all surfaces of the body/inner/outer *protective *waterproof *absorbent *excretes
the ecosystem includes all
*living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) things *these combine create ecosystem characteristics
biotic factors
*living things
prokaryote
*means before nucleus *no nucleus *existed way longer "p" primitive
eukaryote
*means true nucleus *has nucleus *"e" evolved
who was Gregor Mendal
*monk living in Moravia, Czech Republic *most work done in the abbey garden *particular hypothesis
Which of the 2 classifications of minerals makes up 90% of the Earth's crust?
Silicates
arthropods
*most diverse - more anthropods than all other groups combined *arthro-joint/po-foot *spiders insects, jointed legs, crabs, lobster, scorpion, centipedes *fresh water/marine *flight
mollusks
*most have shells *squid, slug, snails, octopus, clam *predators grazers
What is convection?
*movement of matter as a result of temperature differences *can happen in any liquid, gas or solid if conditions right *raising of heat, cools and drops creating a circular pattern
kingdom anamalia of the eukarya domain
*multicellular *heterotrophs without cell walls *motile, active *eat and digest
muscular tissue characteristics
*muscles - 3 types *NOT connective tissue *striated - skeletal *smooth - muscle in organs *cardiac - strongest
characteristics of living things
* composed of cells - basic building blocks of life *response to stimuli *require energy *develop and grow *maintain themselves - repair own systems *capacity to reproduce *parts of evolving populations
land forms created at divergent boundaries
* crust spreading apart *a lot of extension or pulling, small shallow earthquakes *volcanism - volcanic ridges & chains *mostly under water
Hypothesis
**An educated guess. *A proposed explanation for an aspect of the natural world. *Aspect of scientific method; a prediction of the outcome of a scientific investigation. *Has to be testable and falsifiable.
4 trophic levels are
**only 10% of energy moves to next level producers - high biomass primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers - low biomass
process of cellular respiration
*1st part happens outside the mitochondria in cytosol *glucose/sugar molecule is broken in half *generates a bit of ATP, goes into Krebs cycle *CO2 and bit of ATP is produced *goes to electron transport cycle *generates a lot of ATP, consumes oxygen and produces H2O
Law
*A description of how the world works. A general hypothesis or description of a natural process that is supported by all available observations and data.
2 cell divisions of mieosis
*DNA is replicated in cell preparing to divide *meiosis stage 1 -prophase - chromosomes condense, nuclear membrabe breaks down (tetrads are formed from homologous chromosomes, 1 dad 1 mom, crossing over alleles) -metaphase - homologous chromosomes line up in randon pais along line -anaphase - random homologous pair begin to seperate along line -telophase - groups are separated and cytokenesis happens *meiosis phase 2 - new daughter cells divide again -prophase - spindles form again at sides of 2 new cells -metaphase - chromosomes line up at equator -anaphase - separated -telophase - pulled to sides, cytokineses and results in 4 haploid cells (each a gamete and different)
What is Doppler radar
*Doppler radar * reflection of radio waves *distances gauged and some info on composition *noise, car passing, sound waves *red shift motion
Gravitational force in the universe
*Galaxies and solar systems *The earth and the moon * Stellar structure * Black holes
what is a eukaryotic cell?
*cells with a nucleus *very complex cells *lots of internal structures like mitochondria
Central nervous system & structure of the brain
*cerebrum - conscious thought, learning *cerebral cortex - *thalamus - *hypothalamus - *pituitary gland - *brain stem - contain basic life functions *cerebellum - motor control *spinal cord - signals to and from body, reflex actions
light independent reactions
*consumes carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH *produces sugar
light dependent reactions
*consumes water and sunlight *produces ATP (light) & NADPH (hydrogen) *oxygen gas is waste
what creates plate movement
*convection in mantle *ridge push-pressure from ridges *slab pull-subduction pull - main movement source
4 types of tissues in animals
*epithelial *connective *muscular *nervous
3 parts to cellular respiration
*glycolysis *Krebs cycle *Electron Transport
flatworms
*have eyes *mouth at middle of body *waste spit out through mouth, one hole *incomplete digestive system *marine or fresh *can be toxic *eat decayed dead matter *some swim *few land species
circulatory system consists of
*heart *blood vessels - arteries, cappilaries, veins *blood
connective tissue characteristics
*hold bodies together *tendons ligaments *cartlidge *bones *blood
kingdom plantae of domain eukarya
*includes autotrophic multicellular organisms *non-motile *live on land or very shallow water *do photosynthesis have cell walls *rely on animal pollinators
what can break DNA covalent carbon bonds
*ionizing radiation - any form of radiation that can dislodge an electron from an atom, electromagnetic UV, xrays, nuclear radiation *collide with free radicals
types of symbioses
-mutualism: both benefit (win/win) -commensalism: 1 benefits (win/draw) -parasitism: 1 benefits at cost of another (win/lose)
actions of oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries
-occur on ocean floors -plate crusts move together and one side goes under the other -subducting plate sinks -overlying plate stays above other -as plates subduct and slide they melt creating volcanic arc or island chain -create trenches
actions of oceanic-continental convergent boundaries
-ocean plate subducts below continental crust -create mountain chains and trenches
land forms at transform boundaries
-plates slide past each other - eventually rock at edges breaks -earthquakes are caused -relieve tension in mid-ocean ridges generally
How are science and technology similar and different?
-science is knowing; the pursuit of knowledge -technology is doing; to create products that solve problems
phyla of animals
-sponges -cnidarians -flatworms -roundworms -arthropods -mollusks -annelids -echinoderms -chordates
5 causes of erosion
-surface water -groundwater -gravity (mass wasting) -wind -ice
Controlled experiment
An experiment where one condition is allowed to vary while all others are kept constant. Goal is to isolate the effects of a single variable or condition. High validity in results.
Mercury stats
-1st planet from sun - smallest planet (similar to size of our moon) - orbits sun in 88 days & spins 1xevery 58 days - 430* by day -170* by night; extreme due to no atmosphere to regulate temps - highly cratered due to no atmosphere to protect from space rocks
actions of continental-continental convergent boundaries
-2 plates that are low density continent crust -neither plate sinks -no trenches -mnt ranges form from crumpling -little melting so no, or little volcanism
nitrogen cycle
-Nitrogen is majority of atmosphere -nitrogen fixing bacteria attach in soils -nitrogen fixation creates ammonium, feed plants - nitrifying bacteria create nitrates, feed plants
organization of solar system
-at center is the sun (our star takes up 99% of our universe) -mercury, venus, earth, mars (the terrestrial planets) -asteroid belt -Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (the Jovian planets) -Kuiper belt (outside the central district contains many comets)
echinoderms
-closest relatives to chordates(mammals) *include sea stars sea urchins sea cucumbers, sand dollars *radially symmetrical *spiny skin *at embryonic level share similarities *all marine *water vascular system, sucker feet
parts of eukaryotic cells
-contain nucleus -DNA within nucleus -single celled or multi cellular -DNA is linear rather than circular chromosomes -contain organelles like mitochondria -larger than prokaryotic, 10-100 microns -Golgi apparatus -ribosomes
3 types of chemical weathering
-dissolution (or dissolving) -oxidation (reaction w/oxygen) -hydrolysis (reacts to create new substances, clays)
parts of prokaryotic cells
-domains bacteria and archaea -single celled -microscopic organisms, .1 microns -DNA is not found in nucleus, found as single circular chromosome -contain an outer cell wall -plasma membrane -pili
the 6 types of mechanical weathering
-frost or ice wedging -thermal expansion -exfoliation -crystal growth -organism action -abrasion
Life cycle of our sun and sun-like stars
-hydrogen burning - main sequence star -helium burning increases thermal pressure - red giant -thermal pressure greatly exceeds gravity - planetary nebula -hot non-fusing carbon core - white dwarf
Electrical Current
A group of electrons moving in the same direction, or electric charges moving in the same direction. A magnetic field is created by the current. Electrons flow from high to low potential energy through circuits. Voltage pushes electrons through the wire. Current is controlled through resistance.
What is the difference between a law and a theory?
A law describes observations but does not explain them whereas a theory explains why we observe what we observe.
The Inverse Square Law
A law is an inverse square law when an increase in distance results in a decrease in intensity. Force = 1/distance^2 where distance increases force decreases
Current
A measure of the flow of charges through a circuit over some time. The unit of current is the amp (A).
Computational model
A model that is created or designed using computers.
Observational experiment
An observed experiment where data is collected using an independent variable but there are no controlled variables. Ex: observe effects of a new drug.
What is a field study?
A scientific investigation that is not conducted in a laboratory setting. Give less control but provide more realistic environment.
Experiment
A scientific investigation where a scientist manipulates one or more conditions to see the results.
What is scientific method and how is it used in the process of science to solve problems?
A systematic approach to solving problems/studying the world. It is used to solve problems in a systematic and reproducible way.
Science
A systematic way of learning about the natural world that relies on observation, evidence and objective investigations. * measurable and quantitative investigations
4 basic characteristics of all waves
Amplitude Frequency Period Wavelength
Reductionist approach
An approach to studying a system where the focus is on each part of the system in the isolation. *Used to study/understand most nonliving systems.
Systems approach
An approach to studying a system where the focus is on the system as a whole and the interactions between the parts of the system. *Used to study living and more complex systems.
What Makes An Object A Magnet
Atoms in an object align, create a magnetic field or loop that can attract and repel other objects.
What is a star?
Ball of super heated gas with ongoing fusion at its core as a main power source.
How is a systems approach helpful in studying science?
Because it is an approach that looks at whole systems. Generally used to study living or complex systems that are interdependent and cannot be studied part by part.
Why would Saturn float?
Because it is less dense than other Jovian planets
Asteroid belt
Between Mars and Jupiter and made of asteroids and meteoroids - asteroids are chunks of rock too small to become planets and range from pebble to hundreds of miles in diameter - meteoroids are tiny to boulder sized rock that burns up as meteors; found scattered through out solar system
What is a field of study?
Biology, chemistry, physics, are all differing fields of study or disciplines.
Who proposed the current system of classification
Carol Linnaeus - 1700's botanist
What causes sound?
Caused when air molecules are vibrated back and forth by a vibration. Compression of air molecules.
For a fusion reaction to occur, what force needs to be overcome?
Electrical Force, hot temps like in sun
Kinetic Energy
Energy an object has due to motion. Kinetic Energy = (1/2) x Mass x Velocity^2 Two objects with the same mass but one has higher speed, higher speed has higher kinetic energy. Two objects with equal speed but one has greater mass, greater mass has higher kinetic energy.
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
Every object continues in it's state of rest, or uniform speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by a nonzero force. or: An object in motion stays in motion or an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by a net force.
Why is evidence important in evaluating scientific claims?
Evidence is provable, or disprovable, data or information to support or show a claim to be valid or invalid.
What are scientific investigations?
Experiments where a scientist manipulates one or more conditions to see the results.
2 types of igneous rock
Extrusive & Intrusive
How does the mass per nucleon in a carbon nucleus compare the mass per nucleon in a hydrogen nucleus.
Hydrogen is smallest so carbon is bigger and mass per nucleon is less in carbon. Mass per nucleon decreased.
Describe an independent variable.
In a controlled experiment, the condition that the scientist changes on purpose.
Describe a dependent variable.
In a controlled experiment, the condition that the scientist observes to see the effects of changing the independent variable.
fusion
In a fusion reaction small nuclei get smashed together to form a larger nucleus
What is important when designing a controlled science experiment?
Including 3 aspects: 1. independent variable (what is changed on purpose) 2. dependent variable (depends on independent variable - observed or measured effects) 3. controlled variable (aspects that stay the same, all variables except independent variable)
Describe a controlled variable.
Is a condition that is kept the same throughout an experiment. All variables except the independent variable.
Satellites
Is defined as an object in a stable orbit around a larger astronomical body. A body in freefall that has sideways motion fast enough that the parabola it forms literally encircles the earth. Earth pulls with gravity but sideways velocity keeps it moving.
Gravitational force
Is the force between to objects that have mass. Any two objects that have mass will exert a gravitational force. The more massive the objects are the greater the gravitational force. The farther apart the objects are the smaller the gravitational force.
What is an electromagnetic wave? or electromagnetic radiation
Light - an accelerating electric charge which creates an oscillating electric charge. A transverse wave Requires no medium to travel All can transmit energy All travel the same speed - 300, 000, 000 m/s
Galileo
Lived 1564 - 1642 and introduced testing ideas or - experiments - to prove ideas or thoughts on the natural world. Considered one of the 1st scientists and founder of the use of scientific methods.
Difference between longitudinal waves and transverse waves
Longitudinal motion is parralel to direction of travel and transverse motion is up and down or perpendicular or 90 degrees in the direction of travel.
Sound
Longitudinal wave, will experience reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
How does the life cycle of low and medium mass stars differ from high mass stars?
Low and medium mass stars become white dwarfs after losing their outer shells.
What are anatomical Homologies?
Recurring structures in nature an example is same anatomies in varied organisms
Colors in the Visible Spectrum
Roy G Biv red orange green blue indigo violet
How are electromagnetic waves the same, different?
Same: All are light and on the electromagnetic spectrum All Transverse All require no medium to travel, can travel in vacuum All travel 300, 000, 000 m/s Different: Applications vary and strengths or wave lengths vary
Scalars
Scalars - quantities that don't have direction, only magnitude Examples - speed, pressure, mass, energy, and temperature
Theory
Scientific theory is a well tested, well excepted explanation for natural phenomena. All available information supports theory.
Observational study
Scientist doesn't change any variables just observes. Used for data collection and classifications. Ex. Jane Goodall chimpanzees or volcanos
Diffraction
Spreading of wave when passing through a hole. Waves when they pass through small openings in barriers. Gap where waves pass through is called point source.
law of conservation of energy
States that energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only change form. examples: Kinetic to potential, chemical to thermal, solar to chemical via photosynthesis etc. (Does not apply to nuclear reactions or at the quantum scale)
Net Force
Total amount of forces acting on an object. Directional
