intro to politics/gov quiz questions

According to Logic Ch. 13, the number of interest groups in American politics has increased because: a. All of the other answers in this list are correct. b. Provisions in the tax code and other government policies have encouraged the creation of interest groups. c. Public officials have encouraged the creation of interest groups, in part to promote government programs from outside the government. d. Interest groups have arisen in response to the creation of new government programs, such as Social Security.

a. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

In what way is the electoral system for Congress different than in many parliamentary systems, such as those found in Europe? a. All of the other answers in this list are correct. b. Members of Congress are elected from geographic areas, whereas in some parliamentary systems, candidates are elected in a national vote based on a list of candidates put forth by each political party. c. The electoral system leads political party leaders to be weaker in the US Congress than they are in many parliamentary systems. d. Members of Congress and the president are elected separately by the voters, whereas in many parliamentary systems, the legislative body chooses the chief executive.

a. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

The evolution of federal in the United States, according to Kettl, has been the result of: a. All of the other answers in this list are correct. b. Increased policymaking activity by the federal government, especially since the mid-20th century. c. Court decisions that have tried to identify the boundaries of national and state power. d. Political negotiations between the national government and state governments.

a. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

In Federalist No. 78, why does Alexander Hamilton refer to the courts as the "least dangerous branch"? a. Because the courts do not control money or the military and depend on other branches for enforcement. b. Because Hamilton believed that the courts lacked the power of judicial review. c. Because the courts should not act independently of Congress or the president. d. Because the court rely on litigants to bring cases and have no agenda-setting power.

a. Because the courts do not control money or the military and depend on other branches for enforcement.

According to Seth Masket, how does plurality voting help ensure that major political parties do not easily "die"? a. Because voters vote strategically for a major party to avoid wasting their vote. b. Because seats in the legislature are assigned in proportion to the number of votes a party receives. c. Because third parties are prohibited from raising money from voters. d. Because voters prefer calling themselves "independent" rather than "Democrat" or "Republican."

a. Because voters vote strategically for a major party to avoid wasting their vote.

Republicans' nationwide win in the 2010 midterm elections allowed them to do what, which set them up for a decade of electoral success in the House of Representatives? a. Control the drawing of congressional district maps to disproportionately favor Republican candidates. b. Control both branches of Congress, allowing them to filibuster any legislation pushed forward by the Obama administration. c. Control the distribution of congressional electoral funding to disproportionately favor Republican candidates. d. Control the date on which congressional elections occur, thus favoring higher turnout among Republican voters.

a. Control the drawing of congressional district maps to disproportionately favor Republican candidates.

The federal government regulates pollution levels in water under the Clean Water Act. This is an example of the government addressing the collective action problem of... a. Externalities b. Adverse selection c. Coordination d. Moral hazard

a. Externalities

According to Logic Ch. 14, the news media helps solve a collective action problem for citizens. What is that problem? a. How to monitor their elected leaders. b. How to prevent extremist candidates from winning elections. c. How to communicate effectively with other citizens. d. How to allocate space on the digital broadcast spectrum.

a. How to monitor their elected leaders.

In the New Yorker article, Louis Menand writes that a key piece of civil rights legislation "replaced intent with effect." What does he mean? a. If a change in voting requirements diminished the voting power of minorities, then that change could be overturned, even if diminishing voting power was not the intent of the change. b. Election campaigns by minority politicians were judged by voters in terms of their effect on public policies, not in terms of whether the politician intended to run for higher office. c. Protestors could only be arrested for civil disobedience if their actions had an effect on public opinion, not simply whether they intended to stir up social change. d. Supreme Court decisions that had the effect of imposing new restrictions on state election laws could be overturned by state governors, even if the court's intent was to help the state.

a. If a change in voting requirements diminished the voting power of minorities, then that change could be overturned, even if diminishing voting power was not the intent of the change.

The Constitution states that the president should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." What is the significance of that statement, according to Logic Ch. 7? a. It gives the president the power to administer the expanding modern government. b. It has allowed the president to eliminate Congress' responsibility of overseeing the federal bureaucracy. c. It signals that the Founders intended the president to have expansive powers. d. It gives the president the constitutional power to declare war.

a. It gives the president the power to administer the expanding modern government.

According to last lecture (3/3), what has been both the primary goal and main structural challenge of the judiciary branch in protecting their political power ever since Marbury v. Madison? a. Maintaining legitimacy in the eyes of the public. b. Never overturning past rulings (aka "precedents"). c. Achieving unanimous decisions among the nine justices.

a. Maintaining legitimacy in the eyes of the public.

According to Logic Ch. 12, the supposed increase in the number of independent voters is a myth. Why? a. Most people who call themselves independents tend to consistently support either the Democrats or Republicans. b. Public opinion surveys are not able to accurately measure people's party identification. c. Historically, the number of "pure" independents in the United States has always been larger than the number of people who identify with a party. d. Most people who call themselves independents actually tend to identify with third parties, such as the Greens or Libertarians.

a. Most people who call themselves independents tend to consistently support either the Democrats or Republicans.

According to Menand, why did John F. Kennedy grow to support the civil rights movement? a. Other countries began to view the United States as unjust. b. Kennedy's personal fortune was threatened by segregationist policies. c. Kennedy was concerned that he would be on the wrong side of history if he did not stand in favor of the civil rights movement. d. King promised he would support Kennedy for reelection in 1964.

a. Other countries began to view the United States as unjust.

According to last lecture (3/24), for the average voter, which political construct is more stable over time (e.g., voters respond the same way on surveys 10 years apart)? a. Partisanship b. Ideology

a. Partisanship

According to Logic Ch. 6, which of the following is true? a. Partisanship since the 1970s has become more important in congressional elections, but incumbency still plays a role in determining which candidate wins. b. Because the incumbency advantage is so powerful in congressional elections, partisanship has virtually no influence in determining which candidate wins.

a. Partisanship since the 1970s has become more important in congressional elections, but incumbency still plays a role in determining which candidate wins.

According to Sarah Binder, why does bicameralism affect the level of congressional gridlock? a. Policy differences between the House and the Senate make it hard for the chambers to agree. b. The House and the Senate are usually able to agree because both want to limit the president's influence. c. The increase in the number of moderates in Congress in recent years has made it harder for the House and Senate to agree. d. Bicameralism reduces gridlock because it protects legislation from being overturned by the Supreme Court.

a. Policy differences between the House and the Senate make it hard for the chambers to agree.

According to last lecture (3/22), compared to elections that include party labels next to candidate names, nonpartisan elections cause voters to do what? a. Rely on other heuristics, like name recognition via incumbency. b. More thoroughly research candidates' policy positions. c. Behave essentially the same as they did during partisan elections. d. Turnout at higher rates.

a. Rely on other heuristics, like name recognition via incumbency.

According to last lecture (4/5), all of the following weaken the potential influence of interest groups in politics, except... a. Term limits for elected officials. b. Larger staffs for elected officials. c. Higher salaries for elected officials.

a. Term limits for elected officials.

By design, which chamber of Congress would be considered "less responsive" to the desires of voters? a. The Senate b. The House

a. The Senate

The Democratic party, which had for so long feared embracing civil rights, committed to an activist civil rights policy in the early 1960s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT... a. The Supreme Court had been blocking attempts to spur integration within public schools since the 1950s. b. A protest-based movement was generating nationwide support for civil rights protections. c. Democrats finally secured large majorities in both houses of Congress. d. Northern Democrats calculated that they'd gain more voters from protected minorities than they'd lose from southern Democrats.

a. The Supreme Court had been blocking attempts to spur integration within public schools since the 1950s.

What happened when the "Eye in the Sky" plane was proposed in Dayton, Ohio? a. The city chose not to approve the plan due to public opposition. b. The city chose to approve the plan due to public support. c. The police chief chose not to approve the plan without public consultation. d. The police chief chose not to approve the plan without public consultation.

a. The city chose not to approve the plan due to public opposition.

The reforms of the Progressive Era were designed to enhance the political voice of which group? a. The educated upper-middle class b. Racial and ethnic minorities c. Working class whites d. The business elite

a. The educated upper-middle class

Why have congressional party leaders grown more powerful and committees less powerful over the past few decades? a. The ideology within each party became more uniform/coherent, making party members more willing to centralize power within leadership. b. The ideology within each party became less uniform/coherent, making party members more willing to centralize power within leadership. c. The ideology within each party became more uniform/coherent, making party members less willing to centralize power within leadership. d. The ideology within each party became less uniform/coherent, making party members less willing to centralize power within leadership.

a. The ideology within each party became more uniform/coherent, making party members more willing to centralize power within leadership.

According to Logic Ch. 7, which scenario is least likely to lead to any legislation being passed? a. The president and Congress have sharply different policy differences. b. The president favors a more drastic policy change than does Congress. c. The president and Congress have largely similar policy preferences. d. Congress favors a more drastic change in policy than does the president.

a. The president and Congress have sharply different policy differences.

Why does Lee Drutman (Principles, 12-2) think the presidency contributes to the problem of "hyperpartisanship" in American politics? a. The president has a great deal of power but little incentive to govern as a moderate, which exacerbates the partisan divide. b. Congress has taken away too many of the president's powers, which leaves the president without a way to govern effectively. c. Presidents frequently compromise with the opposing party, which disappoints their base of voters. d. Federalism concentrates too much power in the states, limiting presidential authority.

a. The president has a great deal of power but little incentive to govern as a moderate, which exacerbates the partisan divide.

Principal-agent problems refer to cases where the decider of a task ("the principal") has to rely on another individual ("the agent") to carry out that task. According to Logic, why is the relationship between Congress (the principal) and the president (the agent) a particularly challenging principal-agent problem? a. The president may have political interests that directly conflict with Congress, leading them to purposefully interpret legislation differently than Congress intended. b. The president and Congress have equal abilities to create new laws, making them both principals and agents of each other. c. The president has the greater control of spending, allowing them to defund congressional legislation they disapprove of.

a. The president may have political interests that directly conflict with Congress, leading them to purposefully interpret legislation differently than Congress intended.

According to Logic Ch. 3, "nationalization" refers to: a. The process by which the federal government has accumulated authority over policymaking at the expense of the individual state governments. b. The right of the federal government to use military force when state governments refuse to implement federal policies. c. The strategy of Madison and other supporters of the Constitution used to take their arguments in support of its ratification to citizens across the nation. d. The process by which the Articles of Confederation was revised, which created a stronger national government.

a. The process by which the federal government has accumulated authority over policymaking at the expense of the individual state governments.

Since 1972, voters have sorted into parties that better match their ideological preferences. a. True b. False

a. True

According to the book discussed in Burns ("K Street and the Status Quo"), when are interest groups most likely to get what they want from government? a. When elected officials, including the president, agree with them. b. When they are trying to change the status quo. c. When the issues that they care about are related to national security, where the president's power is significant. d. When there are opposing interest groups on the other side of the issue.

a. When elected officials, including the president, agree with them.

According to Flavelle and Bain's article, it was hard for the Trump administration to impose changes in federal agencies because: a. The White House made relatively few political appointments to the federal bureaucracy. b. All of the other answers in this list are correct. c. Bureaucrats found ways to block or alter the implementation of the administration's directives. d. Some of their proposals intended to alter the fundamental missions of those agencies.

b. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

How does the 1st Amendment's establishment of religion clause support Madison's ideas of pluralism, according to Logic Ch. 5? a. Madison was optimistic that one religious denomination would grow, creating a peaceful society, even without the help of the federal government. b. Allowing for many religions to flourish would increase the number of factions in the US. c. Too many religions would lead to instability and chaos, threatening democracy. d. The majority of religions in the US during the founding had Christian backgrounds, so Madison wasn't concerned about having too many religious factions.

b. Allowing for many religions to flourish would increase the number of factions in the US.

Schattschneider (Principles 13-1) argues that ______________ groups are disproportionately influential in American politics. a. Consumer b. Business c. Non-partisan d. Union

b. Business

According to last lecture (1/25), why did the Supreme Court strike down the original Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act? a. The federal government originally did not give states a choice in expanding Medicaid. It was an order justified under the Commerce Clause. b. By threatening to withhold all federal funds absent expansion, the ACA effectively removed state control over the decision to expand Medicaid. c. The ACA didn't provide federal funding for the Medicaid expansion, making it an unfunded mandate which is unconstitutional.

b. By threatening to withhold all federal funds absent expansion, the ACA effectively removed state control over the decision to expand Medicaid.

According to Logic Ch. 4, which of the following distinguishes civil liberties from civil rights? a. Civil liberties depend on an interpretation of the 14th Amendment, but civil rights do not. b. Civil rights are protections provided by the government, while civil liberties are protections from the government. c. Civil liberties are protections provided by the government, while civil rights are protections from the government. d. Civil rights have been guaranteed by national majorities while civil liberties have not.

b. Civil rights are protections provided by the government, while civil liberties are protections from the government.

According to our last lecture (1/18), the Articles of Confederation were designed to... a. Minimize transaction costs and maximize conformity costs b. Maximize transaction costs and maximize conformity costs c. Maximize transactions costs and minimize conformity costs d. Minimize transaction costs and minimize conformity costs

c. Maximize transactions costs and minimize conformity costs

Which of the following is an example of an Iron Triangle? a. Monsanto donating money to conservative congressmen. b. Congress increasing funding to the Department of Agriculture in exchange for lower regulations on corn production. c. The Department of Education releasing a new policy that requires a higher reading standard in public schools. d. Congress passing a new budget that expands funding for several departments.

b. Congress increasing funding to the Department of Agriculture in exchange for lower regulations on corn production.

This chart (found in the 2/15 Congress I quiz) shows the correlations between the vote shares won by presidential candidates and congressional candidates at state and district levels. Given this information, which argument is most accurate? a. The House and Senate are less politically polarize than they were in the mid-20th century? b. Congressional elections are increasingly treated by voters as national events, with presidents and presidential candidates as a major focus. c. "All politics is local," meaning members of Congress need to pay attention to their constituents' unique needs now more than ever. d. "There's more than one way to eat a Reese's."

b. Congressional elections are increasingly treated by voters as national events, with presidents and presidential candidates as a major focus.

According to last lecture (4/7), media can most directly shape politics through which pathway? a. Misleading voters via false stories (i.e., "fake news"). b. Directing voter attention to a specific issue/problem. c. Persuading voters to adopt a specific policy position.

b. Directing voter attention to a specific issue/problem.

According to Logic Ch. 8, one of the main problems that elected officials have in controlling the bureaucracy is that: a. Elected officials have no way to change the organization or authority of bureaucratic agencies. b. Elected officials often have difficulty observing what bureaucrats are doing and often have less information than bureaucrats do. c. Bureaucrats frequently become politicians themselves and then campaign to defeat the elected officials who sought to curb their authority. d. Bureaucrats never try to design and manage their programs in ways that enhance their political support in Congress.

b. Elected officials often have difficulty observing what bureaucrats are doing and often have less information than bureaucrats do.

In Federalist No. 10, what does Madison endorse as a means of combatting the "mischiefs of faction"? a. Ensuring that citizens have essentially similar views on important issues. b. Establishing a republican government over a large, diverse groups of citizens. c. Electing wise leaders who can prevent factions from hurting others. d. Restricting the freedom of factions to organize.

b. Establishing a republican government over a large, diverse groups of citizens.

According to Logic Ch. 4, what is the primary reason women gained the right to vote later than Black Americans? a. Women were expected to be far less active in politics than Black Americans. b. Expanding women's suffrage was not expected to advantage either major political party.

b. Expanding women's suffrage was not expected to advantage either major political party.

Compared to the 1970s, recent presidents more frequently "go public" with major, nationally televised addresses. a. True b. False

b. False

Congress has become less able to pass major legislation due to high transaction costs, polarization and divided government. Despite these periods of gridlock, presidents are less likely to issue executive orders. a. True b. False

b. False

Which of the following statements is most accurate when people talk about a "shrinking bureaucracy"? Since World War II... a. Federal spending in inflation-adjusted dollars has increased and the size of the federal workforce has increased. b. Federal spending in inflation-adjusted dollars has increased, while the size of the federal workforce has decreased. c. Federal spending in inflation-adjusted dollars has decreased, while the size of the federal workforce has increased. d. Federal spending in inflation-adjusted dollars has decreased and the size of the federal workforce has decreased.

b. Federal spending in inflation-adjusted dollars has increased, while the size of the federal workforce has decreased.

According to the previous lecture (1/20), which of the 3 "Great Divides" during the Constitutional Convention was the most ideological rather than being about geography or pure power politics? a. Northern states vs. Southern states b. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists c. Democrats vs. Republicans d. Big states vs. small states

b. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Imagine a study found that when Americans are told that COVID-19 outbreaks abroad are a national security risk, support for the US government funding free vaccinations in developing countries is 60%. But, when the same Americans are told that stopping COVID-19 outbreaks abroad is a matter of human rights, support for the same US funded program is only 25%. If such a study existed, it would be demonstrating the effect of ________ in public opinion. a. Measurement error b. Framing c. Political socialization d. Cognitive dissonance

b. Framing

According to Kettl, what do Hurricane Katrina and the Oso mudslide illustrate about federalism? a. How the 10th Amendment prohibits the federal government from helping with disaster relief. b. How federal and state governments struggle to share information and work together. c. How federal and state governments coordinate effectively to keep natural disasters from being so costly. d. How federal and state governments were prepared for Katrina but not the mudslide.

b. How federal and state governments struggle to share information and work together.

Which of the following policy areas illustrates shared federalism? a. Making treaties b. Imposing taxes c. Regulating the postal system d. Coining money

b. Imposing taxes

According to Logic Ch. 13, what is one reason that it is harder for large interest groups to overcome the collective action problem than it is for small groups? a. There are many more regulations for large groups, which makes lobbying difficult. b. It is easier for individuals in large groups to engage in free riding without anyone noticing. c. The perceived stakes for individuals in large groups are usually much higher. d. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

b. It is easier for individuals in large groups to engage in free riding without anyone noticing.

According to last lecture (1/27), political scientists define "better" representation as occurring when the policy of each state... a. More closely meets the needs of that state's citizenry. b. More closely matches the preferences of that state's citizenry. c. Is designed to protect the rights of all citizens, not just the majority. d. Is designed to be uniform across the entire US.

b. More closely matches the preferences of that state's citizenry.

What type of action does the structure of our federal government tend to favor? a. Positive action b. Negative action c. Action action d. Reaction

b. Negative action

According to Logic, why did Congress in the early 20th century have an incentive to delegate administration of policies to the president? a. The president always needs to ask for Congress' permission to adjust policy, so there was no risk in delegation. b. Oversight of policy administration was too great of a burden for congressional committees. c. Congress has never had the ability to oversee the administration of its policies.

b. Oversight of policy administration was too great of a burden for congressional committees.

The public tends not to be well-informed about many political issues, but Logic Ch. 10 argues that "aggregate public opinion" tends to be fairly coherent. Why is this the case? a. Uninformed citizens tend not to trust better informed leaders, and therefore reject the messages these leaders are sending. b. People can use cognitive shortcuts that allow them to make reasonable decisions even in the absence of detailed information about policy issues. c. All of the other answers in this list are correct. d. Aggregate public opinion frequently moves in a dramatic ways for no apparent reason.

b. People can use cognitive shortcuts that allow them to make reasonable decisions even in the absence of detailed information about policy issues.

According to the book discussed in Burns ("K Street and the Status Quo"), what is the typical outcome of lobbying efforts? a. Corrupt politicians receive direct financial payments from lobbyists. b. Policy does not change. c. Important new policies are passed by Congress, as long as they have bipartisan support. d. Business groups defeat labor unions.

b. Policy does not change.

Which of the following best characterizes Richard Neustadt's (Principles 7-1) view of presidential power? a. Because presidential power is limited, they only way for presidents to achieve their goals is through the veto. b. Presidential power depends on presidents' ability to bargain with other political actors. c. Presidential power is a myth, and presidents are captives of Congress. d. Because of their prominence in the media, presidents have the ability to dominate every other actor in the political system.

b. Presidential power depends on presidents' ability to bargain with other political actors.

According to the last lecture (2/10), the Alabama congressional districting map - recently allowed to remain in effect by the US Supreme Court - allegedly violates a principle stemming from the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The principle is that voting districts should be drawn so that... a. Racial minorities should not have to travel a farther distance to their polling location to vote compared to white voters. b. Racial minorities have the ability to elect representatives in proportion to their share of the state's population. c. Voting districts should be equal size in population, ensuring that each voter has equal representation in Congress. d. Racial minorities should not face restrictions at the ballot, like the requirement to show voter identification via a government document.

b. Racial minorities have the ability to elect representatives in proportion to their share of the state's population.

The Supreme Court's authority depends on delegation, according to Logic Ch. 9. How so? a. The Supreme Court cannot act unless Congress agrees that a law may be unconstitutional. b. The Supreme Court depends on lower courts to implement its decisions. c. Supreme Court justices delegate decision making to the clerks that work for them. d. The Supreme Court can replace lower court judges who directly contradict Supreme Court rulings.

b. The Supreme Court depends on lower courts to implement its decisions.

What does it mean when the Supreme Court relies on the doctrine of "stare decisis," according to Logic Ch. 9? a. Supreme Court justices refuse to strike down a federal law for fear of being judicial activists. b. The Supreme Court follows the precedent it has established in previous cases. c. The Supreme Court overturns its own previous decision. d. Supreme Court justices make decisions based on their ideological political views.

b. The Supreme Court follows the precedent it has established in previous cases.

Which of the following helped the Civil Rights Movement overcome collective action problems, according to Logic Ch. 4? a. Effective coordination between civil rights protestors and Southern police forces. b. The leadership of prominent local African Americans, especially members of the clergy. c. The support of "Dixiecrat" leaders in the 1948 presidential election. d. The Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford.

b. The leadership of prominent local African Americans, especially members of the clergy.

According to Binder, which of the following is true? a. Despite high levels of partisan polarization, public approval of Congress has remained high since the early 2000s. b. The level of gridlock (the inability to get things done) in Congress has increased substantially since World War II. c. All of the other answers in this list are correct. d. Most Americans do not know that Congress is divided into a House and Senate.

b. The level of gridlock (the inability to get things done) in Congress has increased substantially since World War II.

According to last lecture (2/17), the composition of the House of Representatives is influenced by both districting decisions and the distribution of voters. In recent decades, these factors tend to produce a House of Representatives best described as... a. The median voter nationwide leans right (Republican voter) and median House district leans right (majority Republican voters). b. The median voter nationwide leans left (Democratic voter), but the median House district leans right (majority Republican voters). c. The median voter nationwide leans right (Republican voter), but the median House district leans left (majority Democratic voters). d. The median voter nationwide leans left (Democratic voter) and the median House district leans left (majority Democratic voters).

b. The median voter nationwide leans left (Democratic voter), but the median House district leans right (majority Republican voters).

In his majority opinion in Roe v. Wade, Justice Harry Blackman argues that the Constitution affords a right to privacy. What is the basis for his argument? a. The same Texas law that banned abortion had also granted women privacy rights. Thus, the privacy rights took precedence. b. The right to privacy is implied by protections in the Constitution, such as the right to individual liberty and due process. c. Transcripts from the Constitutional Convention in 1787 revealed that the Framers intended for the Constitution to include a right to privacy. d. The right to privacy is explicitly stated in the 6th Amendment in the Bill of Rights.

b. The right to privacy is implied by protections in the Constitution, such as the right to individual liberty and due process.

Which of the following best describes the differences between the operation of the House and Senate, according to Logic Ch. 6? a. The rules of the Senate make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the House, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. b. The rules of the House make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the Senate, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda.

b. The rules of the House make it easier for the majority party to control the legislative agenda. In the Senate, it is more difficult for the majority party to control the legislative agenda.

According to last lecture (3/1), which of the following presidential powers is an example of negative power? a. "Going public" b. The veto c. Executive orders d. Submitting a budget to Congress

b. The veto

What does it mean that privacy rights derive from "penumbras"? a. These rights are explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution. b. These rights are implied by the Constitution. c. These rights are forbidden by the Constitution. d. These rights do not affect state governments, only the federal government.

b. These rights are implied by the Constitution.

Lee Drutman in Principles 12-2 discussed polling about how Americans would feel if their child married a member of the opposite party. What was the point of that illustration? a. To demonstrate that partisanship, although important, does not influence sacred institutions like marriage. b. To demonstrate that party identification has an affective, or emotional, component. c. To demonstrate that party identification is highly correlated with voting behavior. d. To demonstrate that party identification tends not to change over the course of a lifespan.

b. To demonstrate that party identification has an affective, or emotional, component.

In Principles 13-1, why is Schattschneider skeptical that James Madison's "competition of factions" will lead to pluralism and public interest politics? a. Because there are too many special interest groups. b. Because partisan polarization makes politicians less likely to be persuaded by the public interest. c. Because lower income citizens are far less likely to form and join interest groups. d. Because campaign contributions via PACs tend to decide elections.

c. Because lower income citizens are far less likely to form and join interest groups.

According to Logic Ch. 10, how does ideology - terms like "liberal" and "conservative" - affect the political thinking of most Americans? a. Most people are very aware when they hold ideologically inconsistent attitudes, and thus do everything in their power to maintain ideological consistency. b. Most Americans think like strong liberals or strong conservatives do, basing their issue positions on consistent ideological philosophies. c. Even though the terms are constantly used in public discussions of politics, most Americans really don't understand or use ideological terms to guide their thinking. d. Most Americans identify as liberal but are secretly conservative, because they usually prefer the reduction of government social welfare programs.

c. Even though the terms are constantly used in public discussions of politics, most Americans really don't understand or use ideological terms to guide their thinking.

According to Jacobson, the Framers' design of a bicameral legislature, presidential veto, and distinct electoral bases was meant to impose... a. Low transaction costs and low conformity costs. b. High transaction costs and high conformity costs. c. High transaction costs and low conformity costs. d. Low transaction costs and high conformity costs.

c. High transaction costs and low conformity costs.

Which of the following best illustrates "fire alarm" oversight of the bureaucracy, according to Logic Ch. 8? a. The president appoints loyal supporters to senior positions in the bureaucracy. b. Congress investigates a sample of executive branch activities to see if they diverge from what Congress intended. c. Interest groups object to a newly proposed federal rule, and members of Congress investigate. d. Congress asks the General Accounting Office to review a new bureaucratic program and report on its efficacy.

c. Interest groups object to a newly proposed federal rule, and members of Congress investigate.

Giving federal judges lifetime appointments enhances judicial independence. What is the tradeoff? a. It prevents the Supreme Court from delegating to the lower courts. b. It undermines the powers granted to Congress in Article I. c. It makes judges less accountable to voters. d. It gives the president too much influence over judicial decision making.

c. It makes judges less accountable to voters.

How did James Madison view the role of the judiciary when it came to civil liberties, according to Logic Ch. 5? a. Judges pay attention to popular opinion, making it likely that they would keep civil liberties in line with public opinion. b. Judges are agents of the federal government, making them more likely to side with the government and restrict civil liberties. c. Judges are unelected and tenured for life, insulating them from public pressure and allowing them to protect civil liberties. d. Judges would view themselves as "citizens first," who would do whatever it took to expand civil liberties regardless of the interests of the federal government.

c. Judges are unelected and tenured for life, insulating them from public pressure and allowing them to protect civil liberties.

In Federalist No. 10, what was Madison's solution to the risk of powerful, majority factions? a. Large districts of direct democracy b. Small districts of direct democracy c. Large districts of representative democracy d. Small districts of representative democracy

c. Large districts of representative democracy

According to last lecture (2/8), "exclusionary zoning" refers to the use of the zoning code to... a. Write into the legal deed that a property may only be sold to a white homeowner, preventing racial integration at the neighborhood level. b. Reserve specific neighborhoods for white residents and other neighborhoods for Black residents, preventing racial integration. c. Only allow large, single-family homes to be built in a community, thus discouraging economic and racial integration. d. Discourage banks from lending mortgages in majority-Black neighborhoods, limiting economic upward mobility of minority residents.

c. Only allow large, single-family homes to be built in a community, thus discouraging economic and racial integration.

Lee Drutman (Principles, 12-2) notes that parties are essential for democracy but that partisanship is also dangerous. What does he mean? a. All of the other answers in this list are correct. b. Parties help distribute resources equally throughout society, but partisanship leads voters to demand more, which weakens US economic policy. c. Parties promote competition and accountability, but intense partisanship can prevent rational debate and cooperation. d. Parties help organize voters' choices in elections, but intense partisanship lowers voter participation, because most Americans are so disgusted by politics that they stay home on election day.

c. Parties promote competition and accountability, but intense partisanship can prevent rational debate and cooperation.

Which of the following best characterizes the American press from the founding of the United States through roughly the 1830s, according to Logic Ch. 14? a. Newspaper owners became wealthy national celebrities with a great deal of political influence. b. Newspapers experiences a significant decline in readership from which they have not recovered. c. Political parties funded newspapers that covered them favorably. d. Newspapers were funded mainly by their readers, who paid a small sum to read sensationalistic coverage.

c. Political parties funded newspapers that covered them favorably.

According to Logic Ch. 14, media coverage of an issue is most effective at... a. Raising awareness about the issue and changing people's minds. b. Changing people's minds, but not raising awareness about the issue. c. Raising awareness about the issue but not changing people's minds. d. Neither changing people's minds nor raising awareness about the issue.

c. Raising awareness about the issue but not changing people's minds.

According to our previous lecture (2/1), judicial rulings stopping President Trump from blocking individuals from the POTUS Twitter feed and protecting the right of registered sex offenders to use social media are both grounded in what principle of free speech? a. Misinformation spread via social media is not protected under the 1st Amendment. b. The technology companies that run social media are restricted in their actions by the 1st Amendment. c. Social media platforms are the common spaces where speech occurs today, making access to them protected by the 1st Amendment. d. Hateful speech via social media risks provoking violence, making hate speech unprotected by the 1st Amendment.

c. Social media platforms are the common spaces where speech occurs today, making access to them protected by the 1st Amendment.

According to the Somin and Yee articles about sanctuary cities, why did the Trump administration have difficulty in its efforts to enforce immigration policy? a. According to the Constitution, enforcement of immigration law is the responsibility of the states, not the federal government. b. All of the other answers in this list are correct. c. The Constitution and previous court decisions have limited the federal government's ability to force states to comply with its requests. d. The courts have ruled that the Trump administration's immigration policies are too vague to be legally enforceable.

c. The Constitution and previous court decisions have limited the federal government's ability to force states to comply with its requests.

What is one of Justin Levitt's arguments about new state voting laws in states like Florida? a. These laws are well-designed to prevent the most common types of voter fraud. b. Restriction on voter registration drives are acceptable, but restrictions on early voting are not. c. These laws tend to most strongly affect younger voters, seniors, and ethnic minorities. d. State governments have a compelling interest in requiring voters to present photo identification.

c. These laws tend to most strongly affect younger voters, seniors, and ethnic minorities.

According to Logic Ch. 3, why does the federal government sometimes offer grants to states? a. All of the other answers in this list are correct. b. To reduce the federal government's budget deficit. c. To encourage the states to develop or implement policies that the federal government supports. d. To strengthen the principle of separation of powers.

c. To encourage the states to develop or implement policies that the federal government supports.

The concept of "moral incentives" helps explain: a. Why interest groups like AAA provide tangible benefits, such as roadside assistance and free maps, to their members. b. Why religious organizations have been shown to be more influential in politics than business-related interest groups. c. Why some people participate in interest group efforts even though their individual contribution will not make much difference. d. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

c. Why some people participate in interest group efforts even though their individual contribution will not make much difference.

If TAs Dan, Kerry, and Dickson gave money to the World Wildlife Fund and it send each of them an adorable stuffed panda in return, what would we call that panda? a. A free rider b. A moral incentive c. A collective action problem d. A selective incentive

d. A selective incentive

Interest groups often use "outsider tactics," according to Logic Ch. 13. What are those? a. Activities that focus on forming coalitions with other interest groups in order to change the administrative rules made by bureaucratic agencies. b. Activities that encourage the public to support "outsider" candidates who don't have traditional political backgrounds. c. Activities that involve gaining direct access to lawmakers in order to provide them with information and try to persuade them. d. Activities, such as demonstrations and the use of media, designed to put pressure on elected officials.

d. Activities, such as demonstrations and the use of media, designed to put pressure on elected officials.

According to Logic Ch. 12, how do parties help elected officials achieve their goals in government? a. They provide organization, which helps legislators win majorities in multiple settings over time. b. They help legislators build stable alliances in Congress or other legislative bodies. c. They help recruit like-minded candidates who, once elected, can join forces with fellow legislators. d. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

d. All of the other answers in this list are correct.

What is the limit on how much funding the federal government can withhold from state or local governments? a. The federal government can withhold funding from state governments, but not from local governments. b. The federal government can withhold up to 50% of any existing grant/transfer to state and local governments. c. The federal government cannot withhold funding from state and local governments. d. As much as it wants without the action being coercive.

d. As much as it wants without the action being coercive.

According to Logic, the effective organization of bureaucracies, as defined by Max Weber, tend to impose high... a. Financial costs b. Transaction costs c. Opportunity costs d. Conformity costs

d. Conformity costs

According to last lecture (3/8), bureaucratic organizations address collective action by... a. Increasing transaction costs and decreasing conformity costs. b. Increasing transaction costs and increasing conformity costs. c. Decreasing transaction costs and decreasing conformity costs. d. Decreasing transaction costs and increasing conformity costs.

d. Decreasing transaction costs and increasing conformity costs.

In her interview with journalist Ezra Klein, political scientist Frances Lee describes how congressional Democrats changed position on education reform during the Clinton and Bush administrations. Why? a. Democrats opposed the Bush administration's education reform plan so that they could continue to campaign on it throughout the entire Obama presidency, which they did. b. Democrats changed their position because teacher's unions began supporting the Bush administration's education reform plan. c. Democrats opposed the Bush administration's education reform plan because it was a very conservative policy, unlike Bill Clinton's very liberal proposal. d. Democrats opposed education reform during the Bush administration because it was being supported by a Republican president, who they did not want to succeed.

d. Democrats opposed education reform during the Bush administration because it was being supported by a Republican president, who they did not want to succeed.

What was the main accomplishment of civil service reform, according to Logic Ch. 8? a. It made bureaucrats much more accountable to elected leaders. b. It helped solve the problems of "hidden action" and "hidden information." c. It enabled politicians to give government positions to their loyal supporters. d. It made merit, or qualifications, a more important criterion for hiring bureaucrats.

d. It made merit, or qualifications, a more important criterion for hiring bureaucrats.

In Roe v. Wade, the majority opinion by Justice Blackman argues that when fundamental rights are involved,... a. The fundamental rights should be defined and contextualized based on public opinion today, not what was believed at the time of the founding. b. The state's interest will always supersede fundamental rights. c. Regulation can never infringe on those fundamental rights. d. Legislation must be narrowly targeted to express only the compelling state interest.

d. Legislation must be narrowly targeted to express only the compelling state interest.

According to last lecture (2/22), a former Speaker of the House complained that over time it has become harder to keep their own party members in line when it comes to voting on House legislation. Which of the following changes over time was the former Speaker complaining about? a. Increasing partisan polarization among members of the House. b. The decline of competitive elections due to gerrymandering. c. Increasing partisan polarization among voters. d. Limits on the ability to fund projects in specific House member districts.

d. Limits on the ability to fund projects in specific House member districts.

Which of following best describes how Congress struggles with transaction costs in lawmaking? a. Multiple votes requiring majority coalitions creates high transaction costs and delegation of power to party leadership makes transaction costs even higher. b. Delegation of power to party leadership creates high transaction costs and multiple votes requiring majority coalitions makes transaction costs even higher. c. Delegation of power to party leadership creates high transaction costs, but multiple votes requiring majority coalitions helps reduce transaction costs. d. Multiple votes requiring majority coalitions creates high transaction costs, but delegation of power to party leadership helps reduce transaction costs.

d. Multiple votes requiring majority coalitions creates high transaction costs, but delegation of power to party leadership helps reduce transaction costs.

In 2019, US Senate voted to end US support for a Saudi-backed war in Yemen, despite the fact that President Trump wanted to continue the US support. What principle does that illustrate? a. Madison failed to understand the way that foreign interest groups, such as the government of Saudi Arabia, would seek to influence domestic politics. b. The unity among Republicans in Congress illustrates the risk of "faction" that Madison warned about in Federalist 10. c. It violated the Framers' belief that the president would be the person to make foreign policy decisions. d. One branch of government was using its own powers to limit the authority of another branch of government.

d. One branch of government was using its own powers to limit the authority of another branch of government.

Which best characterizes the scope of the 1st Amendment protections for freedom of speech, according to Logic Ch. 5? a. Freedom of speech rights for individual Americans cannot be extended to corporations. b. Political speech is widely protected, but it can always be outlawed when it involves hateful speech against another group. c. Neither the federal government nor state governments can limit citizens' speech. d. Political speech is widely protected, but the government can limit speech when it advocates for illegal activity or is obscene.

d. Political speech is widely protected, but the government can limit speech when it advocates for illegal activity or is obscene.

In the Radiolab podcast "Eye in the Sky," the controversial technology being debated was originally developed to investigate: a. The Islamic State in Syria. b. The killing of police by drug cartels in Mexico. c. The torture of prisoners in Abu Ghraib. d. Roadside bombs in Iraq.

d. Roadside bombs in Iraq.

Prior to the Civil War, the Free Soil Party built support by opposing expansion of slavery to new states based on which argument? a. New proslavery states would enhance the power of the Southern coalition in the Senate. b. Slavery was immoral and unconstitutional. c. The nation could enhance its reputation overseas if it abolished slavery, as many European nations already had. d. Slave labor depressed wages for free, white workers.

d. Slave labor depressed wages for free, white workers.

What was the decision of the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, according to Logic Ch. 4? a. The Court ruled that the federal government could not prevent slavery in new territories. b. The Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional. c. The Court ruled that having separate schools for Black and white students was inherently unequal. d. The Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were constitutional based on the principle of "separate but equal."

d. The Court ruled that Jim Crow laws were constitutional based on the principle of "separate but equal."

In her interview with journalist Ezra Klein, political scientist Frances Lee provides an explanation for gridlock in Washington. What is it? a. Gridlock has arisen because of the incumbency advantage and the lack of term limits in Congress. b. Party leaders have lost the "spirit of compromise" that characterized the World War II generation because of their service in the war. c. Presidents have been so unwilling to lead and force Congress to pass important legislation. d. The two parties are less likely to compromise because they always believe they have a good chance of taking power after the next election.

d. The two parties are less likely to compromise because they always believe they have a good chance of taking power after the next election.

What is agency capture? a. When one government agency takes over another agency's functions. b. When government services are provided by private companies. c. When the Congress takes power over an agency away from the president. d. When an industry regulated by agency gains substantial power over the agency.

d. When an industry regulated by agency gains substantial power over the agency.