Intro to Psychology Ch 5 Learning
_____ psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.
Cognitive
In the context of immediate versus delayed reinforcers, which of the following statements is true?
The short-term consequences of behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.
In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures—even squares. Through his experiment Pavlov demonstrated _____.
generalization
Learning that is hidden or concealed is known as _____.
latent learning
As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.
model
William's father was a gardener. As a child, William often watched his father at work. As an adult,William takes care of his garden himself. Though he was never taught the art of gardening, he is very good at it and prides himself on having the best garden on the block.William acquired the knowledge and skills of gardening by the process of _____.
observational learning
_________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.
reflex
Hailey is teaching her dog to roll over on its back. She starts by givingit a treat every time it performs an action close to rolling over. At first, she gives it a treat for lying on its stomach, then for lying on its back, and eventually for rolling over. This procedure used by Hailey to teach her dog to roll over on its back is known as _____.
shaping
Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces _____ of the goal.
successive approximations
In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____.
variable-ratio schedule
To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____.
the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects,and stunts
During fishing trips, Laurence casts his hook and waits for a fish to take the bait. He waits patiently as the fish can bite at any time. In this scenario, Laurence is on a _____.
variable-interval schedule
Which of the following is a suggestion by cognitive psychologists about the behavior of people?
People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
Which of the following is true about primary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
Systematic desensitization
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.
Taste aversion
In_____, people receive reinforcement in the form of information.
biofeedback training
During a survey conducted in a primary school, it was found that most of the students feared snakes, insects, thunderstorms, and darkness. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, the students might be _____ by evolutionary forces to develop these fears.
biologically prepared
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?
Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. Her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for the dog.
Conditioned stimulus
A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?
Flooding
In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals,while other rats were allowed to roam freely for 10 days in the same mazes without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze,the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly asthe rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This shows that the rats had the ability to form_____ of their surroundings.
cognitive maps
Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.
contributes to aggression among people
Cynthia has an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, which of the following techniques did Cynthia's psychologist use to cure her fear of cats?
countercontradicting
Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into the driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car engine. In the context of conditioning, the reaction of Jeff's dog to the sound of his car's engine is known as _____.
discrimination
_________is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
extinction
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this context, Max is on a _____.
fixed-interval schedule
Joe is paid $15 for every five doghouses he paints. In the context of operant conditioning, this is an example of a _____.
fixed-ratio schedule
After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to _____.
generalization
Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.
generalization
In conditioning, _________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.
generalization
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. This development of Johnny's fear of bright lights after he started associating it with the dentist's cabin is known as _____.
higher-order conditioning
Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with a(n)_____.
increase in aggressive thoughts and behavior
According to behaviorists, _____ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arises from practice or experience.
learning
Justin plays for his high-school soccer team. He practices scoring touchdowns every day. During matches against other schools, he manages to score an average of three out of every five touchdowns he attempts. In this context, Justin gets _____ for his efforts.
partial reinforcement
As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as__________.
spontaneous recovery
As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as _____.
spontaneous recovery
_________is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.
spontaneous recovery
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.
taste aversion
In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do things because_____.
the consequences of their behavior
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.
variable amount of time has passed
Contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when _____.
the conditioned stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?
The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.
Which of the following statements is true about taste aversions?
The unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.