Intro to Corrections Test 1 Study Questions

What are the goals of diversion?

1. Avoiding the harsh and criminogenic impacts of incarceration in prison 2. Informing and providing a range of alternatives for decision makers to choose from. 3. Providing a more "justifying justice" for victims and communities 4. Dealing with economic, social, and personal factors associated with crime, rather than the punitively oriented alternative

The justice system is so expensive to run because there are how many employees?

2.4 million

What percentage of Caucasian males make up adults on probation?

55%

What are the disparities in sentencing?

Gender, race, and social class

Why are so many probationers HIV positive?

High rates of injection drug use and risky sexual behavior

What consequence does restitution eliminate?

Imprisonment in a jail or prison

What did Gardiner vs. Florida influence?

In death penalty cases, the PSI must be available to the defense and could not contain victim impact statements that would inflame the jury.

Recidivism rises as probation caseloads what?

Increase

Who is involved in restorative justice?

Victors, offenders, and the community

What law authorized funding for additional state prisons and jails?

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

Who developed the Irish Mark System?

Walter Crofton

Can electronic monitoring be used with home confinement?

Yes.

What is involved in community service?

a court order that requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hour at a private nonprofit or government agency

What is good time credit?

a deduction of time awarded to inmates for good behavior

What is a "day reporting center"?

a facility where an offender, usually on probation, must report every day to participate in counseling, social skills training, and other rehabilitative activities

What is the reformatory model?

a penal system for youthful offenders featuring indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior

What is split probation?

a sentence requiring an offender to spend a period of time in jail before being placed on probation in the community

What is a deferred sentence?

a sentence that delays conviction on a guilty plea until the sentenced offender has successfully served his or her probation term

What is a split sentence?

a sentence where the offender spends the first part of his sentence in jail and is then released on probation for the rest of the sentence

What is bench probation?

a type of probation in which probationers are not subject to supervision

What branch of government interprets the law?

judicial

What branch of government creates laws?

legislative

Who creates sentence types and lengths?

legislative body

The US is now engaging in what?

mass incarceration

What type of courts have ongoing interactions between court and offender?

Drug Courts

Historically, diversion programs were predominately for who?

First time offenders or youthful offenders

Why are intermediate sanctions beneficial?

They are cost effective, reduce overcrowding in prisons and jails, meet the needs of certain offenders, and can be used effectively with probation and parole violators

How much money is collected by the US per year because of fines?

$1 billion

What is the New Penology?

A new approach in probation and other community-based corrections that focuses more on administrative control and regulation than on treatment and offering services

What are the trends in probation?

Attention to substance abusers, 25 states enforce a fee on probationers, community partnerships used more frequently, probation automated management

Probation began in 1841 with the volunteer services of who?

John Augustus

Who was the English sheriff who advocated for prison reform?

John Howard

Who is eligible for drug courts?

Nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems who require integrated sanction and sevices

What year did Federal Sentencing Guidelines emerge?

October of 1984

What was the most common form of criminal sanction in the 20th century?

Probation

Who sends in the PSI?

Probation Officers

Who sets the time for probation and how is the time allotted?

The court sets the time for probation and it is a fixed interval.

What is criminal forfeiture?

following conviction, offenders must relinquish assets related to the offense

What or which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?

general deterrence

What is the definition of selective incapacitation?

identifying high rate offenders and providing for their long term incarceration

What goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to retrain people physically to protect society during the time they are confined?

incapacitation

Who was Jeremy Bentham?

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology, who believed that the law should accomplish the utilitarian purpose of the protection of society

What is a consecutive sentence?

one or more sentences imposed at the same time and served one after the other

What is a concurrent sentence?

one or more sentences imposed at the same time and served simultaneously

What are the characteristics of house arrest?

orders an offender to remain confined in his or her residence for the duration or remainder of the sentence

What goal of sentencing has its roots in the concept that something has to be done to make amends for harm or losses caused?

restorative justice

What are three strikes laws?

rules for repeat offenders that require long sentences without parole for conviction of a third or higher order felony

What is indeterminate sentencing?

sentence that permits early release from a correctional institution after the offender has served a required minimum portion of his or her sentence

What is determinate sentencing?

sentencing that imposes a sentence for a definite term; its main forms are flat time sentences, mandatory sentences, and presumptive sentences

What is the definition of retribution?

something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing; "getting even" for violating the social contract on which the law is based

What is a mandatory minimum sentence?

the imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime with specific circumstances

What is shock probation?

the offender, his or her attorney, or the sentencing judge can submit a motion to suspend the remainder of a sentence after a felon has served a period of time in prison

What is civil forfeiture?

to confiscate property used in law violations and remove the illegally gained profits from violators

What is the function of the TASC?

to divert minor drug abusers away from the criminal justice system