Interpersonal Communication Exam 1
How can we decipher interpersonal communication from other forms of communication?
IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK
You cannot not communicate - T/F
True
What are the characteristics of feedback?
1. verbal or non-verbal 2. immediate or delayed 3. critical or supportive 4. low monitoring or high monitoring ; totally honest or highly guarded
In your reading, _________ is missing from the acronym (discussed in class) associated with Basic or universal facial impressions a) interest b) fear c) surprise d) sadness
A (the book names 6 most studied expressions: anger, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear and disgust)
_____________ = do other people react or behave in the same way as the person whom I'm evaluating
Consensus
What are the 3 dimensions of attribution theory?
Consensus, Consistency, Distinctiveness
Attribution theory example: Ted has just quit his job. No one else we know has quit that job. Ted has quit a number of jobs in the last 5 years and has in fact quit this job before. Consensus? Consistency? Distinctiveness? Do we attribute to internal or external factors?
Consensus: low Consistency: high Distinctiveness: low Attribute to internal factors
Implicit personality theory is similar to what other theory?
Consistency
The triangles are associated with what theory?
Consistency
_________________ = does this person behave in the same way in similar situations or contexts (comparing the person's behavior to their OWN in previous situations)
Consistency
______________ ___________ is when even in a situation where there's more than two people, we tend to focus on or toward the interaction of it was just you and the other person interacting
Dyadic primacy
Attribution theory: a. ______________ our own and others behaviors b. Looking at a situation and trying to explain ______ someone or you yourself behaved c. Determine if the individual's behavior was due to ___________ or ___________ factors
Explain, why, internal, external
Accurate ____________ is important to communication improvement
feedback
Proxemics =
how humans use space when communicating
________________ a fixed impression of a group of people - we group people by the markers we have learned or seen from the group to which they belong (race, gender, religion)
stereotyping
The ____________ self is information or truth that we nor others know about ourselves (future illness/events)
unknown
The way we communicate with ourselves informs and effects the way we...
communicate with others
The ___________ model is two ways, recognizing that each sources communication effects the other; feedback results from the other person's communication
cyclical
Moving from description --> prediction --> explanation resembles this factor that helps us to distinguish impersonal from intimate relationships
explanatory knowledge
Communication is repeatable - T/F
false
Communication is reversible - T/F
false
Meanings are in words - T/F
false
Meanings are universal - T/F
false
What are two key terms in self-disclosure?
depth and breadth
Under explanatory knowledge: ________________ is basic information about one's behavior _________________ the ability to guess what behavior will occur _________________ can explain why a behavior occured
description, prediction, explanation
Under perceptual accentuation: Those we ________ are seen as smarter and more attractive Those we ____________ are seen as dull and unattractive
like, dislike
The helical model states that we can ____________ go back to the same place - our perception of the individual and of the communication will ___________ be the same or replicable
never
How do you increase your self-esteem?
- engage in self-affirmation - seek our nourishing ppl - work on projects that will result in success - avoid trying to be a perfectionist - accept yourself
We regulate in 2 ways:
1. Coordinating our own verbal and nonverbal behavior in the production of our messages 2. Coordinating our verbal and nonverbal messages behavior with those of our interaction partners
What are 3 ways we can increase self-awareness?
1. Intrapersonal communication 2. Listen to how other people communicate with me (both V and NV) 3. Actively seek information about me
What are the 3 factors that help us distinguish b/t impersonal and intimate?
1. Psychological data 2. Explanatory knowledge 3. Personally established rules
What are the 3 characteristics of the Johari Window?
1. The size of each window varies depending on the context 2. The size of each window varies for each individual 3. Panes are interactive: a change in one's 'self' effects changes in others
_______________ emphasizes what the verbal message says - nonverbal behavior that accents (amplifies) or moderates (tones down) parts of the verbal message
Accenting
__________ are self-focused manipulations including licking, picking, holding, pinching and scratching
Adaptors
______________ = a predisposition to respond to people, ideas, and objects in an evaluative way (valence: is it + or -)
Attitudes
_________________ theory is a perceptual process by which we make sense out of the behavior/communication of ourselves and others
Attribution
What theory do these major tenants fall under? - we strive toward consistency in our thoughts and perceptions - we want things to balance/make sense although they often do not - when a person becomes aware of inconsistency or imbalance among attitudes, beliefs, and values a state of tension results - a person then tries to reduce tension by altering those attitudes/beliefs/values
Consistency theories
Which of the following is true: a) The self concept is affected by our communication b) the self concept shapes much of our communication behavior c) self concept is an internal image we hold of ourselves d) all the above
D
Give an example of substituting
Dejected or down looking face after leaving a test
_________________ asks does this person react in similar ways in DIFFERENT situations (if it was a different store, would he have still broken in?)
Distinctiveness
Communication has a specific beginning and ending - T/F
False
Communication is good thing - T/F
False
Interpersonal communication is intimate communication
False (according to class)
Reinforcement theory says that the cycles that we end up establishing are often initiated by who and during what time in our lives?
Family, friends, significant others Childhood
Give an example of contradicting
If you just gave a horrible presentation and you ask me how you did - i probably said you did great - but my body language and voice say otherwise
_______________ = the study of the way in which certain body movements and gestures serve as a form of nonverbal communication
Kinesics
_______________ communication makes up the majority of our communication interactions
Nonverbal
_____________ _______________ states that we see what we expect to see
Perceptual Accentuation
_________ ___________ _________ = when we are in a nonpersonal/nonintimate relationship, our communication and behavior are based on rules of society or culture but as we move toward intimacy, we est our OWN rules
Personally established rules
What are the 2 key effects/laws that fall under self-fulfilling prophecy?
Pygmalion effect, law of expectations
What are the 3 sub definitions of 'interpersonal communication?'
Relational, developmental, componential
____________ help us interpret, remember, and organize new info
Schemata
What theories are also at work under stereotyping?
Self-fulfilling prophecy, perceptual accentuation and consistency
_______________ is when the nonverbal message takes the place of the verbal
Substituting
The ______ function of verbal and nonverbal messages is in affect when the nonverbal message is used to emphasize the verbal message
accenting
When the verbal and nonverbal channels are complementary rather than conflicting, our messages are easier to decode more ____________
accurately
The Consistency theories say that when it comes to people we like, we expect to...
agree
The _________ self is the part of the self that others are aware of but we do not know ourselves
blind
What are the components to the triangles that we are trying to discover under the consistency theory?
balanced or imbalanced? consistent or inconsistent?
______________ our perception of reality (usually for a specific situation)
beliefs
Self-esteem begins when we are ___________ and is effected throughout our _________
born, life
____________ = are you a good communicator (it takes more than just talking)
competence
We will not be good communicators until we are...
competent
___________ is when nonverbal behavior can elaborate on the verbal message - enhancing it
complementing
Name all the ways that nonverbal and verbal messages function together
complementing, repeating, contradicting, regulating, substituting, and accenting
The _____________ sub-definition of communication outlines the components or elements of interpersonal communication
componential
______________ when the verbal says one thing but the nonverbal says another
contradicting
The ____________ sub-definition of interpersonal communication deals with the development of communication on a continuum
developmental
Why do meanings differ?
differences in attitudes, beliefs, and values
The consistency theories say that when it comes to people we don't like, we tend to...
disagree
Under the implicit personality theory what effects fall within?
halo effect (+) and reverse halo effect (-)
According to Dance and Zak-Dance (in Galvin and Cooper) the _____ model of communication depicts the ever-widening scope of the relationships as the participants continuously re-encounter eachother
helical
The __________ model is when the source/receiver roles are simultaneous
helical
The __________ self is the part of the self that we know but others do not (secrets)
hidden
Consensus: are other people reacting or behaving in their same way? If yes = ________ If no = ______
high consensus, low consensus
This type of feedback places so much focus on how the person is going to react and ultimately they might not say what needs to be said
high monitoring
Intimate relationships are associated with this type of psychological data
high psychological data
Consistency: If a person's behavior is very similar to how they've behaved in previous situations = __________ consistency If a person's behavior is NOT very similar to how they've behaved in previous situations = __________ consistency
high, low
Give an example of repeating
if you told someone to go North, and then pointed in that direction
According to Mehrabian, the fundamental categories of meaning associated with nonverbal behavior are:
immediacy, status, responsiveness
In terms of our in class continuum - most of our relationships tend to circulate around which end of the continuum?
impersonal (or middle section)
What does galvin's continuum look like:
impersonal to interpersonal
What does our class continuum look like:
impersonal to intimate
_________ ___________ theory is a system of rules that tells you which characteristics go with others
implicit personality theory
According to Galvin's perspective of communication: we should think about relationships on a continuum from impersonal to
interpersonal
In terms of our class discussion - all of the communication that takes place on our continuum is ____________________
interpersonal
Both nonverbal and verbal messages must be a focus in communicating...
interpersonally
According to Galvin, interpersonal communication is ______________ communication
intimate
According to class discussion, interpersonal communication is NOT ______________ communication
intimate
The ________ model is one way, no emphasis on the effects the sources have on each other's communication
linear
What are the 3 models of interpersonal communication?
linear, cyclical, helical (transactional)
This type of feedback is given to you in a manner that where one doesn't consider how they're going about it or doesn't consider the context of the feedback they're giving
low monitoring
Impersonal relationships are associated with this type of psychological data
low psychological data
Distinctiveness: If the person WOULD react in a similar manner in a DIFFERENT situation then there is _________ distinctiveness If the person WOULD NOT react in a similar manner in a DIFFERENT situation then there is ___________ distinctiveness
low, high
B/c of the fact that people decide what symbols mean --> ______________ or ______________ communication often occurs
miscommunication, accidental
What type of feedback do we seek?
moderate self monitoring
Give an ex. of accenting
moving one's hands as they talk to accent the verbal
_______________ communication = all messages that people send in interactive contexts, other than the content of the spoken word
nonverbal
What falls under the realm of kinesics
oculesics and facial expressions
At least ______ parent has to positively support your self-esteem for them to develop a healthy self-esteem
one
The ________ self is the part of the self we and others are aware of (race, gender, name)
open
The Johari Window encompasses these 4 panes:
open, blind, hidden, and unknown
Give an example of reinforcment theory
parents modeling their children's ethical, religious, and political views after their own
Words don't mean...
people mean
Give some examples of interpersonal communication
phone calls, texts, social media, conversation, our prof lecturing
The ___________/__________ theory explains that we tend to make snap judgements in the beginnings of an interaction (primary) then use subsequent behaviors to reinforce or or negate those first judgements (recency)
primacy/recency
Communication is a...
process
_________________ ___________ = information about a person that helps us distinguish them from the members of their group
psychological data
Based on the concepts of __________ ___________ and the _________ ____________ self, we develop an image of ourselves based on how others view us
reflected appraisal, looking glass
____________ is when the nonverbal helps to maintain the flow of speech (rhythmic) or it could include turn taking in a convo
regulating
_____________ theory: positive behaviors are rewarded; negative behaviors are punished - this happens in cycles until they become part of who we are
reinforcement
The _____________ sub-definition of interpersonal communication assumes that whenever two people communicate there IS some relationship
relational
Under what sub-definition of interpersonal communication is there a tendency toward dyadic primacy?
relational
The relational sub-definition of interpersonal communication sets the expectation that a connection has been made and therefore, a __________________ exists
relationship
______________ represents what what said verbally
repeating
SADFISH =
sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, happiness
_____________ ______________ = we might hear something, but are we actually engaged or listening?
selective attention
___________ _____________ is physically bringing yourself to a certain context
selective exposure
What is the formula for the perceptual process(selectivity process)
selective exposure + selective attention + selective retention
___________ _____________ = what we actually remember (only certain info sticks)
selective retention
________-_______________ = the extent to which you know yourself, will affect how you communicate with others
self-awareness
_______-__________ = a relatively stable set of perceptions each of us hold about ourselves (how we think and feel about ourselves)
self-concept
________-________ is associated with the roles that we play
self-concept
What is a key element in moving from an impersonal relationship to an intimate one?
self-disclosure
What affects every aspect of our lives (although others may not be aware)
self-esteem
What is one of the BEST gifts you can give someone?
self-esteem
__________-____________ = how positive or negative we feel about ourselves
self-esteem
______-________ ___________ theory states that we make predictions that come true because we act on it as if it were true
self-fulfilling prophecy
________-_________ the way we see ourselves collectively (physical, mentally, socially, spiritually, etc.)
self-perception
Who influences our self-concept?
significant others, our parents, siblings, peers
What are some examples of roles we play under self concept?
sister, daughter, runner
______________ ____________: we form self-perceptions by comparing ourselves to others
social comparisons
Our self concept is also influenced by: ____________ ____________ & ________-________________
social comparisons, self-perceptions
What are the components to the componential sub-definition?
source, reciever, channel, message, noise, competence, context, and feedback
What falls under the realm of proxemics?
territoriality and personal space
Interpersonal Communication
the process of sending and receiving messages b/t two or more persons with some effect and some immediate feedback
What is oculesics
the study of eye movement
We must keep in mind that most of the time verbal and nonverbal messages function __________________
together
Communication has both content and relationship dimensions - T/F
true
Communication is context based and culturally bound - T/F
true
Communication is metacommunicational - T/F
true
Communication is punctuated - T/F
true
Communication is rule-governed - T/F
true
Reinforcement theory can cause us to DO things or to NOT do things - T/F
true
T/F - Complementing can happen without all other NV and V communication categories
true
T/F - all of the ways in which non-verbal and verbal communication function together fall under the category of complimenting
true
T/F - under the self-fulfilling prophecy we might not even be aware that we are actively doing things to make something happen
true
T/F - we see and interact with people often and still don't move to the intimacy level
true
T/F Self-esteem is closely affected by how you are behaved toward within your family
true
Of attitudes, beliefs, and values - which is the hardest to change?
values
__________ relatively long lasting judgements about the desirability of people, ideas, and objects
values
Communication is symbolic. The most commonly understood symbols are:
words