Intro to Psychology - Module 7 Study Guide

Which of the following best describes catatonia?

It is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which of the following nations has the highest suicide rates?

Japan

According to the DSM-5, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is likely to occur _____.

All of these

_____ means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work a person puts into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain.

Effort justification

Aerophobia is an example of a specific phobia which is associated with the fear of high places.

False

_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state.

Generalized anxiety disorder

According to Carl Hovland, which of the following is NOT an element of persuasion?

Intention

Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?

People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that increases the credibility of a communicator and helps the communicator persuade other people?

Prejudice

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in schizophrenia?

Problems in prenatal development may predispose a brain to developing schizophrenic symptoms later in life.

Ethnocentrism involves:

asserting one's own group's dominance.

A possible behavioral explanation for depression focuses on _____.

learned helplessness

In the context of social behavior, _____ is the key to altruism.

empathy

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is NOT likely to reduce prejudice when group members _____.

engage in competitive tasks

In the context of the attribution theory, which of the following best illustrates a stable cause of behavior?

A woman, who loves children, breaks up with her boyfriend because he does not want children of his own.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT:

flat affect.

In the context of attitudes, _____ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

self-perception

Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior?

Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety he experiences.

Which of the following disorders is an example of a culture-related disorder?

Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

In the context of close relationships, which of the following statements is true of companionate love?

It involves having a deep, caring affection for the other person.

Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD.

Which of the following statements is true of schizophrenia?

Individuals with schizophrenia may be lacking in the ability to read the emotions of others.

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological and sociocultural factors involved in schizophrenia?

Marriage and warm supportive friends are related to better outcomes for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. NOT - Individuals with schizophrenia in developing, non-industrialized nations tend to have worse outcomes than those in developed, industrialized nations.

Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group?

The minority in a group cannot win through normative pressure.

The etiology of social anxiety disorder includes neural circuitry that involves all of the following except the _____.

cerebellum

Which of the following statements is true of the psychological factors involved in suicide?

The most common disorders among individuals who commit suicide are depression and anxiety.

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.

conformity

The _____ effect means individuals overestimating the degree to which other individuals think or act the way they do.

false consensus

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. She was at the Mardi Gras and found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to:

deindividuation

Dissociation refers to a psychological state in which the person feels _____.

disconnected from immediate experience

A professional who believes in the _____ approach to psychological disorders is most likely to consider a person's ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder.

sociocultural

Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____.

prosocial behaviors

Dissociative disorders are _____.

psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

A classification system for categorizing abnormal behaviors cannot help clinicians predict the _____.

reaction of the individual being diagnosed with the disorder

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction is known as:

the group polarization effect.

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best advised to use:

the jigsaw classroom.

The main criticism of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is that it _____.

mainly reflects the medical model

In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?

A composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Samantha studied all night for her history exam and felt well-prepared. However, she did not get to give the exam because the power went out in the school and the exam was rescheduled for a later date. In the context of the attribution theory, which of the following best describes why Samantha did not give her exam on the original date?

Uncontrollable causes

According to research on stereotype threat, individuals should be especially concerned about tests of ability if they:

ask for race or ethnic information before the test starts.

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is likely to reduce prejudice when group members:

believe friendships can emerge from interaction.

Michael is the new department head at his company. He expects everyone to agree with his restructuring plan for the department, and he publicly reprimands anyone who disagrees with his new policies. On the other hand, Michael praises department members for unanimity, cohesiveness, and harmony. In the context of group decision making, Michael is creating an atmosphere most conducive to:

groupthink.

According to research done on aggressive behavior, when compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games, adolescents who play such games are:

more likely to engage in delinquent acts.

Research in psychology suggests that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. One explanation for this is that expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make their expectations about attractive people come true. This is known as the _____.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Hallucinations are _____.

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?

Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature

Which of the following biological factors plays a role in the development of generalized anxiety disorder?

Deficient levels of the neurotransmitter GABA

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

It states that frustration can lead to aggression or passivity.

_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.

Mania

_____ refers to an individual's motivation to reject attempts to be controlled.

Reactance

In the context of abnormal behavior, which of the following is true of deviant behavior?

The context of a behavior may determine whether it is deviant or not.

Effort justification is one type of dissonance reduction.

True

A fear becomes a phobia when _____.

an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears

Individuals with borderline personality disorder exhibit _____.

hypervigilance

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____.

testosterone

According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?

A chronically lonely person

Anxiety disorders involve fears that are _____.

All of these.

In the context of bipolar disorder, a person experiencing a manic episode may _____.

All of these.

In the context of prosocial behaviors, which of the following is an accurate description of egoism?

All of these.

Which of the following behaviors is an example of aggression?

All of these.

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Attitudes

_____ helps individuals to resist persuasion.

inoculation

Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory?

Both theories suggest that behavior can change attitudes.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in bipolar disorder?

High levels of norepinephrine and low levels of serotonin are associated with bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of bipolar disorder?

Individuals with bipolar disorder can have manic and depressive episodes four or more times a year, but they usually are separated by 6 months to a year.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

Low levels of conscientiousness

Which of the following is the best way to decrease social loafing?

Make each individual's contributions more unique.

In 1973, Rosenhan performed a study in which eight healthy adults were admitted to a psychiatric hospital. What did this study demonstrate?

Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.

Harry has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. Which of the following statements is applicable to him?

He lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain

Which of the following biological factors plays a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

High levels of activity in the frontal cortex of the brain

In the context of persuasion, attempts at persuasion may be more difficult when:

a source has a vested interest in the message.

In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), _____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts.

compulsions

Individuals with borderline personality disorder are _____.

impulsive, insecure, and emotional

The _____ is the name of the manual that was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Discrimination

Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to explain psychological disorders using the psychological approach?

Genetics

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

Groupthink

_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

Specific phobia

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APSD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?

The sociocultural approach

Which of the following statements is true of the role of psychological factors in depression?

The tendency to ruminate negative thoughts is associated with the development of depression.

Which of the following is true of autism spectrum disorder?

Those suffering from this disorder are a diverse group and their level of disability can be relatively mild to quite severe.

Paula tumbles down the steps and twists her ankle. Parker, a passerby, stops to help Paula. He supports her to her car and drives her to the hospital so that she gets immediate treatment. Once she is with the doctor, he leaves, leaving Paula with no way to contact him. In the context of prosocial behavior, Parker has best demonstrated _____.

altruism

The _____ is a theory suggesting that pre-existing conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.

diathesis-stress model

In the context of group decision making, the term risky shift is used to describe the tendency to:

endorse riskier decisions when it is a group rather than a personal decision.

In the context of social identity, thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called:

ethnocentrism.

Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost 3 weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with _____.

major depressive disorder

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience _____.

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.

obedience

Suicide has been linked with low levels of the neurotransmitter _____.

serotonin

The tendency of each person in a group to exert less effort in the group because of reduced accountability is known as _____.

social loafing.

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least _____.

two weeks

In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involves:

making the biggest pitch first.

Which of the following disorders is related to the experience of anxiety, but has NOT been classified by the DSM-5 as an anxiety disorder?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

According to studies done in the area of self-objectification, which of the following statements is true?

Women who feel objectified are less likely to engage in social activism.