International Business TB Chapter 4

_____ are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good social manners eating with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like

folkways

a japanese executive's ritual of presenting a business card to a foreign business executive is an example of ____

folkways

several studies have shown the economic advancement and ____ are important factors in societal change

globalization

a ____ is an association of 2 or more individuals who have a shared sense of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis of a common set of expectations about each other's behavior

group

in countries where the value of _____ identification is considered to be primary, managers and workers are discouraged from moving from company to company

group

which of the following is a consequence of the emphasis on individual performance in many western societies

high degree of managerial mobility

there are 3 values central to the confucian system of ethics that have very important economic implications. which of the following is one of these?

honesty in dealings with others

Hofstede's concept of power distance focused on

how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities

hindus believe

in reincarnation, or rebirth into a different body, after death

class-based conflict between workers and management in class-conscious societies can lead to

increased costs of doing business

the social organization of western society tends to emphasize on

individual achievement

____ refers to a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun

indulgence

a caste system differs from a class system because

it is not possible for an individual to change his or her caste, while a class system allows people to change their class through individual achievement

under the mudarabah banking system, when an islamic bank lends money to a business,

it takes a share of the profits that are derived from the investment

the ____ refers to the extent to which a culture programs its citizens to accept delayed gratification of their material, social, and emotional needs

long-term versus short-term orientation dimension

according to Geert Hofstede's study, which of the following cultural dimensions would be characterized by a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change

low uncertainty avoidance

the concept of mobility between castes within an individual's lifetime

makes no sense to traditional hindus

Hofstede's masculinity versus femininity dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles and found that in

masculine cultures, sex roles were sharply differentiated, and traditional "masculine values" determined cultural ideals

which of the following sociologists made a connection between protestant ethics and "the spirit of capitalism"

max weber

____ include such factors as indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism

mores

which of the following statements about the use of spoken language is true?

most people prefer to converse in their own language rather than english

social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations are best described as ____

norms

culture is ____

not static

the ____ dimension of Hofstede's study explores how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities

power distance

max weber was a german sociologist who, in 1904, made the connection between ____ and "the spirit of capitalism"

protestant ethics

max weber theorized that there was a relationship between protestantism and the emergence of modern capitalism because

protestant ethics emphasize the importance of hard work and wealth creation and frugality

max weber coined the term _____ to denote the tendency on the part of Protestants to work hard and accumulate wealth

protestant wealth ethic

religion may be defined as

shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred

which of the following refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they are born

social mobility

which of the following statements is true about a class system

social mobility within a class system varies from society to society

these are typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family background, occupation, and income

social strata

a group of people who share a common set of values and norms form a ____

society

even if a ____ can be characterized as having a single homogeneous culture, often that national culture is a mosaic of subcultures

society

the term ____ also means culture

society

the term ____ refers to a group of poeple sharing a common set of values and norms

society

an act as simple as shaking hands when meeting new people is an example _____

symbolic behavior

one reason for the shift in values away from collectivism and toward individualism may be

that richer societies exhibit less need for social and material support structures build on collectives

Hofstede's results, as might be expected, showed that nations such as ______ scored low on long-term orientation

the US and Canada

hinduism and buddhism both stress the importance of ____

the afterlife

which of the following observations is correct

the economic principles of islam prohibit the payment or receipt of interest

Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension considered

the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty

which of the following statements is true about the murabaha contract

the murabaha contract is widely used among the world's islamic banks because it is the easiest to implement

mores are:

the norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and its social life

the individualism versus collectivism dimension of Hofstede's study explored

the relationship between the individual and his/her fellows

norms refer to

the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations

which of the following statements about values and norms of a culture is true

the values and norms of a society influence social structure

Hofstede's research has been criticized because it was culturally bound

true

a caste system is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which the person is born

true

according to Hofstede, the concept of confucian dynamism captures attitudes toward time, persistence, protection of face and respect for tradition

true

according to max weber, protestantism encouraged capitalism's development by emphasizing the importance of wealth creation and frugality

true

both hindus and buddhists stress the afterlife and spiritual achievement rather than involvement in this world

true

education plays an important role, from an international business perspective, as a determinant of national competitive advantage

true

folkways include rituals and symbolic behavior

true

guanxi is an important mechanism for building long-term business relationships and getting business done in china

true

in countries where the value of group identification is considered to be primary, managers and workers are discouraged from moving from company to company

true

individualism has led to a high degree of managerial mobility between companies resulting in managers who have good general skills but lack company-specific experience

true

international businesses that are ill-informed about the practices of another culture are likely to fail

true

max weber thought that devout hindus would be less likely to engage in entrepreneurial activity than devout protestants

true

the convergence hypothesis states that there is a slow but steady merging occurring across different cultures towards some universally accepted values and norms

true

upon meeting a foreign business executive, a japanese executive will hold his business card in both hands and bow while presenting the card to the foreigner. this is an example of ritual behavior

true

according to Islam, those who hold property are regarded as _____

trustees

Hofstede's ____ dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and tolerating uncertainty

uncertainty avoidance

_____ is/are best defined as shared assumptions about how things ought to be

values

the ____ is a research project spanning more than 100 countries that explores people's values and norms, how they change over time, and what impact they have in society and business

world values survey

the value systems and norms of a country are unrelated to the costs of doing business in that country

false

____ are the routine conventions of everyday life

folkways

the protection of the right to private property is embedded within _____

Islam

the _____ instrument is designed to address the notion that a leader's effectiveness is contextual. it is embedded in the societal and organizational norms, values, and beliefs of the people being led

WVS

what is ethnocentrism

a belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture

ethical systems are

a set of moral principles, or values, that are used to guide and shape behavior

for international businesses, the connection between culture and competitive advantage is important because

a strong connection is likely to produce the most viable competitors

which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism

an american manager criticizes the cultural practices of Saudi Arabia, when he is sent there on business, because it differs from his own cultural norms

cross-cultural literacy refers to

an understanding of how cultural differences can affect business

a society's social structure refers to its

basic social organization

according to ____, suffering originates in people's desires for pleasure

buddhism

Hofstede's dimension of confucian dynamism

captures attitudes toward time, persistence, ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation of gifts and favors

which of the following is a closed system of stratification in which social position is determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that position is usually not possible during an individual's lifetime

caste system

a condition where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class background and this shapes their relationships with members of other classes is known as ____

class consciousness

an upper-middle-class manager tends to have hostile relationship with the working-class employees in the firm because of his tendency to perceive himself as superior to them based on his class background. in this example, the manager exhibits ____

class consciousness

a _____ is a less rigid form of social stratification in which social mobility is possible

class system

the system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living best defines ___

culture

which of the following is true regarding culture

culture is not static

the connection between ____ and _____ has important implications for the choice of countries in which to locate production facilities and do business

culture; competitive advantage

a major difference between buddhism and hinduism is that unlike hinduism, buddhism

does not support the caste system

the emphasis on individualism in the US results in which of the following advantages

executives are exposed to different ways of doing business

Hofstede's concept of power distance focused on the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into tolerating uncertainty

false

Hofstede's study found that in masculine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished and littler differentiation was made between men and women in the same job

false

a class system is a rigid form of social stratification in which the position of person has by birth cannot be changed through his/her own achievements or luck

false

an antagonistic relationship between management and labor classes may result in lower costs of production

false

because of its individualistic mindset, Japanese culture is more supportive of entrepreneurial activities than american culture

false

in today's world of global communications, rapid transportation, and global markets, cultural differences have ceased to exist

false

like christianity and judaism, islam is a polytheistic religion

false

norms are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable

false

the mudarabah contract is the most widely used islamic banking method, because it is the easiest to implement

false

the term social strata refers to the extent to which individuals can move out of the strata into which they were born

false