Intro to Psychology

A person with____ personality disorder is also referred to as a psychopath

antisocial

In combination, the brain and spinal cord make up the____ nervous system

central

Muzafer Sherif helped clarify the conditions that produce intergroup_____ and_____

conflict; harmony

The basic goal on the experimental method is to:

demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable

In general neural messages are received by the ______ and transmitted by the_______

dendrites; axon

Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology?

developmental psychology

Mark has a pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others. these characteristics are the defining features of the _____ personality disorder

paranoid

Working memory

refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information

One effective method to enhance long-term retention is to

repeatedly test yourself for recall of the information

well eating at a restaurant using a waiter serving tray tail and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on for people who are careless come see idiot your mom was here self as your resume meeting you have just committed and attributional bias called

the fundamental attributional bias

The cognitive of perspective of psychology focuses on:

the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

the role of unconscious factors in behavior.

According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is:

about 7 items at one time

before Mark had even heard the details of Allison's car accident that happened he commented Allison is so absent minded I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention Mark response illustrates an attributional pattern called

blaming the victim

The personality disorder that is most commonly diagnosed and considered to be the most serious, severe, and disabling of all the personality disorders is ____ personality disorder

borderline

disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood has been suggested to be an important cause in the development of ______since the disorder is characterized by intense and chronic fears of abandonment

borderline personality disorder

Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.

chunking

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

A renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development held that:

psychosocial development continues throughout the lifespan, with each stage marked by a particular psychosocial conflict that can be resolved in a positive or negative way.

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

recognition

the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors -common in individualist cultures

the fundamental attribution error

Memory is formally defined as:

the mental processes that enable us to encode, store, and retrieve information

according to the major stages of the lifespan the early childhood stage includes children who are between____ and blank ______ of age

2:6

The highest rate of suicide in the united states occurs in which age group

75+

Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to answer a straightforward question, namely:

Would people still conform to the group if the group opinion was clearly wrong?

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit.

altruism

an unpleasant emotional state that involves feelings of worry dread and empty homes serve an intention along with heightened and physical or religion is called

anxiety

The Social psychologist who is best known for his controversial series of studies is with investigating destructive obedience to an authority is

Stanley Milgram

All psychologists who do research:

are scientists

clinical psychologists:

are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders

Neurons have all of the following parts, EXCEPT

association areas

The term used by psychologists to describe and measure the emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver is called

attachment

_____ is the capacity to selectively focus senses and awareness on particular stimuli or aspects of the environment

attention

The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior, including one's own, is called

attribution

Dr. Jackson's interested in how stress affects the brain and examines PET scans of individuals before and after stressful situations Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the_____perspective

biological

Dr. Jakel is a psychologist who studies basic topics in psychology such as learning, memories, sensation, and perception Dr. Jakel's area of specialization is_______ psychology

biological

The term _____ refers to the fact that physical and motor skill development in infants tends to follow a "top to bottom" sequence.

cephalocaudal pattern

after too many drinks at a party your friend awkwardly stumbles into a table almost knocking it over your friends coronation for simple actions such as walking between the two tables is reduced because the alcohol has affected his

cerebellum

In adolescence, personal identity tends to shift from the ____ self-descriptions that characterize childhood to more ____ self-descriptions.

concrete, abstract

Adjusting your opinions and judgments or behavior so they match the opinions judgment or behavior of other people or the norms of social group or situation is called

conformity

Some aspects of development, such as prenatal development and language development, are closely tied to _____ which are periods during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences.

critical periods

during a manic episode the persons thoughts rapidly shift from topic to topic. this characteristic is referred to as

a flight of ideas

Evidence that abnormal brain structures may be involved in the development of schizophrenia comes from studies showing that people with schizophrenia have:

a loss a gray matter tissue and lower overall volume of the brain

A(n) _____ disorder is diagnosed when disruptions in personal identity, awareness, or memory are extreme, frequent, and seriously impair the ability to function in everyday life.

dissociative

Evidence suggest that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters

dopamine

Evidence suggests that the addictiveness of some drugs, including cocaine and nicotine, is related to increases in the activity of which of the following neurotransmitters?

dopamine

an unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occur during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real life events

dream

The all-or-none law refers to the fact that

either the neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or it is not sufficiently stimulated and the action potential does not occur.

We transfer information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system. This process is known as:

encoding

researchers at State University wanted to test the hypothesis that distributed, or spaced, practice results in better retention of material then must practice or cramming to find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship the researcher should use:

experimental research

Phenotype is to genotype as:

expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.

The hippocampus plays a key role in

forming new memories

Jayne was in a fast-food restaurant when a man walked in, drew a gun, and started shooting, killing two people before killing himself. Although Jayne was not injured in the shooting spree, she has since been unable to return to work. She can't seem to stop thinking about the event. She has recurrent nightmares, is unable to sleep, and does not want to leave her home. It is most likely that Jayne is suffering from

posttraumatic stress disorder

By definition _____ disorders are in flexible well adoptive parents of thoughts emotions behavior and interpersonal functioning that are stable overtime across situations in deviate from expectations of the individuals culture

personality order

The term____refers to the scientific study of the origins symptoms and development of psychological disorders

psychopathology

Philip has been hospitalized for an episode of schizophrenia. He believes that secret agents are bombarding his brain with gamma rays, and he sometimes sees grotesque creatures climbing on the wall of his hospital room. Philip's symptoms are referred to as:

positive

your instructor notices that in many of his classes, the longer he lectures the more students yawn. this represents:

positive correlation

Connor and Mandy are two unrelated 13-month-old infants. Connor can already walk easily, but Mandy has yet to take her first steps. What is the most likely explanation for the difference between their ability levels?

Mandy and Connor are both well within the normal age range for the development of these motor skills

Although she was vert secretive when she was first admitted to the psychiatric hospital, Tiffany eventually told the doctor that the devil's voice was constantly telling her to hurt certain people and herself. Tiffany appears to be experiencing

One of the most common types of hallucination associated with schizophrenia

Which of the following would characterize a child who is in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

The child can think logically but his or her use of logic tends to be limited to tangible events or objects.

Which of the following factors Made it easier for the army reserve guards to miss treat detainees at Abu Ghraib

The detainees were members of a different cultural and ethnic group which made it easier to perceive them as members of a despised threatening out group

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree.

Which of the following events for social psychologist to begin setting the conditions under which people will help us another person

The fact that none of the people who when is the murder of kitty Genovese tried to help her

Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to eternal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external situational causes is called

The self-serving bias

Counseling

The specialty area of psychology that helps people of all ages adjust, adapt, and cope with personal and interpersonal problems by improving well-being, alleviating stress and maladjustment, and resolving crisis is called _______ psychology

according to the scientific method after Dr. Healy formulate a hypothesis and designs a study to collect data for her research on childhood obesity she will next have to

analyze the data to arrive at conclusions

which of the following statements about correlational study is true?

correlation does not necessarily indicate casuality

In a study examining the brains of people who practice meditation, MRI scans showed that:

cortical thickness was positively correlated with meditation experience.

a____ is a specific question or prediction to be tested, whereas a(n)_____ tries to integrate and summarize a large number of findings on a particular topic

hypothesis; theory

As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the sparkler?

iconic memory

A case study is a:

intensive in-depth investigation of an individual, a family, or some other social unit

according to Baddeley's working memory model, the ______ is to verbal material as the_____ is to visual or spatial material.

phonological loop; visuospatisl skecthpad

The Stanford prison experiment demonstrated the powerful influence of

situational roles and conformity to implied social rules and norms.

Your textbook describes the classic conservation task in which a 5-year-old child observes equal amounts of liquid in two identical short, wide containers. The child watches as liquid is poured from one short, wide container into a tall, thin container, and is then asked which container holds more water. How does a typical 5 year old respond?

"The tall, thin container has more water."

The acronym "DSM-5" stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition

_____ refers to the phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

Diffusion of responsibility

The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalogram

EEG

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

Austrian physician Sigmund Freud

When their community was threatened with flooding, two rival groups ended up working together to try to save the town from the overflowing river. Based on Muzafer Sherif's findings, it is probable that the joint effort of the two groups to achieve a common goal may lead two

reduced complete increase and harmony between the two groups

The psychological disorder that is characterized by impaired functioning because of severely disorder for these perceptions and thought process is called

schizophrenia

Janeen enters the playroom of the psychology lab with her 1-year-old daughter Peggy. Initially, Peggy clings to her mother, but then becomes interested in the attractive toys in the playroom. She picks up a toy and brings it back to her mother, then drops it and approaches the toy box again. Peggy cries when Janeen leaves the room, but quickly calms down again when her mother returns. Peggy would most likely be classified as __________________ attachment style.

securely attached

.The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

seems to be limitless

Although ______is common in individualistic cultures, such as Australia and the United States is, collectivistic culture such as Japan in China, the _____ is more common

self serving bias; self effacing bias

What is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive development stages?

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations staged

The nodes of Ranvier are:

small gaps in the myelin sheaths that cover some axons

The branch of psychology that studies have a person thoughts feelings and behaviors or influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment it's called___ psychology

social

Pamela observes that people don't sit next to strangers on the subway when there are empty seats available she notices this also happens on the bus in the movie theater and in the cafeteria Pamelas observation suggest that peoples behavior in the situation is governed by

social norms

Alan always has been terrified of spiders. He refuses to enter his bedroom at night until it has been thoroughly checked for spiders. Even a picture of a spider makes him extremely uncomfortable. Most likely, Alan is suffering from a psychological disorder called

specific phobia

Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:

stereotyped thinking

Communication between two neurons occurs at the

synapse

Which of the following is the term used by psychologists to describe an infant's inborn predisposition to behave and react in a particular way?

temperament

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called

the bystander effect

Although Morgan had practiced her speech several times, she had trouble remembering the middle part of the speech when she gave it in her speech class. this pattern of forgetting illustrated:

the serial position effect

Observing a subject who is in REM sleep, a sleep researcher can conclude that all of the following are true of the subject EXCEPT:

the subject's heart rate and blood pressure reach their lowest levels

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory?

use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information

The factors in a hypothesis that can vary or change are called the:

variables

The most consistent brain structure abnormality that researchers have found in people with schizophrenia is enlargement of the:

ventricles

the occipital lobe is to____ as the temporal lobe is to___

vision; audition

Typically, schizophrenic hallucinations involve:

voices or visual stimuli

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, subjects who were assigned the role of teacher:

were deceived about the real role of the learner and the level of shock that he actually received

Identify the psychologist who is at the forefront of research on memory distortions and one of the most widely recognized authorities on eyewitness memory.

Elizabeth Loftus

in an experiment the dependent variable is

The factor that is measured for change and influence by the independent variable

In an interesting approach to studying meditation, psychologists and neuroscientists have been conducting ongoing studies with:

Tibetan Buddhist Monks

REM sleep is also called____ sleep

active

The peripheral nervous system is made up of

all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system

which of the following is not a step in the scientific method

applying the findings to solve human problems

Case studies:

are commonly used by clinical psychologist and other mental professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client

At age 80, Bonita recalls the wonderful summers she spent with her grandparents during her childhood. She talks about the market in town where you could buy freshly churned ice cream and garden vegetables, the county fair, and bonfires where her grandmother would make s'mores for the family. Bonita's recollections are an example of _____ memory.

long term

Over the last three months, Ivana's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Ivana says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Ivana's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:

major depression

refers to a group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness.

mediation

Which answer choice correctly labels the brain structure that controls vital life functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion?

medulla

According to the stage model of memory:

memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Implicit memory is:

memory that cannot be consciously recollected

when people have experienced multiple traumas they are

more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder.

developmental psychologists divide the life span into:

nine age related stages of development

Vicki was sitting in the rocking chair and playing with her doll. She dropped the doll, which landed out of view behind the rocking chair. A few moments later, Vicki climbed down and retrieved the doll. Vicki's behavior suggests that she has acquired the understanding of:

object permanence

Behaviorism focuses on

observable behavior

Jeffrey is so preoccupied by his fear of germs that he always keeps his car and apartment windows sealed tightly, and refuses to allow anyone into his apartment; he carries his own silverware, which he uses when he eats away from home, and washes his hands every time he touches anything that has been touched by someone else; Jeffrey would most likely be diagnosed with

obsessive compulsive

Susceptibility to peer influence peaks during:

early adolescence

This cross-section of the human brain depicts several key structures. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = corpus callosum, 2 = pons, 3 = cerebellum, 4 = medulla

This drawing shows the typical structures found on a neuron. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = dendrites, 2 = cell body, 3 = axon, 4 = myelin sheath

This image depicts the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex. Pick the alternative that correctly labels the structures in the drawing.

1 = frontal lobe, 2 = parietal lobe, 3 = occipital lobe, 4 = temporal lobe

Matt is awaiting his baby's first words. Matt can expect his baby to say his first word when the baby is about how old?

12

____ is defined as a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific group

prejudice

two figures in the development of humanistic psychology include

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

After turning out the light for the night, your head hits the pillow. Gradually, your muscles relax and drowsiness occurs. This drowsy yet wakeful state is associated with _____ brain waves.

Alpha

Which of the following statements best explains why consciousness has been viewed as a "stream" or "river"?

Consciousness can only be understood by looking at the environmental forces that shape our conscious thoughts.

The Stanford prison experiment was conducted by psychologist

Philip Zimbardo

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.

A hypothesis is a:

Tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables

What are the two main components of the nervous system?

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Rob has put all of his energies into his job as a stockbroker, often working 12 or more hours a day, and usually working on weekends. Because of this self-absorption and a preoccupation with his own needs, Rob has been very successful and, by the age of 45, has already amassed what amounts to a small fortune. Although he continues to put in long hours at work, he is beginning to feel dissatisfied and bored with his life. According to Erikson's theory, Rob is probably facing the psychosocial conflict of _____ and is likely to develop _____.

generativity versus stagnation; stagnation

Along with neurons, the human nervous system is made up of _____ cells which greatly outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.

glial

Research has shown that women who were exposed to the flu virus during the first trimester of pregnancy:

had a sevenfold increased risk of bearing a child who later developed schizophrenia.

The tendency of doing event has a cure to arrest me once ability to have foreseen or predict the outcome is called the:

hindsight bias

the tendency, after an event has a cure to over estimate one's ability to have foreseen or predict the outcome is called the

hindsight bias

A researcher sets out to test the following statement: "Adolescents are more likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smokes." This statement is an example of:

hypothesis

The social group to which a person belongs is called a ______ in the social group to which a person does not belong is called the______

in group; out group

Use of cocaine or amphetamines causes

increased dopamine activity in the brain, which can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms.

Tip of the tongue experiences indicate that:

information in long term memory is organized and connected in relatively logical ways

The primary function of the myelin sheath is to:

insulate the axon and increase the speed at which neurons convey their message.

In contrast to normal anxiety , pathological anxiety:

is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as

message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron.

Processing somatosensory information is to the _______ lobe as seeing is to the _______ lobe.

parietal; occipital

The specialty area of psychology that helps people of all ages adjust the dab and cope with our personal and interpersonal problems by improving well been elevating the stress it melted I just want to just meet in resolving crisis is called pink psychology

counseling

Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term memory.

elaborative rehearsal

A useful theory is one that is all the following except

ensures statistical significance in an experiment

Research by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has shown that:

even when a person has witnessed an event firsthand, it is relatively easy to distort the person's memory of the event.

Behaviorist viewed human behavior as being shaped and maintained by_____, Rogers emphasized_____.

external causes; self determination, free will, and the importance of choice.

Numerous studies have been conducted looking at the factors involved in criminal convictions in which the convicted person ultimately turned out to be innocent of the crime. Those studies have consistently shown that the leading cause of wrongful convictions is:

eyewitness misidentification

Devonte' is a graduate student in developmental psychology and is preparing to conduct a study on rates of substance abuse among college students. which step in the scientific method would Devonte need to start with

formulate a specific question that can be tested

the _____ lobe primarily control's a person's ability to plan, initiate, and carry out voluntary movements and actions.

frontal

Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?

fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Consciousness allows us to:

integrate past, present, and future behavior

A theory:

integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic

Explicit memory:

is long term memory for music with explict lyrics

Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After he is deprived of sleep for two nights:

it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.

Like a key in a lock, the shape of the _____ must fit the _____ to affect the postsynaptic neuron.

neurotransmitter; receptor site

Which best describes the surface of the cerebral cortex?

numerous folds, wrinkles, bulges, ridges, and valleys

empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:

objective observation, measurement, and experimentation.

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychologists traditional emphasis on psychological problems and disorders?

positive psychology

The____ is especially prominent when you have to engage in a serial recall task, such as remembering a list of items in their original order

primary effect

Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of which type of long-term memory?

procedural memory

Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details. "Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first-grade class as Bruce Springsteen. It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:

retrieval cue failure

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?

short term memory

The primary communication link between the left and right cerebral hemisphere is called:

the corpus callosum

which of the following events do most historians consider as the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline

the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879

when psychologist reported the findings of a study in a scientific journal, it's important that they include a description of all of the following except how:

the journal reviewers responded to the findings

Behaviorism was characterized by:

the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior.