I/O Psychology Chapter 7
What are the 4 broad benefits of mindfulness?
1. Increased physical, mental, and interpersonal effectiveness 2. More effective communications and decision making 3. More balanced emotions 4. Performance and satisfaction
How can positive emotions offset negative emotions?
Multiple positive experiences are needed to counter a negative experience
Instrumental support
Providing financial aid, material resources, or needed services
Informational support
Providing help in defining, understanding, and coping with problems
Esteem support
Providing information that a person is accepted and respected despite any problems or inadequacies
Flourishing
Reflects the extent to which our lives contain PERMA P- Positive Emotions E- Engagement R- Relationships M- Meaning A- Achievement
Social companionship
Spending time with others in leisure and recreational activities
Mindfulness
The awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment by moment
Resilience
The capacity to consistently bounce back from adversity and to sustain oneself when confronted with challenges
Well-being
The combined impact of five elements (PERMA) P- Positive emotions E- Engagement R- Relationships M- Meaning A- Achievement Comes about by freely pursuing one or more of the five elements in PERMA
Attentional deficit
The inability to focus vividly on an object
What is the the focus of virtuous leadership?
To help individuals, groups, and organizations to elevate, enrich, and flourish
What are the 2 components of Hope?
Waypower- means for achieving the goal even when faced with adversity Willpower- having a goal and the determination to achieve it
Rumination
The uncontrollable repetitive dwelling on causes, meanings, and implications of negative feelings or events in the past Research reveals that all of us do a lot of mind wandering on a daily basis, and this reduces performance, particular for complex tasks
Prosocial behaviors
Positive acts performed without expecting anything in return People are more likely to exhibit prosaically behaviors when POB is taking place in their work environments
What activities can help you increase your positive experiences and decrease your negative ones?
-creating high-quality connections through social interaction -cultivate kindness -develop distractions, primary healthy ones -dispute negative self-talk and thoughts by stating aloud something positive about yourself
What are the benefits of virtuous leadership?
-financial performance -customer satisfaction -positive organizational climate -measures of organizational effectiveness
Positive OB is associated with:
-higher overall job performance -less burnout -increased commitment -higher job satisfaction -fewer sick days
Positive emotions have desirable effects on what?
-organizational commitment -creativity -decision making -intentions to quit -performance -stress
Explain the 4 types of social support from others:
1. Esteem support 2. Informational support 3. Social companionship 4. Instrumental support
Stanley would like to increase his positivity. He should do all of the following EXCEPT: A. establish social connections with co-workers, family, etc B. Fake happiness C. Go for a run when he feels negativity coming on D. Use self-talk to stop negative thoughts E. Volunteer to help a fiend who is in a difficult situation
B, fake happiness
Which of the following about mindfulness is FALSE? A. Mindfulness requires a person to be present in the moment B. Mindfulness decreases the effectiveness of interpersonal communications C. Attentional deficit inhibits mindfulness D. Mindfulness can be practiced E. Mindfulness enhances a person's ability to develop and sustain loving relationships
B. Mindfulness decreases the effectiveness of interpersonal communications
Why does mindfulness improve our interpersonal communications?
Because it keeps us focused on other persons we're involved with and the details of what they are saying
Why does mindfulness require effort?
Because our brains work in ways that detract from staying focused, and left unchecked, the mind will drive us towards mindlessness
Self efficacy
Confidence in your ability to do something Influences the world around you and your ability to deal with inherent challenges and opportunities When high, leads to being more confident and positive
To have hope, one needs to have: A. Efficacy B. Resilience C. Mindfulness D. A goal and a means for achieving the goal E. Optimism
D, a goal and a means for achieving the goal
Which of the following is NOT a component of PERMA? A. Positive emotions B. Relationships C. Achievement D. Policies and practices E. Engagement
D, policies and practices
Negative emotions
Emotions that spur you to act in quite narrow or specific ways such as to fight or flee
Positive OB (POB)
Focuses on positive human characteristics that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement
Explain the HOPE acronym of positive psychological capital.
H- Hope: persevering toward goals and, when necessary, redirecting paths to goals in order to succeed E- Efficacy: having the confidence to take on challenging tasks and put in the effort necessary to succeed R- Resilience: when beset by problems and adversity, sustaining and bouncing back and even beyond to attain success O- Optimism: making a positive attribution about succeeding now and in the future
What is necessary of virtuous leadership for it to positively affect organizational climate?
It has to be voluntary and for the purpose of doing good
Broaden-and-build theory
Maintains that positive emotions broaden one's attention and make us more open to experience, creating an upward spiral of further positive emotions and even actions
Explain the M of PERMA
Meaningfulness -when someone feels a sense of belonging and serving something that is bigger than self
Flourish
Occurs with achievement is pursued for its own sake
Explain the organizational climate that fosters positive organizational behavior (POB).
Organizational Values -restorative justice -compassion -temperance Virtuous Leadership -greater good -trust -integrity -forgiveness Organizational Practices -training -support programs -human resource practices, programs, and policies
What is the input that helps create positivity from situation factors?
Organizational climate
How does POB work with the hard business realities?
POB does no reject the value and significance of these challenges but emphasizes that well-being and thriving for individuals, groups, and organizations are the markers of success
Optimists
People who view successes as due to their personal, permanent, and pervasive causes, and negative events as due to external, temporary, and situation-specific ones These people are both realistic and flexible Optimism keeps our mind at ease, and also reduces stress and helps us paint our decisions in a positive, appealing light
Explain P from PERMA.
Positive Emotions -Broaden your perspective about how to overcome challenges in your life -Build on themselves resulting in a spread of positive emotions -Strengthens relationships with others (R of PERMA)
Flow
State of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake Positive state because well-being is positively impacted by deep attention and engagement with an activity When in a state of flow, concentration is so high during flow that we use all of our cognitive and emotional resources needed for thought and feelings
Positive deviance
Successful performance that dramatically exceeds the norm in a positive direction
Social support
The amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships
Positivity effect
The attraction of all living systems toward positive energy and away from negative energy, or toward from that which is life giving and away from that which is life depleting. Organizations that use positive practices are more likely to create an atmosphere of positive energy, which in turn fuels increased performance.
Attentional hyperactivity
When our minds are racing or wandering, resulting in compulsive daydreaming or fantasizing
Positive psychological capital (PsyCap)
When people have high levels of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism (HERO)
Can resilience be improved? How?
Yes, with support such as coaching or help from others during trying times or experiences
Upward spirals of positivity
Your positive behaviors, feelings, and attitudes feed your own and those of others in a continual, reinforcing process They are "contagious"
To reap the benefits of positivity and avoid doing harm, what must be true?
Your positivity must be heartfelt and genuine Others are likely to see your lack of authenticity, which can erode their trust in you and your influence and credibility with them
Positive emotions
Emotions that tend to broaden your mindset, open you to consider new, different, if not better alternatives when trying to solve a problem Emotions that have benefits which endure over long periods of time Emotions that help build social, psychological, and physical resources Emotions that combat negative ones Emotions that are resources that fuel individual, group, and organizational success
Organizational climate
Employees' perceptions of formal and informal organizational policies, practices, procedures, and routines The employees' belief about what they see going on at work and beliefs about what is happening to them
Explain E from PERMA.
Engagement -The extent to which you are physically cognitively, and emotionally involved with an activity, task, or project -being engaged in something has been referred to as being in a state of "flow"
What are the inputs that help create positivity from person factors?
Positive emotions, mindfulness, psychological capital, and signature strengths
Psychological capital
A set of personal characteristics that help us flourish and be resilient in the face of adversity or challenging obstacles
Mindlessness
A state of reduce attention. It is expressed in behavior that is rigid or thoughtless Requires minimal information processing Automatic Associated with poor mental and physical health
The positive proton company has a policy of using a panel of managers and various employees to resolve conflicts that arise. What organizational value does this represent? A. Restorative justice B. Greater good C. Temperance D. Integrity E. Compassion
A, restorative justice
Explain the A of PERMA
Achievement -pertaining to the extent to which you have a self-directed life, containing achievement for its own sake
What are the 3 processes that encourage positive outcomes?
Amplifying effect Buffering effect Positivity effect
What are the inhibitors of mindfulness?
Attention deficit Attentional hyperactivity Rumination
The Garden Gnome Company is trying to counteract a negative situation that occurred last year by creating a positive influence. Garden Gnome is hoping to create: A. Positive deviance B. A neutralizing influence C. An amplifying effect D. A buffering effect E. Corporate social responsibility
D. Buffering effect
Buffering effect
Positive practices buffer or reduce the impact of negative events and stressors When we are confronted with stressors or otherwise undesirable experiences, we utilize various social and personal resources to buffer them.
Amplifying effect
Positive practices from one individual result in additional positive practices by others, which in turn generate other positive outcomes Positivity fuels more positivity, such that both the receiver and witnesses of kind acts are likely to perform kind acts of their own, creating an upward spiral of positivity
Attentional balance
Reflects your ability to maintain sustained, non emotional attention in a specific situation
Explain R from PERMA
Relationships -positive emotions are associated with activities involving others -social support is the amount of perceived helpfulness derived from social relationships
Virtuousness
What individuals and organizations aspire to be when they are at their very best
Hope
When a person has a goal and the determination to achieve it (willpower), and sees one or more alternative paths to achieve the goal, even when faced with adversity (waypower)