Intro to Psych (Chapter 9)

schema

A _________ is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

scaffolding

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.

Assimilation

A two-year-old child has a pet dog called Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

avoidant attachment B. ambivalent attachment

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure.

seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.

According to Ainsworth, securely attached children:

Identity exploration

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

ego identity

According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for.

postconventional level

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________.

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

the ability to hypothesize

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

critical period

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus.

the consequences of behavior

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventionallevel base their moral judgments on _____.

crystallized intelligence

Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____.

generativity

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating _____.

personal fable

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____.

Moro reflex

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television,the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.

sandwich generation

Shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same citywhile her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____.

children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

authoritarian

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting.

the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:

the age of possibilities

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

Establishment of close relationships

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

They are dependent on their primary caregivers

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

uninvolved parents

_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves.

reflexes

_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimuli.

fluid intelligence

_________ is mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.