Intro to Business Ch 10 Exam # 4

What did Abraham Maslow find human motivations to be based on?

Maslow studied basic human motivation and found that motivation was based on the needs. He said that a person with a unfulfilled need would be motivated to satisfy it and that a satisfied need no longer serves as motivation.

What are some common characteristics of Millennials?

Millennials tend to be adaptable, tech savvy, able to grasp new concepts, practice at multitasking, efficient, and tolerant. They often place a higher value on work-life balance, expect their employers to adapt to them, and are more likely to rank fun and stimulation in their top five ideal-job requirements.

Name two forms of job enrichment that increase motivation?

Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment. Job rotation makes work more interesting by moving employees from one job to another.

What is management by objectives (MBO)?

MBO is a system of goal setting and implementation; it includes a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle level management, supervisors, and employees.

How can the manager encourage open communication?

Managers can create an organizational culture that rewards listening, trained supervisors and managers to listen, use effective questioning techniques, remove barriers to open communication, avoid vague and ambiguous communication, and actively make it easier for all to communicate.

What is the basis of expectancy theory?

According to Victor Vroom's expectancy theory, employee expectations can affect an individual's motivation.

How are generation X managers likely to be different from their baby boomer predecessors?

Baby boomers tend to be willing to work long hours to build their careers and often expect their subordinates to do likewise. Gen Xers may strive for a more balanced lifestyle and are likely to focus on results rather than on how many hours their team work. Gen Xers tend to be better than previous generations out working in teams and providing frequent feedback. They usually are not bound by traditions that may constrain those who have been within an organization for a long time and are willing to try new approaches to solving problems.

What are the hygiene (maintenance) factors?

Company policies, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and salaries.

Who developed theory X and theory Y?

Douglas McGregor held that managers have one of two opposing attitudes toward employees. He called them theory X and theory Y.

What are the key elements of expectancy theory?

Expectancy theory centers on three questions employees often ask about performance on the job: 1. Can I accomplish the task? 2. If I do accomplish it, what's my reward? 3. Is the reward worth the effort?

How does open communication improve employee motivation?

Open communication helps both top managers and employees understand the objectives and work together to achieve them.

What is theory Y?

Theory Y assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals is rewarded for doing so.

What is theory Z?

William Ouchi based theory Z on Japanese management styles and stressed long-term employment; collective decision-making; individual responsibility; slow evaluation and promotion; implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control; Moderately specialized career paths; and a holistic concern for employees (including family).

Can managers use Maslow's theory?

Yes, they can recognize what unmet needs a person has an design work so that it satisfies those needs

What is the difference between Frederick Herzbreg's motivators and hygiene factors?

Herrzbreg and that while some factors motivate workers (motivators), others because the job dissatisfaction if missing but are not motivators if present (hygiene or maintenance factors).

* What is Frederick Taylor known for?

Human efficiency engineer Frederick Taylor was one of the first people to study management and has been called the father of scientific management. He conducted time motion studies to learn the most efficient way of doing a journal and then trained workers in those procedures. He published his book the principles of scientific management in 1911. Harry L. Gantt and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were followers of Taylor.

According to equity theory, employees try to maintain quality between inputs and outputs compared to other employees in similar positions. What happens when employees perceive that their rewards are not equitable?

If an employee perceives they are under rewarded, they will either reduce their effort or rationalize that it isn't important. If they perceive that they are over rewarded, they will either increase their efforts to justify the higher reward in the future or rationalize by saying," I'm worth it!" Inequity leads to lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, and voluntary resignation.

What is the difference between high - context and low - context cultures?

In high - context cultures, people build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks. In low - context cultures, people often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task.

What is goal setting theory?

Is based on the notion that sending ambitious but attainable goals will need to high levels of motivation and performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback, and if conditions in the organization make achievement possible.

What levels of needs did Maslow identify?

Starting at the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy and going to the top, the levels of needs are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self- actualization.

What led to the more human - based managerial styles?

The greatest impact on motivation theory was generated by the Hawthorne studies in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In these studies, Elton Mayo found that human factors such as feelings of involvement and participation led to greater productivity gains then did physical changes in the workplace.

What characteristics of work effect motivation and performance?

The job characteristics that influence motivation are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

What are the factors called motivators?

The work itself, achievement, recognition, responsibility, growth, and advancement.

What is theory X?

Theory X assumes that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals.