I/O Psychology - Veit - Exam 3 (Multiple Choice)

D) Results Criteria

A cost-benefit analysis may be conducted to evaluate a training program in relation to which kind of evaluation criteria? A) Reaction criteria B) Learning criteria C) Behavioral criteria D) Results criteria

B) Executive coaches are not credentialed

A major identified concern surrounding executive coaching is that A) Executives may become too dependent on their coaches B) Executive coaches are not credentialed C) Executive coaches may gain too much power within the organization D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

A) Tangible

A monthly salary is an example of a(n) ____ reward. A) tangible B) intangible C) implicit D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) Coaching

A one-on-one relationship where a consultant helps an executive improve performance is called A) mentoring B) role-playing C) action mentoring D) coaching

B) Learning orientation

A person who is primarily concerned with enhancing knowledge and skill has what type of goal orientation? A) Education orientation B) Learning orientation C) Working orientation D) Performance orientation

C) action theory

A recent variation of goal setting theory is a theory that describes a process linking goals and intentions to behaviors. This theory is known as: A) control theory B) goal oriented theory C) action theory D) Self-efficacy theory

A) Motivator; Job Satisfaction

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, achievement and recognition are called ______ factors and can lead to _____ A) Motivator; job satisfaction B) Hygiene; job dissatisfaction C) Motivator; both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction D) Hygiene; both job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction

C) The training program has been evaluated

According to an I/O Psychologist training is not complete until which of the following are completed? A) The trainee uses the trained skill efficiently and effectively 65% of the time B) The trainee's performance appraisal increases by 10% C) The training program has been evaluated D) The training criteria have been established

D) Change valence

According to equity theory, which is NOT an action an employee will take in response to feelings of inequity? A) change inputs B) change outputs C) withdraw from the work situation D) change valence

A) Is confident that he can succeed

According to self-efficacy theory, John will work hardest when he A) is confident that he can succeed B) thinks he has a 50% chance of success C) expects to fail D) has no ideas whether he can succeed

C) individual task scores; composite criterion score

After meeting with his chair and the dean for a performance appraisal, Jim is given the following numeric feedback 1. Chapel Attendance - 80.39 2. Faith Development - 82.12 3-9 ... Composite Criterion Score: 84.98 According to the text, Jim is most likely to find the _____ useful for feedback and development. His chair and the dean are likely to find the _____ most useful. A) composite criterion score; composite criterion score B) composite criterion score; individual task scores C) individual task scores; composite criterion score D) individual task scores; individual task scores

B) Criterion complexity

Again, at state school, the quantity and quality of publications is taken into account when evaluating a professor's request for tenure. In their tenure application, state school professors may even include data that summarizes a journal's impact factor (if the professor published in that journal) and the number of times their own article was "viewed" or downloaded for every article they published. This is a reflection of A) contextual performance B) criterion complexity C) dynamic criteria D) level of specificity

C) On-the-job

An apprenticeship is an example of what type of training? A) Conference B) Modeling C) On-the-job D) Role playing

B) Critical incident

An event reflecting either effective or ineffective behavior by an employee is referred to as a(n) A) prototypical incident B) critical incident C) graphic incident D) observational incident

B) Conduct a needs assessment of the skills needed by the people and the organization

As the newly hired training coordinator for New Millennium Enterprises you are charged with making sure that all employees have the necessary skills to complete their jobs efficiently. Your first step in developing an organizational training program is to A) Design effective training sessions on a broad variety of skills B) Conduct a needs assessment of the skills needed by the people and the organization C) Deliver a set of pre-developed training sessions until you learn the company culture D) Administer a test to trainees to determine what they learned in training

C) Love

Assume that Joyce's physiological and safety needs are met, but her other needs are not met. According to Maslow's need hierarchy theory, Joyce is most likely to be motivated by her ___ needs. A) Self-actualization B) Esteem C) Love D) Safety

C) Theoretical criterion; actual criterion

At the end of every academic year, each ONU professor submits a comprehensive report (that is aligned with the job description) that is supposed to summarize their performance during the previous academic year. Each professor wants to be seen as a good teacher, so when writing this report End-of-Course evaluations are frequently used as supplemental data to support this perception. In this case, being a good teacher might be considered a(n) ___ and End-of-Course evaluations might be considered a(n) _____ A) actual criterion; actual criterion B) actual criterion; theoretical criterion C) theoretical criterion; actual criterion D) theoretical criterion; theoretical criterion

G) All of the above

Before designing a training program, which of the following must be considered? A) The needs of trainees B) The goals of the training program C) The materials to be used in the training program D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) A and B

Behavior modeling training involves A) Exposing trainees to role models performing appropriate work behaviors and their outcomes B) Exposing trainees to role models performing inappropriate work behaviors and their outcomes C) The use of separate areas adjacent to the work setting D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

C) change behavior or goals

Control theory suggests that in response to discrepancies between feedback on performance and goals, individuals will: A) change inputs or outcomes B) withdraw from the situation C) change behavior or goals D) change self-efficacy and expectancy

B) they use schemata to choose the behaviors to observe, to organize the behaviors in memory, and to decide on ratings

Current research into the influence of cognitive processes on the performance appraisal process indicates that when supervisors rate employee work performance A) they are unaffected by the context in which the appraisal take place B) they use schemata to choose the behaviors to observe, to organize the behaviors in memory, and to decide on ratings C) they make inferences based on stereotypes and not actual observations D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) either accurate ratings or a leniency error; without more information we can't know which

Dr. Hunt gives semester grades of "A" to all 15 students in her class. This is an example of A) a leniency error B) a severity error C) accurate ratings of good students D) either accurate ratings or a leniency error; without more information we can't know which

A) True

Electronic training has been shown to be better than other methods of training (e.g., lecture, conference, etc.) A) True B) False

D) Dynamic Criteria

End-of-Course evaluations are assessed on a 6-point Likert scale, where 1 = Strongly Disagree and 6 = Strongly Agree. A professor who averages a 5.59 on End-of-Course evaluations notices that some years her average is higher than this and others it is lower. Instead of thinking that students are better or worse judges of teaching ability from one year to the next, she might be reminded about the notion of A) composite criterion scores B) contextual performance C) criterion complexity D) dynamic criteria E) subjective measures of performance

B) False

Formal mentoring programs have been found to work just as well as those that develop more naturally. A) True B) False

B) True halo

George received negative ratings on all five performance dimensions because he is really quite poor on all dimensions. This is an example of A) a halo error B) true halo C) a distributional error D) either halo error or true halo; without more information we can't know which

G) All of the above

Goals affect behavior because they A) direct attention and action B) mobilize effort C) increase persistence D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) Expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

I am confident that if I work hard I will perform well. I strongly desire a promotion, and know that good performance is essential. Unfortunately, I suspect that I won't get promoted even if I perform well. In this case my _____ high, and my _____ low. A) valence is; expectancy and instrumentality are B) instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is C) instrumentality is; expectancy and valence are D) expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

B) Instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is

If you get an "A" on this exam you will definitely get an "A" in the course, and if you get an "A" in the course your parents will give you a SUV. Unfortunately, no matter how hard you study you don't think you can get an "A." In this case your _____ is high, and your _____ is low. A) valence is; expectancy and instrumentality are B) instrumentality and valence are; expectancy is C) instrumentality is; expectancy and valence are D) expectancy and valence are; instrumentality is

D) graphic rating form

If you took 9 dimensions of professor performance and rated me on each dimension using a 5-point scale with endpoints ranging from "failing" to "excellent," you would be using a A) behavioral observation scale B) behaviorally anchored rating scale C) behavior-focused rating form D) graphic rating form E) mixed standard scale

A) indicating the amount of time the employee engages in behavior relevant to performance

If you were evaluating employees using a behavioral observation scale, you would focus on A) indicating the amount of time the employee engages in behavior relevant to performance B) Selecting behaviors that best describe the employee being appraised C) traits D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

C) Self-Actualization

In Herzberg's theory, motivators are similar to Maslow's ____ needs A) Love B) Physiological C) Self-Actualization D) Safety

C) Decrease the bias of the rater

In a Mixed Standard Scale (MSS) the statements for the various dimensions are presented in random order. This serves to A) keep the rater attentive B) keep the rater unaware of the dimensions being measured C) decrease the bias of the rater D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

B) Criterion Deficiency

In a typical annaul report, an ONU professor will talk about their scholarship during the previous year. Faith statements and summaries regarding their service to the university will also be included in this report. In addition, evidence of teaching effectiveness will be given using End-of-Course evaluation data and write-ups from peer reviews of teaching. All of this is done because each of these things (by themselves) cannot adequately summarize how effective a professor was during any given academic year. This is consistent with A) criterion contamination B) criterion deficiency C) criterion relevance

D) Modeling

In designing a new training session for the employees at New Millennium Enterprises you decide to have your trainees watch someone perform a task and then have them perform the same task. What type of training have you used A) Autoinstruction B) Conference C) Simulation D) Modeling

B) Subjective probability that a given behavior will result in a particular reward

In expectancy theory, instrumentality is the A) Subjective probability that a person has about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior B) Subjective probability that a given behavior will result in a particular reward C) Value of an outcome or reward to a person D) Amount of the motivation a person has to engage in a particular behavior

A) contextual performance

In his annual report, one ONU professor notes that they often have lunch in the cafeteria with students and that they regularly attend other student activities (such as sporting events, artistic performances, etc.). Based off of the above professor job descriptions, these might be considered examples of A) contextual performance B) dynamic criteria C) objective measures of job performance D) subjective measures of job performance

C) a prototype

Janis believes that Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, is a great manager and evaluates managers based on how similar they are to Gates. Thus, Janis uses Gates as a A) a sociotype B) a stereotype C) a prototype D) a cognitive model

D) Schedule a series of short, frequent, intermittent, and informal performance reviews

Jill, a first-year ONU professor, is extremely apprehensive about her first performance appraisal and is intimidated by the idea that next year's employment offer is contingent on how well she worked this year. To reduce her anxiety, her department chair (her supervisor) should A) encourage her to keep trying hard B) pair her with a mentor C) reassure her by telling her that things will be fine D) schedule a series of short, frequent, intermittent, and informal performance reviews

D) 360 degree feedback

Managers rate themselves and are also rated by their peers, subordinates, and supervisors. They are then given information about all these ratings. This process is called A) contextual performance B) multidimensional rating C) multidimensional feedback D) 360 degree feedback

A) Leniency Errors

Many students would like professors to make what type of error when grading examinations? A) leniency errors B) severity errors C) central tendency errors D) halo errors

G) All of the above

Mentoring has been associated with which of the following outcomes for proteges? A) Better job performance B) Quicker Promotion C) Better Job Attitudes D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) Results

New Millennium Enterprises (NME) has been having problems with turnover because the supervisors are rude to the employees. NME institutes a training program that teaches supervisors how to treat employees with respect. Six months later the organization checks to see if the rate of turnover has gone down. This is an example of what type of criteria? A) Reactions B) Learning C) Behavior D) Results

B) less than

Objective measures of job performance are used ____ subjective measures of job performance. A) more than B) less than C) just as often as

C) Behavioral Criteria

Observing new trainees on the job to see how often they use new skills is an example of using what kind of evaluation criteria? A) Reaction criteria B) Learning criteria C) Behavioral criteria D) Results criteria

A) Administrative decisions

Offering additional (and extended) contracts to professors who perform well is consistent with using performance appraisal for A) Administrative decisions B) Employee development and feedback C) Research

A) Supervisors may not support the application of skills learned in training

Often employees do not use the skills they learned in a trained session once they go back to their job. This may occur because A) Supervisors may not support the application of skills learned in training B) They encounter many opportunities to apply their new skills on the job. C) Training sessions are always too short and do not allow for enough time to practice the new skills. D) The organization failed to implement a pretest-posttest design

A) Part training

Often, because the job being trained is a difficult one, the training program will break the job into components, which are learned one at a time. This type of training is called A) part training B) whole training C) spaced training D) massed training

A) A job analysis

Performance appraisal begins with A) A job analysis B) A job interview C) A meeting between a supervisor and a subordinate D) A screening test E) A team of people choosing an appropriate rating scale

A) criterion contamination

Professors sometimes complain about End-of-Course evaluations because other factors (such as personal like or dislike of the professor) are assumed to impact the evaluations. Their concern is consistent with the idea of A) criterion contamination B) criterion deficiency C) criterion relevance

A) Reactions

Quick Burger, Inc. has been having problems with turnover because the supervisors are rude to the employees. Quick Burger institutes a training program that teaches supervisors how to treat employees with respect. At the end of the session, the trainer asks the participants how much they liked the training program. This is an example of what type of criteria? A) Reactions B) Learning C) Behavior D) Results

B) Allocation of rewards; reward distribution process

Recently, the research into equity theory has shifted from an emphasis on fairness in _____ to a concern with ____ A) reward distribution process; allocation of rewards B) allocation of rewards; reward distribution process C) procedural justice; overpayment inequity D) underpayment inequity; overpayment inequity

B) feelings of underpayment inequity

Sally believes that she works harder than anyone else in her office; yet her salary is not the highest. Most likely Sally will experience which of the following? A) Feelings of overpayment inequity B) Feelings of underpayment inequity C) Feelings of equity D) Feelings of self-efficacy

C) Criterion Relevance

Say publication quantity (and quality) is highly correlated with the quality of professor, such that the best professors are ones that publish frequently in upper-tier journals. This would represent A) criterion contamination B) criterion deficiency C) criterion relevance

D) Expectancy

Self-efficacy is most similar to the concept of _____ in expectancy theory. A) Self-confidence B) Valence C) Instrumentality D) Expectancy

B) Learning

Success Community College has been having problems with turnover in its registration department because the supervisors are rude to the employees. SCC institutes a training program that teaches supervisors how to treat employees with respect. At the end of the session the supervisors are given an exam on the material. This is an example of what type of criteria? A) Reactions B) Learning C) Behavior D) Results

D) it is unclear and more studies are needed to answer this question

The BARS and MSS were origianlly developed in part to eliminate rating errors. Do they? A) No, they are as prone to rating errors as other measures B) Somewhat, they decrease halo and leniency error only C) Yes, they consistently decrease all types of rater error D) It is unclear and more studies are needed to answer this question

A) Performance appraisals are used to measure the dependent variable

The Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences decides to test the effectiveness of a training specifically oriented toward teaching. One group of professors is randomly assigned to read Ken Bains' "What the Best College Teachers Do" and another group of teachers is randomly assigned to read the "2009-2013 Church of the Nazarene Manuel." At the end of the academic year, the two groups are compared to see if the group that read "What the Best College Teachers Do" had better performance than the group that was randomly assigned to read the "Manuel." In this study, performance appraisals are important because A) Performance appraisals are used to measure the dependent variable B) Performance appraisals are used to measure the independent variable C) Performance appraisals are directly controlled variables that enhance the study's internal validity D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

B) Rewards

The major tenant of reinforcement theory is that behavior (even work behavior) results from A) The fulfillment of internal needs B) rewards C) People's values and perceptions of fairness D) People's beliefs about themselves

C) Objective measures of job performance

The number of publications, the number of classes taught, and/or the number of research students a professor supervised could all be considered A) measures of contextual performance B) measures of dynamic criteria C) objective measures of job performance D) subjective measures of job performance

B) Expectancy

The subjective probability that a person has about his or her ability to perform a particular behavior is A) self-efficacy B) expectancy C) valence D) instrumentality

A) It gives little insight as to the motivational processes underlying behavior

The theory of reinforcement has fallen out of favor by I/O Psychologists because A) It gives little insight as to the motivational processes underlying behavior B) It is not useful in influencing the behavior of employees C) It is too powerful a motivational tool D) It lacks research support

B) Reward for achieving goals

What is NOT an important factor for goal setting to improve job performance? A) specific goals B) reward for achieving goals C) feedback on level of success D) employee acceptance of the goal(s)

A) Audiovisual instruction

What type of training involves the presentation of materials using an audio or videotape? A) Audiovisual instruction B) Autoinstruction C) Modeling D) Simulation

B) Identical elements

When the required responses in the training situation are identical to those in the job situation, we say the training program includes which of the following design factors? A) General principles B) Identical elements C) Overlearning D) Sequencing

C) Automaticity

When trainees consolidate new knowledge such that they can use what they have learned with little thought, ______ has occurred. A) Autoinstruction B) Modeling C) Automaticity D) Feedback

D) The ratio of inputs to outputs

When using equity theory to compare employees, what is most important? A) Which employee has more inputs B) Which employee has more outputs C) Which employee has the greatest sum of outputs and inputs D) The ratio of inputs to outputs

A) Direction

When you decide to go to work on a particular day, instead of calling in sick and watching TV, this is an example of which attribute of motivation? A) Direction B) Intensity C) Persistance D) Self-Efficacy

C) it is difficult to interpret their meaning in relation to job performance

Which is NOT a weakness of objective job performance measures? A) it is not always obvious what number is considered satisfactory performance for productivity measures. B) they may be deficient. C) it is difficult to interpret their meaning in relation to job performance D) there is a focus on quantity instead of quality

B) Student End-of-Course evaluations that are truthful (valid) measures of teaching excellence

Which of the following illustrates criterion relevance? A) Information that might exist online about a professor's teaching B) Student end-of-course evaluations that are truthful (valid) measures of teaching excellence C) Peer reviews of teaching (i.e., when a professor's colleagues sit in on a class and evaluate teaching style) D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) Lack of research support

Which of the following is NOT a drawback of goal setting theory? A) Difficult goals can lower performance when stress is high B) Complex jobs and multiple goals are associated with lower performance C) Working on one goal can prevent achieving another D) Lack of research support

C) Providing bonuses for good performance

Which of the following methods to improve performance is NOT based on self-efficacy theory? A) Informing new employees that the job's failure rate is not as high as commonly thought B) Slowly increasing the difficulty of new tasks C) Providing bonuses for good performance D) Putting employees through a training simulation wherein they can demonstrate successful performance before doing the actual job E) Seeing others succeed in performing the new task

G) All of the above

Which of the following professors can benefit from feedback about how to perform even better? A) Dan, an award-winning (and tenured) professor who has been on the job for more than 20 years B) Bo, a tenured professor that has shifted his attention from teaching and research to his own private practice C) Ryan, a professor who consistently low End-of-Course evaluations and a dismal publication record D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

D) Expectancy theory can predict a person's choice of behavior from two or more options

Which of the following statements about expectancy theory are true? A) Research has shown that performance is unrelated to the individual components of expectancy theory B) Force scores are more strongly related to job performance than to measure of effort C) Research has shown that performance is unrelated to the multivariate combination of the components of expectancy theory. D) Expectancy theory can predict a person's choice of behavior from two or more options.

D) The use of pretest-posttest design

Which of the following would NOT be used to encourage positive transfer of training? A) The use of general principles B) The use of identical elements C) The use of overlearning D) The use of pretest-posttest design

D) Goal setting theory

Which theory of motivation has been the most useful for I/O Psychologists? A) reinforcement theory B) need hierarchy theory C) equity theory D) goal setting theory

D) Lecture

Which type of training method is best used when a large numbers of people must be trained at the same time? A) On the job training B) Role play C) Modeling D) Lecture

D) incentive

With ____ systems, rewards are contingent on individual units of productivity. A) implicit reward B) expectancy reward C) tangible pay D) incentive

A) Feedback

Without ______ it is doubtful that learning can occur at all because trainees can't tell if they are learning the correct material A) Feedback B) Overlearning C) Identical elements D) Automaticity

B) behaviorally anchored rating scale

You are asked to evaluate the waiter at a restaurant where you just ate. The performance scale measures friendliness and lists several behaviors that vary in friendliness from "is rude to the customer" to "is very friendly to the customer." If your task is to select the behavior that best describes your waiter, you would be using a A) behavioral observation scale B) behaviorally anchored rating scale C) behavior-focused rating form D) graphic rating form E) mixed standard scale

C) Modify the training program

You find that your training program is effective at the training level, but not the performance level. You should A) continue using the training program B) eliminate the training program C) modify the training program D) do nothing

A) Equity Theory

You have noticed that most of all the associates in the same position are getting the same rewards for doing a good job. What motivational theory is your boss using? A) equity theory B) goal setting theory C) expectancy theory D) reinforcement theory

D) It depends on the content of training and on attributes of the trainees

You must design a new training program to teach your co-workers a new task. Which of the following is the best way to present new material when trying to train a group of people? A) Use an oral presentation B) Use written materials C) Have them practice it D) It depends on the content of training and on attributes of the trainees

B) Autoinstruction

You sign up for a correspondence course that is self-paced and does not use an instructor. What type of training method is being used? A) Role play B) Autoinstruction C) Modeling D) Simulation

D) massed

Your classmate claims he never studies the material in your psychology class until the day before the exam, and he then spends 20 hours cramming. This type of training is called _____ training. A) part B) whole C) spaced D) massed

C) Conference

Your instructor prefers to use a type of training that involves meetings of trainees with a trainer to discuss the material in question. A free flow of ideas between trainees and trainer then follows. What type of training does your instructor prefer? A) Modeling B) Autoinstruction C) Conference D) Simulation

F) B and C

Your roommates tells you that he is concerned that his manager's depressed mood might affect his performance appraisal. Based on the research on the effect of rater mood on appraisal ratings, is your roommate justified in his concern? A) No, appraisals conducted by trained evaluators are not influenced by mood B) No, the evaluations by depressed raters appear to be more accurate C) No, depressed raters tend to exhibit less halo errors D) A and B E) A and C F) B and C G) All of the above H) None of the above

B) State-oriented; action-oriented

_____ people tend to procrastinate, whereas ____ people tend to perform better on the job. A) Action-oriented; state-oriented B) State-oriented; action-oriented C) High self-efficacy; low self-efficacy D) Low self-efficacy; high self-efficacy

C) Massed; spaced

_____ training is more efficient, but ____ is more effective in the long run. A) Part; whole B) Whole; part C) Massed; spaced D) Spaced; massed

C) Procedural justice

______ is concerned with the fairness of the reward distribution process as opposed to the results of that distribution. A) Distributive justice B) Equity theory C) Procedural justice D) Social justice