Intro to psych exp
Research results indicate that the more servings of red meat eat from age 15 to 25, the higher their cholesterol scores will be at age 60. This is an example of a ____ relationship between variables. cause-and-effect negative coincidental positive
positive
Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. All people above the age of 80 would make up the ____. subgroup population census sample
population
Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement? survey self-report physiological behavioral
physiological
A research proposal is a ____. plan for a new study research report conference poster conference presentation
plan for a new study
Felipe plans to watch how positively or negatively teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD for his research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement? Self-report Physiological Observational Archival
Observational
The informed consent process is most directly related to this principle from The Belmont Principles Anonymity Justice Beneficence Respect for Persons
Respect for Persons
This principle from the Belmont Report emphasizes minimizing harm and maximizing the benefits of research. Justice Anonymity Respect for Persons Beneficence
Beneficence
Numerical results of a study are reported in the ________ section. Results Method - Procedures Discussion
Results
Which statement is the best example of a hypothesis? There is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time. Self-esteem does not affect persistence on a difficult task. Sugar consumption is not related to level of activity. Class size is negatively correlated with academic performance.
Class size is negatively correlated with academic performance.
A researcher describes the unique characteristics of an individual research participant and uses the participant's real first name when writing about her study. Which ethical principle is being compromised? Informed consent Anonymity No harm Confidentiality
Confidentiality
A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using? Quota sampling Convenience sampling Cluster sampling Simple random sampling
Convenience sampling
Which sampling technique is most likely to result in a biased sample? Proportionate stratified random sampling Convenience sampling Systematic sampling Simple random sampling
Convenience sampling
Which section of an APA article/paper describes the extent to which the results support the hypothesis or how the results answer the research question? Results Method - Materials Discussion Introduction
Discussion
Which question is best addressed with the experimental strategy? Is there a relationship between the amount of sleep that college students get each night and the GPA of those college students? What is the average number of hours of sleep that a typical college student gets each night? What career choices are most popular among students with high GPAs? Does increasing the hours of sleep college students get each night cause an increase in GPA?
Does increasing the hours of sleep college students get each night cause an increase in GPA?
The method section is designed to answer what questions? How were the data analyzed? What was the hypothesis of the study? What was the purpose of the study? How was the study conducted?
How was the study conducted?
In which section of a psychological research report or proposal should the hypothesis of the study be stated? Introduction Method Results References
Introduction
Which is the correct order of the sections of a research report? Introduction, references, method, results, and discussion Abstract, discussion, introduction, method, results, and discussion Abstract, introduction, results, and method Introduction, method, results, and discussion
Introduction, method, results, and discussion
Which question is best addressed with the correlational strategy? Is there a relationship between the amount of sleep that college students get each night and the GPA of those college students? Does increasing the hours of sleep college students get each night cause an increase in GPA? What is the average number of hours of sleep that a typical college student gets each night? What career choices are most popular among students with high GPAs
Is there a relationship between the amount of sleep that college students get each night and the GPA of those college students?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the scientific method? It involves hypotheses rather than predictions. It relies solely on deductive reasoning. It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer. It effectively combines intuition with empirical data.
It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer.
Why is probability sampling rarely used in behavioral science researcher? It is too easy to let bias sneak into the study with probability sampling. It is often not possible to list every individual in a population. It does not allow for a truly random selection process. It is too difficult to get a representative sample with probability sampling.
It is often not possible to list every individual in a population.
Who is acting as a confederate? Mikael, a research participant who decides on his own to mess with other participants Aisha, who signs up for every research study she can Hannah, who thinks she has guessed what the "real" purpose of the study is and tells everyone else Jay, who pretends to be a research participant even though he is actually working with the experimenter
Jay, who pretends to be a research participant even though he is actually working with the experimenter
This principle from the Belmont Report means that all segments of the population should have an opportunity to be included in a study. Respect for Persons Justice Anonymity Beneficence
Justice
Where would you look to find information on the validity and reliability of measures used in a study? Method - Procedures Introduction Method - Materials Discussion
Method - Materials
Which section of an APA article would you read to find out exactly what happened in a study and in what order? Method - Procedures Discussion Method - Materials Introduction
Method - Procedures
A researcher recruits participants for an experiment by posting an announcement in the psychology department asking for volunteers. What kind of sampling is being used? Quota Random Probability Nonprobability
Nonprobability
The Method section typically consists of what 3 subsections? Participants, results, discussion Participants, materials, discussion Participants, materials, procedures Results, materials, procedure
Participants, materials, procedures
To select a sample of 10 employees from a factory workforce of 100, a researcher puts each employee's name on a slip of paper, then shuffles the papers in a hat and randomly picks 10 names. What kind of sampling is being used? Nonprobability Probability Convenience Quota
Probability
Which kind of sampling requires such extensive knowledge of the population that the researcher could list every individual in the population? Quota Convenience Probability Nonprobability
Probability
What type of question typically produces a numerical score for each participant? Restricted Open-ended Rating scale Partially open-ended
Rating scale
Which type of question is a Likert-type question? Open-ended Restricted Rating scale Physiological
Rating scale
What is meant by the saying, "science is empirical?" Scientific answers are based on direct observation. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others. Scientific answers are based on inductive reasoning. Scientific answers are based on deductive reasoning.
Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for her research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement? Archival Self-report Physiological Observational
Self-report
Which behavior is an example of plagiarism? Talking about your research before it is published. Using someone else's ideas in your research report without a citation. Making a mistake in the formatting of a reference. Integrating your own ideas into someone else's work.
Using someone else's ideas in your research report without a citation.
You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy. You have demonstrated ____. predictive validity concurrent validity reliability divergent validity
concurrent validity
The participants subsection should describe the number/type/characteristics of the participants as well as which of the following? Surveys participants completed What the participants did in the study The approach used to obtain the sample and recruiting process The number/type/characteristics of the researchers
The approach used to obtain the sample and recruiting process
What is a limitation of survey research? It cannot be used to measure specific behaviors. The results are often difficult to evaluate. It only can be used to measure attitudes and opinions. The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.
The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.
Which hypothesis is problematic because it cannot be tested? Children can learn to decrease their stress levels faster than adults. People worry too much about stress. People use stress as an excuse to be rude. There would be less stress today if 9/11 had never occurred.
There would be less stress today if 9/11 had never occurred.
Which question can be addressed with a descriptive strategy? Is there a relationship between college GPA and career choice after graduating? Does increasing the hours of sleep college students get each night cause an increase in GPA? Is there a relationship between the amount of sleep that college students get each night and the GPA of those college students? What is the average number of hours of sleep that a typical college student gets each night?
What is the average number of hours of sleep that a typical college student gets each night?
If people score low on one measure and score low on another measure, there is ____ a cause-and-effect relationship between the two measures no relationship between the two measures a positive relationship between the two measures a negative relationship between the two measures
a positive relationship between the two measures
A good hypothesis must ____. leave some variables unobserved involve a hypothetical situation only allow for data that supports it allow for all variables to be measured
allow for all variables to be measured
A refutable hypothesis must ____. refer to variables that can be observed or measured allow for the possibility that the observations will not support the hypothesis state at least one conclusion that has already been proven make a positive statement about the existence of an effect or a relationship
allow for the possibility that the observations will not support the hypothesis
Experiments allow researchers to ____. observe naturally occurring behavior answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables eliminate experimenter bias answer questions about the existence of a relationship between two variables
answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables
The Milgram study involved ____. injecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis
asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people
A study that aims to modify existing psychological theory related to personality traits would be considered ____ research. applied basic systematic statistically significant
basic
Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement? survey physiological self-report behavioral
behavioral
While driving, you notice that you seem to encounter more impatient and rude people on the road than you do in person, and you wonder why that would be the case. This is an example of getting research ideas from ____. systematic observation casual observation theory second-hand information
casual observation
The workers in a factory are organized into five-person teams. When conducting a work-environment survey, a researcher randomly selected 10 teams to obtain a total sample of 50 workers. The researcher used ____ sampling. proportionate stratified random cluster stratified random simple random
cluster
You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy. You have demonstrated ____. divergent validity reliability concurrent validity predictive validity
concurrent validity
What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior? operational variable theoretical variable hypothetical variable construct
construct
The most commonly used sampling method in psychological research is probably ____ sampling. convenience cluster quota simple random
convenience
A research study records a score measuring Facebook use and a score measuring happiness level for each individual in a group of 20-year-old women. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. This study is best characterized as ____ research. nonexperimental correlational descriptive experimental
correlational
Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate, this is sometimes impossible because ____. deception is an important part of the research people are often unable to understand the research protocol people do not bother to read the form there is no real reason to tell them everything
deception is an important part of the research
What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples? scientific deductive predictive inductive
deductive
A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children. However, the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children's reading ability. To show that the test is really measuring intelligence and not reading ability, the researcher must demonstrate ____validity. divergent convergent concurrent face
divergent
The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____. provides a sample that is guaranteed to be representative of the population does not require pre-existing knowledge about the population ensures that group sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis ensures that no single group is over-represented in the sample
ensures that group sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis
Confidentiality ____. ensures that information is kept secret and private conceals the nature of the study to increase participation reduces the negative effects of deception involves deceiving participants
ensures that information is kept secret and private
An explanation is empirical if it is based on ____. respect for the source evidence of the senses widely held beliefs logical deductions
evidence of the senses
The Tuskegee study involved ____. injecting unsuspecting patients with live cancer cells exposing participants to extremes of freezing temperature failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis appearing to administer severe shocks to participants
failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis
When describing the research, a research proposal should typically use ____ tense. future present conditional past
future
A major goal of research is to ____ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came. generalize deduce specialize reason
generalize
One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____. research reports are honest and accurate human participants will not be deceived in research nonhuman subjects will be kept safe in research human participants will be kept safe in research
human participants will be kept safe in research
What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations? predictive inductive scientific deductive
inductive
If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants are unlikely to understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ____. confidentiality preventing harm informed consent anonymity
informed consent
Two observers record similar observations on a behavioral rating scale for a group of children they are watching. The researchers have established what kind of reliability? internal reliability split-half reliability test-retest reliability inter-rater reliability
inter-rater reliability
A person who buys a lottery ticket because s/he just feels lucky is using the method of ____. faith intuition empiricism tenacity
intuition
The four characteristics of a good hypothesis are that it is: logical, testable, refutable, and positive open-ended, causal, descriptive, and vague nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio logical, null, significant, and testable
logical, testable, refutable, and positive
In the scientific method, a prediction is evaluated by ____. making systematic, planned observations using it to explain established phenomena determining the hypothesis of best fit logically evaluating the implications
making systematic, planned observations
A measurement procedure is valid if it ____. measures what you intend it to measure produces measurements that are obvious produces measurements that are stable and consistent produces measurements that make sense
measures what you intend it to measure
Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks? scientific method rationalism empiricism method of authority
method of authority
An artist tries putting a freshly painted canvas outside during a rainstorm to see how the painting will change from the pattern of the raindrops. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using? - rational method - method of authority - method of empiricism - scientific method
method of empiricism
Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____ items. open-ended rating scale physiological restricted
open-ended
Using the number of yawns in a one-hour period as a definition and a measurement of sleepiness is an example of ____ sleepiness. sensitizing validating desynchronizing operationalizing
operationalizing
You develop a new measure of anxiety and you find that people who score high on your measure show more anxious behavior than people who score low on your measure. You have demonstrated ____. concurrent validity divergent validity predictive validity reliability
predictive validity
You develop a new measure of anxiety and you find that people who score high on your measure show more anxious behavior than people who score low on your measure. You have demonstrated ____. predictive validity concurrent validity divergent validity reliability
predictive validity
A ____ source contains original research reports. germinal primary secondary premier
primary
The purpose of an operational definition is to ____. provide a method for analyzing data related to a hypothetical construct provide a method for integrating a construct into a theory describe the relationship between a construct and theory provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
The method section of an APA-style research report ____. provides enough detail for replication provides a general description of the study includes a results subsection gives a report of the results
provides enough detail for replication
Publicly repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____. replication control empiricism tenacity
replication
When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n) ____ sample. representative biased target accessible
representative
The multiple-choice questions on this exam are examples of ____ items. rating scale open-ended restricted physiological
restricted
Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. Because she cannot include all people above the age of 80, she will select what is known as a ____. subgroup population census sample
sample
A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____. science focuses on the theoretical, not the practical science aims to make definite conclusions about a topic science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable science examines a topic that has never been investigated
science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable
When people make an observation, then form a hypothesis that explains the observation, and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis, they are using the ____. scientific method rational method method of authority empirical method
scientific method
A newspaper article discussing someone's research is an example of a ____ source. premier primary secondary germinal
secondary
The review of the literature in the introduction section of a research report is an example of a ____ source. germinal secondary premier primary
secondary
The review of the literature in the introduction section of a research report is an example of a ____ source. secondary primary germinal premier
secondary
Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement? physiological self-report behavioral survey
self-report
Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement? physiological survey behavioral self-report
self-report
Studies involving deception ____. do not require that participants ever be debriefed are not permitted under any circumstances should not be done with participants with diminished mental capacity should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm
should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm
A researcher develops a 20-question test to measure anxiety and administers it to a group of participants. To evaluate the reliability of the test, the researcher computes a score for the first 10 questions and a score for the last 10 questions for each participant and then computes the correlation between the two scores. What is the researcher measuring? internal reliability split-half reliability inter-rater reliability test-retest reliability
split-half reliability
A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. To obtain participants for the study while ensuring sufficient numbers of participants from each of the ethnic groups, the researcher should probably use ____ sampling. simple random systematic stratified random cluster random
stratified random
Pseudoscience is based on ____. objective evidence subjective evidence refutable hypotheses testable hypotheses
subjective evidence
What is demonstrated by showing that the test scores measured today for a group of individuals are nearly identical to the scores obtained with the same measurement procedure last week? inter-rater reliability construct validity predictive validity test-retest reliability
test-retest reliability
An introduction of a research report or proposal typically contains ____. the implications of the findings a thorough description of participants a detailed summary of the findings the research question or problem
the research question or problem
While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested. theory; hypothesis belief; method method; belief hypothesis; theory
theory; hypothesis
How do quantitative research and qualitative research differ? they rely on different nonscientific ways of knowing they generate different types of data one type involves data collection while the other does not one type relies on hypotheses while the other relies on predictions
they generate different types of data
The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for the ____. treatment of nonhuman subjects reporting of research results determination of authorship treatment of human participants
treatment of human participants
The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for the ____. treatment of human participants in research treatment of nonhuman subjects in research reporting of research results order of authors
treatment of human participants in research
The law of large numbers states that larger samples are _____. better selected through nonprobabilistic methods usually more representative of a population more likely to be biased too difficult to work with
usually more representative of a population
In the materials subsection of an APA-style methods section, you tell the reader ____. what questionnaires were used in the study who participated in the study what equipment was used in the study the preliminary results of the study
what questionnaires were used in the study