International Business

Who among the following believes that workers are motivated by responsibility sharing and teamwork and seek opportunities to participate in management?

A Theory Z manager

Identify the specific philosophical assumptions made by Theory Z leaders. (Check all that apply.)

An organization will engender strong bonds of loyalty in employees by making commitments to their security through lifetime or long-term employment. Employees derive self-satisfaction and contribute to organizational success through teamwork and commitment to common goals. People are encouraged by a strong sense of commitment to be part of the organization in which they work. Employees who learn different aspects of the business will be in a better position to contribute to broader organizational goals.

Identify the philosophical assumptions that are typically made by Theory Y managers. (Check all that apply.)

At work, the expenditure of physical and mental effort is as natural to people as resting or playing. External control and threats of punishment are not the only ways to get people to work toward organizational goals. Under proper conditions, the average human being learns to accept and to seek responsibility.

is a process theory that postulates that motivation is influenced by an individual's belief that effort will lead to performance, performance will lead to specific outcomes, and the outcomes will be of value to the individual.

Blank 1: Expectancy Blank 2: theory

In the context of the theories of motivation, motivation theory holds that individuals can have a need to get ahead, to attain success, and to reach objectives.

Blank 1: achievement

In the context of leadership styles, the use of work-centered behavior designed to ensure task accomplishment is called

Blank 1: authoritarian Blank 2: leadership

In the context of leadership styles, the use of both work-centered and people-centered approaches to leading subordinates is known as

Blank 1: participative Blank 2: leadership

In the context of leadership styles, the use of work-centered behavior coupled with a protective employee-centered concern is known as

Blank 1: paternalistic Blank 2: leadership

Job designs that blend personnel and technology are known as

Blank 1: sociotechnical Blank 2: designs

Individuals who exchange rewards for effort and performance and work on a "something for something" basis are known as

Blank 1: transactional Blank 2: leaders

The importance of work in an individual's life relative to other areas of interest is known as

Blank 1: work Blank 2: centrality

Identify the ways in which high-achievement needs can be developed in people according to researchers. (Check all that apply.)

By imagining oneself as successful in the pursuit of important goals By following the example of people who have been successful achievers By inculcating an internal desire for challenges and success

Arrange the leaders who were considered less effective than transformational leaders by Bass in decreasing order of their effectiveness. (Place the most effective leader at the top.)

CR mbe-a mbe-p lf

Match the culturally endorsed implicit leadership (CLT) dimensions of leadership behaviors determined by Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers (in the left column) with the corresponding descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Charismatic/Value-Based leadership matches Choice It captures leaders' abilities to encourage, inspire, and motivate high performance outcomes from others based on a foundation of core values. Team-Oriented leadership matches Choice It focuses on effective team building and implementation of a common objective among team members. Participative leadership matches Choice It reflects the extent to which leaders include others in decisions and their implementation. Humane-Oriented leadership matches Choice It includes considerate and supportive leadership. Autonomous leadership matches Choice It refers to individualistic and independent leadership behaviors. Self-Protective leadership matches Choice It emphasizes ensuring the security and safety of an individual and group through face-saving and status-enhancement.

Identify the approaches that should be avoided by international business partners to work together effectively according to Tornvall. (Check all that apply.)

Distrusting others and refraining from taking risks Perceiving work as a necessary burden and emphasizing control Observing things in such great depth that it leads to "paralysis through analysis" Reason-centered and logical, individualistic thinking

Identify the true statements about paternalistic leadership. (Check all that apply.)

Employees are given security benefits and are guaranteed employment. Everyone is expected to work hard.

Match the subunits of positive organizational scholarship (POS) (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Enablers matches Choice They could be processes or methods, capabilities, and environmental structure, which are all external factors. Motivations matches Choice They are categorized as altruistic, unselfish, or having the ability to contribute without self-regard, and they focus inward. Effects or outcomes matches Choice They underscore high-quality relationships, meaningfulness, exhilaration, and vitality.

Which of the following process theories focuses on how individuals' perception of how fairly they are being treated affects motivation?

Equity Theory

Which of the following statements are true about the leadership style followed in Japan?

Evaluation is very slow, and major promotions may not come for the first 10 years. People become familiar with all areas of operations by rotating from one area to another. Decision making is carried out by groups, and responsibility is shared collectively. Layoffs are rare, and people are often employed for life.

Identify the true statements about paternalistic leadership. (Check all that apply.)

Everyone is expected to work hard. Employees are given security benefits and are guaranteed employment.

True or false: A research called the "New Generation" of Chinese organizational leaders found that the new generation group scored the same on individualism as the current and older generation groups.

False

True or false: According to achievement motivation theory, the probability that there would be a greater percentage of people with high needs for achievement is higher where cultural values have not traditionally supported individual, entrepreneurial efforts.

False

True or false: According to the research done by Haire and associates, the degree of participative-autocratic attitudes is uninfluenced by company size.

False

True or false: Quality of work life (QWL) is the same throughout the world.

False

Which of the following statements are true about the relationship between leadership styles and gender? (Check all that apply.)

Female managers opted for charismatic, participative, and team-oriented leadership prototype dimensions more than males. Both males and females gave importance to humane-oriented leadership equally. Industry type and gender egalitarianism were important moderators of the gender-leadership prototype relationship.

Which of the following process theories places importance on how people set objectives and respond to them and this process's overall impact on motivation?

Goal-setting theory

Which of the following are the characteristics of high achievers recognized by researchers such as the late Harvard psychologist David McClelland? (Check all that apply.)

High achievers exhibit a tendency to be moderate risk takers. High achievers prefer situations where they take personal responsibility for seeking solutions to problems. High achievers desire to win because of their own efforts.

Identify the true statements about high-achieving societies. (Check all that apply.)

High importance is assigned to the acquisition of money and other physical assets. Low value is given to the quality of work life and to caring for others. People are unafraid to live with ambiguity or to take at least moderate risks. Uncertainty avoidance is weak, and moderate-to-high masculinity is observed.

Identify the true statements about authoritarian leadership. (Check all that apply.)

High-level employees take final decisions. There is a managerial tendency to maintain distance from subordinates. Managers emphasize assignments over employees' needs.

Which of the following are the basic assumptions on which Abraham Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory rests? (Check all that apply.)

Higher-level needs can be achieved only after lower-level needs have been satisfied. Satisfied needs no longer serve as motivators.

Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory of motivation?

Human resources can be motivated by being provided with advancement, interesting work, recognition, and a chance to achieve and grow.

Identify the interrelated factors that characterize transformational leaders according to Bass. (Check all that apply.)

Idealized influence Inspirational motivation Individualized consideration Intellectual stimulation

Match the interrelated factors that characterize transformational leaders as identified by Bass (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Idealized influence matches Choice Transformational leaders align their followers by providing a vision or common purpose that is willingly accepted by the latter. Inspirational motivation matches Choice Transformational leaders effectively articulate their beliefs, vision, and mission in clear-cut ways. Intellectual stimulation matches Choice Transformational leaders persuade their followers to question old paradigms and to accept new views of the world about how things now need to be done. Individualized consideration matches Choice Transformational leaders recognize and elevate their followers' needs and further their development.

Which of the following statements are true about the two-factor theory of motivation? (Check all that apply.)

If hygiene factors are not taken care of or are deficient, there will be dissatisfaction. Only when motivators are present will there be satisfaction. Hygiene factors and motivators relate to employee satisfaction.

Which of the following statements are true about the organizational policies in Sweden in the context of quality of work life (QWL)? (Check all that apply.)

Interpersonal relations and the ability to interact and discuss job-related matters with others are essential. Policy manuals, job descriptions, and other work-related materials are more general or open-ended than in Japan. Managers employ participative approaches to lead their people. Employees are motivated to take risks and to make decisions.

Identify the true statements about expectancy theory. (Check all that apply.)

It is based on employees having substantial control over their environment. It exhibits the impression of being bound by culture.

Identify a true statement about the system of using financial incentives to motivate employees.

It is common when companies try to associate compensation with performance.

Which of the following is true of the system of incentives where compensation is based on group membership or group effort?

It is designed to emphasize equality.

Identify true statements about the system of using financial incentives to motivate employees. (Check all that apply.)

It is designed to stress equity. It is especially common in countries that have high individualism.

Which of the following statements are true about positive organizational scholarship (POS)? (Check all that apply.)

It outlines positive organizational actions. It identifies the inner positive potential in people. It would accentuate a firm's revenue and its potentials if the firm is doing financially well.

Which of the following statements are true about leadership approaches used by managers or leaders in Japan? (Check all that apply.)

Japanese leaders believe in the overall ability of their subordinates. Japanese managers advocate a high security or safety need. Japanese leaders encourage their subordinates to actively participate in decision making. Japanese managers strongly emphasize ambiguous goals.

In the context of international management, match the types of job-related factors (in the left column) with their examples (in the right column). Instructions

Job-context factors matches Choice Earnings, security, benefits, promotions, conditions, and hours Job-content factors matches Choice Achievement, responsibility, and the work itself

Alex is an employee of a multinational company where he is required to work for 13-14 hours a day on a regular basis. He is also expected to work overtime during the weekends. Consequently, he is stressed and overworked. Identify a term that best describes Alex's condition in this scenario.

Karoshi

Identify a term that means "job burnout" or "overwork" in Japanese.

Karoshi

Identify the true statements about the Japanese leadership style. (Check all that apply.)

Management's concern extends to the whole life, social and business, of a worker. People depend heavily on goodwill and trust, and control mechanisms are very implicit and informal.

Which of the following cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede best describe high-achieving societies? (Check all that apply.)

Masculinity Uncertainty avoidance

Which of the following are the philosophical presumptions of Theory Y leaders? (Check all that apply.)

One's commitment to goals is determined by the rewards that are associated with their accomplishment. The ability to exercise a relatively high degree of creativity to solve organizational problems is widely distributed throughout the population.

Identify true statements about the relationship between cultural values and leadership attributes examined by the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers.

Participative and Self-Protective leadership behaviors were likely to be viewed positively by Collectivism I values. Charismatic/Value-Based leadership and Team-Oriented leadership were positively associated with In-Group Collectivism II values. Participative and Charismatic/Value-Based leader attributes were positively related to Gender Egalitarian values.

Which of the following are true of participative leadership? (Check all that apply.)

People are encouraged to play an active role in assuming control of their work. Authority typically is highly decentralized. Leaders can be characterized in terms of the managerial grid.

Identify the philosophical assumptions of Theory X leaders or managers. (Check all that apply.)

People dislike work by their very nature and will avoid it whenever possible. Workers like to be directed, try to avoid responsibility, and have little ambition. Job security is the primary need of employees.

Which of the following statements are true about the leadership style followed in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

People tend to stay in one area for their entire careers, and their careers are very specialized. Layoffs are common, and employment is usually short term. Evaluation and promotion are very rapid, and those not quickly promoted look for employment elsewhere.

Identify the true statements about the U.S. leadership style. (Check all that apply.)

Responsibility is assigned to individuals, and an individual manager is responsible for decision making. Management is concerned basically with only the work life of individuals. People know specifically what to control and how to do it, and control mechanisms are very explicit.

Identify the most basic need of human beings according to a Chinese hierarchy of needs.

Social

In the context of international management, match the cultural values (in the left column) with the associated leader attributes (in the right column). Instructions

Societal uncertainty avoidance values matches Choice They were positively related to self-protective, team-oriented, and humane-oriented leader attributes. Societal humane orientation values matches Choice They were positively related to participative leader attributes. Societal assertiveness values matches Choice They were positively related to humane-oriented leader attributes.

Identify the components of job design in an organizational context. (Check all that apply.)

The content of a job The methods that are employed in a job The way in which a job associates with other jobs in an organization

Match the leaders who were considered less effective than transformational leaders by Bass (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

The contingent reward (CR) leader matches Choice This leader clarifies what needs to be done and gives both material and psychic rewards to those who follow his or her directives. The active management-by-exception (MBE-A) leader matches Choice This leader supervises the performance of followers and takes corrective action when deviations from standards occur. The passive management-by-exception (MBE-P) leader matches Choice This leader intervenes or takes actions in circumstances only when standards are not met. The laissez-faire (LF) leader matches Choice This leaders avoids accepting responsibility for or intervening in the actions of followers.

Which of the following are the particular areas that are focused on in goal-setting theory? (Check all that apply.)

The importance of objective Providing timely feedback to progress toward goals The level of participation in setting goals Goal difficulty and goal specificity

Identify the significant benefits of setting ambiguous goals by Japanese managers or leaders.

The managers or leaders make sure personnel are prepared to deal with every situation and all its ramifications. The managers or leaders are able to provide guidance and maintain order. The managers or leaders are able to maintain a strong control over their followers.

In the context of quality of work life (QWL), which of the following are true statements about Japanese organizational policies? (Check all that apply.)

The power-distance index of the Japanese is high. Money is rated as an important motivator. Uncertainty avoidance is strong, and security is strongly emphasized. The masculinity index for the Japanese is high.

Identify the components of job design in an organizational context. (Check all that apply.)

The way in which a job associates with other jobs in an organization The methods that are employed in a job The content of a job

Which of the following are true statements about Japanese organizational policies in the context of quality of work life (QWL)?

There is a great emphasis on performing work within cultural constraints. Employees have very little say in what actually goes on in an organization. There is a heavy dependence on monetary rewards. Managers discourage individual risk taking.

In the context of quality of work life (QWL), which of the following statements are true of Swedish organizational policies? (Check all that apply.)

There is low uncertainty avoidance. Employees exhibit a moderate-to-high degree of individualism. Individual decision making is emphasized. The power-distance index is weak.

Which of the following statements is true of authentic leaders?

They are defined by an all-inclusive package of credits, styles, behaviors, and personality traits.

Identify the true statements about high achievers according to researchers such as the late Harvard psychologist David McClelland. (Check all that apply.)

They are unable to form warm, close relationships. They have less empathy for the problems of others. They seek concrete feedback on their performance. They exhibit a tendency to be loners.

Identify a true statement about Theory Y managers.

They believe that workers will provide much higher quantity and quality of output if their creative potential can be tapped.

Which of the following is true of Theory X managers?

They hold that coercion and threats of punishment must be used to get people to work.

Identify the true statements about authentic leaders. (Check all that apply.)

They must refrain from remaining stagnant and must sustain innovation. They must avoid simply acting out a part for superiors. They must lead by example and encourage followers to display leadership qualities. They perform above the standards that are expected.

Identify the measures that should be taken by international business partners to work together effectively according to Tornvall. (Check all that apply.)

They should stress flexibility and build cooperation on intuition and pragmatism. They should emphasize personal concern, cooperation, and trust for others. They should adopt a more idealistic, holistic, and group thinking approach to solve problems. They should perceive work as a development and challenging activity.

True or false: According to some organizational-behavior academics, it is not certain if Frederick Herzberg developed a total theory of motivation.

True

True or false: In the study of international management, leadership is very important.

True

True or false: Job design is usually a function of the job to be done and the way in which management desires it to be done.

True

True or false: The goal of sociotechnical designs is to enable workers to increase overall productivity by integrating new technology into the workplace.

True

True or false: Work centrality facilitates significant understanding of the ways in which human resources can be motivated in different cultures.

True

Match the organizational management terms (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Variety amplification matches Choice It is the analysis of many alternatives regarding future action and the creation of uncertainty. Variety reduction matches Choice It is the focusing of action on a limited number of alternatives and the limiting of uncertainty.

Identify the points of focus in authoritarian leadership. (Check all that apply.)

Work progress Work procedures Obstacles to goal attainment

A basic assumption on which Abraham Maslow's hierarchy-of-needs theory is based is that _____.

a higher-level need can be satisfied in more ways than a lower-level need

Unlike job-content factors, job-context factors _____.

are controlled by an organization

In the context of the two-factor motivation theory, unlike motivators, hygiene factors _____.

are environmental in nature

In the context of the two-factor motivation theory, unlike hygiene factors, motivators _____.

associate with Maslow's upper-level needs

Theory X leaders or managers assume that _____.

coercion, control, and threats of punishment are necessary to get people to attain organizational objectives

In an organizational context, quality of work life (QWL) is directly associated with _____.

culture

A true statement about the system of incentives where compensation is based on group effort or group membership is that _____.

employees will oppose when individual incentive plans are used

In the context of the types of managers that emerged in China after the 1949 revolution, unlike the Experts, the Reds _____.

had ideological and political expertise

In the context of the relationship between cultural values and leadership attributes examined by Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) researchers, Societal Power Distance values are positively correlated with _____.

humane-oriented and self-protective leader attributes

Theory X managers believe that _____.

individuals are essentially lazy

Some organizational-behavior academics have criticized Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation because _____.

it classifies money as a hygiene factor

A true statement about achievement motivation theory is that _____.

it depends on the effort of individuals

The biggest drawback of equity theory is that _____.

it gives the impression of being culture-bound

One of the shortcomings of achievement motivation theory is that _____.

it measures individual achievement by relying almost solely on the projective personality Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

The process of influencing people to direct their efforts toward the achievement of some particular goal or goals is known as

leadership

Unlike job-context factors, job-content factors are _____.

mediated internally

According to researchers, high-achievement needs can be developed in people if they _____.

obtain performance feedback and implement them

Theory Y managers believe that _____.

people will seek increased responsibility and challenge and will work hard under the right conditions

In the context of the types of managers that emerged in China after the 1949 revolution, unlike the Reds, the Experts _____.

placed importance on technical skills

In the context of work motivation, safety needs are satisfied through _____.

unemployment and retirement plans, medical insurance, and similar benefits