Intro to Comm Theory: Exam 1

b

Believing that saturated fats are harmful to your health is inconsistent with eating a lot of red meat. The more inconsistent your diet is with your knowledge about cholesterol, the greater the pressure you will feel to do something about your diet. This would be an example of _____. a. Problematic-Integration Theory b. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance c. Theory of Reasoned Action d. Expectancy-Value Theory

Scientific Scholarship, Humanistic Scholarship, Social-Scientific Scholarship.

Methods of inquiry can be grouped into 3 forms of scholarship called ________, ________, and _________.

metamodel

Model about models. What is this called ___________. For example, metacommunication would be communication about communication.

a

How verbal and nonverbal messages play out in social groups is the focus of the _____ tradition. a. sociocultural b. rhetorical c. critical d. sociopsychological

Dimensions of Theory

The following are ______________: 1.philosophical assumptions 2.concepts 3.explanations 4.principles

True

True or False: An emergence of feminist, queer, Afrocentric, Asiacentric, Native American, and Aboriginal rhetorical theories are changing the character of the rhetorical tradition.

False

True or False: Critical theories are narrow and are therefore easy to place and categorize within the overall body of communication theory.

False

True or False: From a systems perspective, a rhetorical approach is best to use to understand the depth and complexity of team dynamics.

True

True or False: Semiotics is the study of signs and how signs come to represent objects, ideas, states, situations, feelings, and conditions outside of themselves.

False

True or False: Communication is relatively easy to define.

True

True or False: Marxism is the originating branch of critical theories and has numerous variations.

Goffman's Presentation of Self

___________ is a theory describing social life as a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets; trying to please our audience (family VS friends).

Trait Theory

___________ is a theory or model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality and believes these traits to be genetic.

Ontology

___________ is known as the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence.

Standpoint Theory

_____________ is a critical theory that claims people's experiences, knowledge, and communication behaviors are shaped in large part by the social groups to which they belong; argues that there is no objective standard for measuring standpoints; everyday people, not the elite, provide the framework

Theoretical Scope

______________ asks the question, how general is the theory? That is, how widely applicable is it? In most cases, a theory that may only be applied within a fairly narrow set of circumstances is not considered as useful as a theory that encompasses a very wide range of communicative interactions.

Identity Negotiation Theory

_________________________ states that our cultural variability influences our sense of self and ultimately influences how successful we are in intercultural interactions. ( social science perceptive - dialectic)

Transmission Model

Source/Sender + Message + Channel + Receiver S+M+C+R

Theory

__________ is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon that attempts to define, describe, explain, and make judgments and inferences about observations

Frame analysis

__________ is the process by which individuals transform the meaning of a situation using basic cognitive structures provided by society

Elaboration Likelihood Theory

___________ assumes people are motivated to hold correct attitudes, they want their attitudes to be the right ones

Social Judgment Theory

___________ explains attitude change. States that when listeners hear a persuasive message they compare it with attitudes they already hold.

Cybernetic Tradition

communication as a system of information processing.

Socio-Psychological Tradition

communication as interpersonal interaction and influence

Phenomenological Tradition

communication as the experience of self and others through dialogue

Heuroristic value, Openesss, Validity, Theoretic Scope

4 Ways to evaluate a theory are:

System

A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements or parts that function together as a whole to accomplish a goal.Making adjustments if needed.

a

Argumentativeness might be understood as a combination of low neuroticism, high extraversion, low openness, low agreeableness, and high conscientiousness. Communication anxiety can include high neuroticism, low extraversion, low openness, low agreeableness, and low conscientiousness. These approaches to argumentativeness and communication anxiety are examples of _____. a. trait theory b. the critical tradition c. identity negotiation theory d. the presentational self

Critical Tradition

Authentic communication is precluded by POWER inequities in society

d

Children sometimes do not carefully evaluate everything parents say, but rely on "authority" instead. This is an example of a. Fundamental attribution error b. Social judgment theory c. Elaboration likelihood theory d. Heuristic-systematic model

Socio-Cultural Tradition

Communication as the creation and enactment of social reality

Semiotic Tradition

Communication as the process of sharing meaning through signs

concepts

Expectancy-violation theory predicts how people react when their expectations about an interaction are somehow violated. Some of the most important _____ of this theory are expectancy, violation, nonverbal behavior, and credibility.

c

If your roommate fails a test, you are apt to claim that she did not study hard enough. If you fail the test, you will probably say that the test was too hard. This is an example of a. Social judgment theory b. Elaboration likelihood theory c. Fundamental attribution error d. Heuristic-systematic model

b

Imagine that you would like to borrow your sister's car to go out with friends. Your reason for needing the car is not all that great, but you think your sister will agree. How, exactly, will you ask to borrow the car? How you will give thought to the language you use—words, phrases, structure, delivery, and how they will be interpreted—describes the _____ approach to communication theory. a. communicator b. message c. relationship d. conversation

Semiotic Triad

Objects, Sign, Meaning Objects in reality produce Meaning (interpretations) in our brains - never immediate; always via the Signs picked up by our senses these are part of the ____________.

Intentionality

One of the 3 points of the Critical Concepts Differentiation. Some definitions include only purposeful message sending and receiving; others do not impose this limitation this is known as ___________. This point asks the question, "Does a person need to have intent to communicate or not?" Ex. Are people intending to communicate by the clothes they where or their tattoos.

Level of Observation

One of the 3 points of the Critical Concepts Differentiation. This point asks the question, "Is this person communicating?" "How descriptive is the communication?"

Normative Judgement

One of the 3 points of the Critical Concepts Differentiation. This points asks the question, "Was the message effective, accurate, successful."

Principles

One of the basic elements of a theory, ________ are the guidelines for action.

Explanations

One of the basic elements of a theory, _________ are dynamic connections made by the theory

Concepts

One of the basic elements of a theory, _________ are the building blocks of theory. ex. expectancy. credibility, context, evaluation, reciprocity, credibility, nonverbal behavior etc

Philosophical Assumptions

One of the basic elements of a theory, ___________ ____________ are basic beliefs that underlie the theory. ex. epistemology, ontology, axiology

b

Rhetoric was originally concerned with: a. culture b. persuasion c. syntax d. critical theory

c

Semantics refers to: a. how signs make a difference in people's lives b. grammar c. how signs relate to their referents d. syntactics

b

Suppose that your best friend surprises you by sharing an opinion that is directly opposite to what you believe about something. How will you handle this? _____ tries to predict how you will evaluate your friend's message, and how the evaluation will affect your own belief system. a. Fundamental attribution error b. Social judgment theory c. Elaboration likelihood theory d. Heuristic-systematic model

Socio-Cultural

The _____ tradition looks at identity in relationship to and as interacting with social group membership, one's place within a larger community, one's role in regard to others, and relationships.

Socio-Psychological

The _____ tradition studies the individual as a social being.

Rhetorical Tradition

The art of using all available means of persuasion, focusing on lines of argument, organisation of ideas, language use and delivery in public (persuasive language). 5 Cannons in Rhetoric, Ancient Greek.

3 Points of Critical Conceptual Differentiation

The points that form the basis of communication, where communication definitions differ are called.

Inquiry

The systematic, nonlinear study of experience that leads to understanding, knowledge, and theory is known as _________.

Recipes

Theories are like ____.

Openness

Theories, perhaps paradoxically, should not exist to the absolute exclusion of other theories. Theory should not be dogma: it should encourage and provide both for skepticism and should--to whatever degree possible--be compatible with other accepted theory.

Humanistic Scholarship

This form of scholarship refers to objectivity in research.

Social-Scientific Scholarship

This form of scholarship refers to research or studying Human Behavior.

Scientific Scholarship

This form of scholarship refers to research or studying basic science.

Objectivity

This is a judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices, a non-bias approach. It is called __________.

Asking questions, observation, constructing answers.

What are the 3 stages of the Basic Model of Inquiry?

Heuristic Value

When an explanation is a mere speculation about a single event, it is not a theoretical explanation. This implies the theory has a limited _____.

Post WWI

When did the the academic study of communication become relevant?

d

Which of the following is a basic element of a theory? a. concepts b. philosophical assumptions c. principles d. all of the above

d

Which of the following is not a criteria to evaluate communication theories? a. Heuristic value b. Appropriateness c. Theoretical Score d. All are criteria

Critical

You are interested in researching the special assets, abilities, or resources that certain people/groups possess that are not especially valued in society. These issues typically align with research within the _____ tradition.

reliable

Your bathroom scale gives you a different weight each day, even though you have not gained or lost weight. The scale is therefore not:

a

____ is the way in which humans come to understand the world through direct experience. a. Phenomenology b. Semiotics c. Pragmatics d. Cybernetics

principles

_____ are guidelines that enable you to interpret an event, make judgments about what is happening, and then decide how to act in the situation

c

_____ examines how identity is negotiated in interaction with others, especially across cultures. a. Standpoint theory b. Elaboration likelihood theory c. Identity negotiation theory d. Heuristic-systematic model

b

_____ seeks to disrupt the categories of sexuality and identity by showing them to be social constructions created in discourse rather than essential, biological categories. a. Standpoint theory b. Queer theory c. Critical standpoint analysis d. Social judgment theory b

taxonomies

_____ stop at the conceptual level; they provide a list of categories for something without explaining how they relate to one another.

d

_____ theories are distinguished by their use of highly qualitative interpretive processes to discover the meaning of texts. a. Rhetorical b. Sociocultural c. Critical d. Phenomenological

Determinists, Pragmatists

_____ think behavior is caused by prior conditions that largely determine human behavior; _____ claim people plan their behavior to meet future goals and see people as active, decision-making beings who affect their own destinies.

Axiology

_____, most practical theories tend to be generally value conscious. Also known as the study of value and value judgements.

Robert Craig's landmark article

_______ argues that the field's coherence should be based on a common understanding of the similarities and differences among theories, as well as commitment to manage these tensions through dialogue.

Attribution Theory

_________ is the theory that we use to explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. Ex. Fundamental Attribution Error

Epistemology

the philosophical theory of knowledge is known as __________.

Validity

the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.

Nomothetic theories

theories use the same set of traits to describe all people; these contend that there are quantifiable measurements of each of those traits in all of us; include Big 5, Eysenck, Cattell. These are called _____________.