Into to Sociology Ch. 8

__________ poverty is measured by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods and services. a. Relative b. Subjective c. Standard d. Absolute

Absolute

A condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life is called __________. a. standard poverty b. absolute poverty c. relative poverty d. subjective poverty

Absolute poverty

The World Bank has defined __________ as living on less than $1.25 a day. a. absolute poverty b. standard poverty c. relative poverty d. subjective poverty

Absolute poverty

Low-income economies are primarily found in countries in __________, where half of the world's population resides. a. Eastern Europe and Africa b. Africa and Asia c. Asia and South America d. South America and Africa

Africa and Asia

Low-income countries are primarily __________, and have little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income. a. service-oriented nations b. egalitarian nations c. urbanized nations d. agrarian nations

Agrarian nations

Countries with low-income economies____________________________. a. are fairly evenly distributed throughout the world b. tend to have very low fertility rates c. are based primarily on agriculture d. have low rates of poverty and low rates of literacy

Are based primarily on agriculture

Production networks for large retailers such as Walmart are termed __________. a. a world system b. producer-driven commodity chains c. transnational corporations d. buyer-driven commodity chains

Buyer-driven commodity chains

The terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" categorize countries according to __________. a. degree of economic development b. the status of women relative to that of men c. rates of literacy d. population size

Degree of economic development

__________ refers to the closing of plants and factories because of their obsolescence or because workers in other nations are being hired to do the work more cheaply. a. Reindustrialization b. Capital flight c. Decapitalization d. Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization

__________ states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries during the historical growth of capitalism. a. The new international division of labor theory b. Dependency theory c. World systems theory d. Modernization theory

Dependecy theory

According to __________, poorer nations cannot pursue their own economic and human development because they are trapped in a cycle of reliance on the richer nations for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials. a. modernization theory b. world systems theory c. dependency theory d. new international division of labor theory

Dependency theory

Bringing about social change requires __________. a. developing effective social policies b. getting people to understand the issue as primarily financial c. appealing to religious values d. moving people out of cities and back to farms

Developing effective social policies

The primary means used in attempts to reduce inequality and alleviate the worst effects of poverty in the less industrialized nations of the world is __________. a. welfare programs b. development c. improved literacy d. birth control

Development

Dependency theory has little or no relevance for the economic growth and development in __________. a. East Asia b. Africa c. South America d. Central America

East Asia

The only significant group of middle- and lower-income economies to close the gap with the high-income economies over the past few decades has been the nations of __________. a. East Asia b. Latin America c. West Africa d. Europe

East Asia

In addition to gross national income (GNI), the human development index considers living standards, life expectancy, and __________. a. literacy b. education c. fertility rate d. minimum wage

Education

The United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand are examples of __________ nations. a. Third World b. Second World c. First World d. Fourth World

First world

Within the "Three Worlds" approach, __________ refers to rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems. a. Fourth World nations b. Second World nations c. Third World nations d. First World nations

First world nations

Which of the major sociological perspectives is closely associated with modernization theory? a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism d. postmodernism

Functionalism

The __________ measures the degree of income inequality within a country. The measure ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income). a. Helmicki coefficient b. Georgia equation c. Gross domestic inequality d. Gini coefficient

Gini coefficient

Complex patterns of international labor and production processes are termed __________. a. a world system b. global commodity chains c. transnational corporations d. postmodern production

Global commodity chains

The term ________ refers to all of the goods and services produced in a country within a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals and corporations. a. national net wealth (NNW) b. gross domestic income (GDI) c. gross national income (GNI) d. gross economic income (GEI)

Gross national income (GNI)

Compared with lower-middle-income economies, nations having upper-middle-income economies typically __________. a. have a somewhat higher standard of living b. have higher levels of indebtedness c. export less and keep more raw materials and fuels d. have less political freedom

Have a somewhat higher standard of living

The United Nations Development Programme uses a multidimensional measure of poverty. What are the dimensions used in the multidimensional poverty index (MPI)? a. health, education, and living standards b. income, employment, and living standards c. health, infant mortality, and literacy rates d. literacy, employment, and infant mortality

Health, education, and living standards

The fourth stage of Rostow's stages of economic development is __________ and is accompanied by a high standard of living. a. technological maturity stage b. traditional stage c. high mass consumption stage d. take-off stage

High mass consumption stage

__________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income. a. Middle-income countries b. Low-income countries c. High-income countries d. Relative-income countries

High-income countries

Nations with __________ continue to dominate the world economy, despite the fact that shifts in the global marketplace have affected some workers, who have found themselves without work due to capital flight. a. lower-middle-income economies b. low-income economies c. higher-income economies d. upper-middle-income economies

Higher-income economies

Defining levels of poverty involves measuring along several dimensions, including_________________________. a. religious affiliation b. how far above the poverty line people's incomes fall c. how long people have been poor d. percentage of income spent on basic living expenses

How long people have been poor

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross national income, for measuring the level of development in a country. a. national resource product (NRP) b. personal satisfaction index (PSI) c. Gini coefficient d. human development index (HDI)

Human development index (HDI)

In 1960, the top 20 percent of the world's population in terms of income received $30 for every dollar by the lowest-income 20 percent of the world's population. By 2005, the disparity had __________. a. increased to $45 for each dollar b. decreased to $25 for each dollar c. increased to $85 for each dollar d. remained stable at $30 for each dollar

Increased to $85 for each dollar

Human development research has reached the conclusion that_________________. a. increases in human development will seem greater in poorer countries b. without significant increases in income, human development is not possible c. the best way to achieve human development is through economic development d. economic growth and higher incomes are not necessary to achieve improvement in health and education

Increases in human development will seem greater in poorer countries

The __________ is a measure of the number of deaths per thousand live births in a calendar year. a. infant mortality rate b. crude-birth rate c. fertility rate d. crude-death rate

Infant mortality rate

Global stratification_________________________________________. a. involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis b. results in some countries being more democratic than others c. ultimately ends up with people having remarkably similar lifestyles and life chances d. refers only to inequality among the nations of the world

Involves the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a worldwide basis

The World Bank defines poverty globally as living on __________ in purchasing power. a. $1.00 a day b. less than $1.25 a day c. $3.00 a day d. less than $3.00 a day

Less than $1.25 a day

After the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, terms such as underdevelopment have largely been dropped and economies are now classified by their __________. a. material well-being b. levels of economic development c. levels of income d. standard of living

Levels of income

The __________, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II. a. Albright Plan b. Baker Plan c. Southern Plan d. Marshall Plan

Marshall plan

. Nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income are termed __________. a. relative-income countries b. middle-income countries c. high-income countries d. low-income countries

Middle-income countries

According to __________, the low-income, less-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people's beliefs, values, and attitudes toward work. a. the new international division of labor theory b. modernization theory c. dependency theory d. world systems theory

Modernization theory

The most widely known development theory is __________, which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth. a. dependency theory b. world systems theory c. modernization theory d. the new international division of labor theory

Modernization theory

The income gaps between richer and poorer countries of the world are __________ than the income gaps between classes in the United States. a. more pronounced b. less pronounced c. more equal d. less stratified

More pronounced

Most sociologists studying global inequality agree that_______________. a. the nations of the world may be arranged into a hierarchical economic system b. some nations have failed to develop economically because they hold on to traditional values c. global inequality is due to the historical dependence of some countries on others d. nations throughout the world are influenced by a small number of cities and transnational corporations that are driving a global economy

Nations throughout the world are influenced by a small number of cities and transnational corporations that are driving a global economy

In the world system, countries that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven urbanization are termed __________. a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semiperipheral nations d. dependent nations

Peripheral nations

Ideas regarding underdevelopment were popularized by __________ in his 1949 inaugural address. He stated that nations in the Southern Hemisphere were "underdeveloped areas" because of their low gross national product. a. President Roosevelt b. President Eisenhower c. President Truman d. President Kennedy

President Truman

Production networks for industries that produce commodities such as televisions, automobiles, and computers are termed __________. a. a world system b. producer-driven commodity chains c. transnational corporations d. buyer-driven commodity chains

Producer-driven commodity chains

__________ poverty is measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others. a. Absolute b. Extreme c. Relative d. Standard

Relative

_________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living. a. Relative poverty b. Absolute poverty c. Subjective poverty d. Standard poverty

Relative poverty

China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of the former Soviet Union have been considered examples of __________ nations. a. Second World b. Fourth World c. First World d. Third World

Second world

__________ refers to countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living. a. First World b. Second World c. Third World d. Fourth World

Second world

Within world systems theory, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, Brazil, and India are examples of __________. a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semiperipheral nations d. dependent nations

Semiperipheral nations

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the highest economic inequality? a. Egypt b. Norway c. Seychelles d. United States

Seychelles

Because of __________, extreme global poverty has declined in recent years. a. social policy b. global warming c. more equitable wealth distribution d. globalization

Social policy

The term __________ refers to material well-being that can be measured by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income. a. standard of living b. absolute poverty c. relative standard d. gross national income (GNI)

Standard of living

The bottom three countries in human development are located in __________. a. Southeast Asia b. Sub-Saharan Africa c. East Asia d. South America

Sub-Saharan Africa

_________ poverty is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions. a. Absolute b. Relative c. Standard d. Subjective

Subjective

Based on the Gini coefficient, which of these countries has the least economic inequality? a. Egypt b. Sweden c. Namibia d. United States

Sweden

The second of Rostow's stages of economic development is the __________ stage, which is a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement. a. traditional b. take-off c. technological maturity d. high mass consumption

Take-off

The United Nations defines human development as_______________________. a. the process of expanding people's choices, capabilities, and ability to take action to improve their own lives and live life to its fullest b. access to adequate health services, including contraception, to increase physical fitness c. the process of education and travel to increase a person's earning power d. involvement in global social movements for peace and stability.

The process of expanding people's choices, capabilities, and ability to take action to improve their own lives and live life to its fulllest

The upper and lower limits for the categorization of countries according to their levels of income are set by __________. a. the United Nations b. the World Bank c. the International Monetary Fund d. the World Trade Organization

The world bank

A Gini coefficient of 0 means that________________________________. a. there is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income b. a country has complete inequality; that is, one person receives all of the income c. there is a lack of sufficient data with which to compute income inequality d. there is a negative gross national income

There is no income inequality in the country; everyone has the same income

Countries in the __________ have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality. a. Second World b. Fourth World c. First World d. Third World

Third world

According to economic advisor Walt Rostow, societies in the __________ stage are slow to change because the people hold a fatalistic value system, do not subscribe to the work ethic, and save very little money. a. take-off b. technological maturity c. traditional d. high mass consumption

Traditional

Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy and proponent of modernization theory, identified __________ as one of the largest barriers to development in low-income nations. a. traditional cultural values b. degree of ethnocentrism c. nontraditional cultural norms d. level of cultural relativism

Traditional cultural values

According to economic advisor Walt Rostow, all countries go through four stages of economic development. What is the correct sequence of economic development stages? a. take-off, traditional, high mass consumption, and technological maturity b. traditional, technological maturity, take-off, and high mass consumption c. high mass consumption, technological maturity, take-off, and traditional d. traditional, take-off, technological maturity, and high mass consumption

Traditional, take-off, technological maturity, and high mass consumption

__________ countries are classified as low-income economies by the World Bank. a. Three b. Twenty c. Seventy-two d. Ninety-three

Twenty

The World Bank divides middle-income economies into lower-middle and upper-middle. Angola, Bhutan, Chine, Iran, Costa Rica, and Gabon are examples nations with __________ economies. a. upper-middle-income b. high-income c. lower-middle-income d. low-income

Upper-middle-income

The adult literacy rate in the low-income countries is about half that of the high-income countries. __________ constitute about two-thirds of those who are illiterate in the low-income countries. a. Men b. Women c. Children d. Adolescents

Women

Probably the most affected by poverty in low-income economies are __________. a. women and children b. adult men and women c. aged men and women d. aged women

Women and children

After __________, the terms "First World," "Second World," and "Third World" were introduced by social analysts to describe countries in terms of their economic development. a. World War I b. the Korean War c. World War II d. the Vietnam War

World War II

Immanuel Wallerstein's _________ theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system that is held together by economic ties in which wealthier nations benefit from other nations. a. dependency b. new international division of labor c. world systems d. modernization

World systems

About _________ of the world's population resides in nations with a middle-income economy. a. one-half b. one-third c. one-fourth d. one-fifth

one-third

Between 1960 and 2010, the income gap between the richest and poorest countries grew to such an extent that poor countries now receive just $1 for every __________ received by the wealthiest countries. a. $30 b. $50 c. $100 d. $150

$150

Of the one billion people in the world who suffer from malnutrition, about __________ of them live in developed nations. a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent

1 percent

The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about __________ years less than that of people in very-high-HDI nations. a. 15 b. 23 c. 20 d. 57

20

. In middle-income countries at least __________ of the population lives in poverty, which means living on less than $1.25 a day, as defined by the World Bank. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 22 percent d. 50 percent

22 percent

Many people in low-income nations remain in poor health. In fact, about __________ million people die each year from diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and other infections and parasitic illnesses. a. 1 b. 13 c. 25 d. 50

25

Of the one billion people in the world who suffer from malnutrition, about __________ of them live in Asia and the Pacific. a. 1 percent b. 9 percent c. 42 percent d. 63 percent

63 percent

The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________. a. divestment b. capital flight c. south-to-south migration d. deskilling

Capital flight

__________ refers to the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another. a. Deindustrialization b. Economic mobility c. Capital flight d. Divesting

Capital flight

With regard to education around the world, ___________________________. a. there has been no progress in educational attainment b. educational attainment has increased only for women c. gender gaps in education are greatest when children are young d. children from more affluent families have greater access to educational resources

Children from more affluent families have greater access to educational resources

From the perspective of new international division of labor theory,_______________. a. commodity production takes place in whatever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of labor and capital b. high-income countries and low-income countries are both dependent on transnational corporations for cheap goods c. producer-driven commodity chains are the only relevant type of commodity chain d. transnational corporations pay high taxes in order to find locations that will provide cheap labor

Commodity production takes place in whatever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of labor and capital

Dependency theory, world systems theory, and the new international division of labor theory are perspectives rooted in the __________ approach. a. postmodern b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict

Conflict

After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global poverty __________. a. has been virtually eliminated b. has decreased considerably within countries c. remained essentially at the same levels d. continued to increase

Continued to increase

The gap in global income differences between rich and poor countries has __________ over the past 50 years. a. continued to widen b. decreased slightly c. decreased significantly d. remained basically the same

Continued to widen

The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population_______________________. a. has significantly decreased b. is beginning to decline c. continues to widen d. is wider in the United States than in most other countries of the world

Continues to widen

Within world systems theory, __________ are dominant capitalist centers characterized by high levels of industrialization and urbanization. a. core nations b. peripheral nations c. semi-peripheral nations d. dependent nations

Core nations