IS Exam 4

-require a line of sight to the scanning device -pose substantial problems in a manufacturing plant, warehouse or shipping/receiving dock -can be ripped, soiled, or lost -identifies the manufacturer and product but not the actual item

limitations of bar codes:

-low cost -ability to provide simple internet access

major benefits of wi-fi:

budgetary control

managers at various levels monitor departmental expenditures and compare them against the budget and the operational progress of corporate plans

mobility

means that users carry a device with them and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be

-mobile wallets -location based apps and services -mobile advertising -financial services -intrabusiness apps -accessing info (mobile and voice portal) -telemetry apps

mobile commerce applications:

auditing

monitoring how the organization's monies are being spent and assessing the organization's financial health

financial ratio analysis

monitoring the company's financial health by assessing a set of fi nancial ratios including liquidity ratios (the availability of cash to pay debt), activity ratios (how quickly a firm converts noncash assets to cash assets), debt ratios (measure thefi rm's ability to repay long-term debt), and profitability ratios (measure the fi rm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

networks of interconnected, battery powered, wireless sensors called motes that are placed into the physical environment

wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

networks of interconnected, battery powered, wireless sensors called motes that are placed into the physical environment

wide-area wireless networks

networks that connect users to the Internet over a geographically dispersed territory, they typically operate over the licensed spectrum (government regulation) that is, they use portions of the wireless spectrum that are regulated by the government

wireless mesh networks

networks using multiple Wi-Fi access points to create a wide area network that can be quite large and are essentially a series of interconnected local area networks

satellite radio (or digital radio)

offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality transmission that is beamed to your radio, either at home or in your car, from both GEO (XM Radio) and MEO (Sirius) satellites in space

propagation delay

one major limitation of GEO satellites is that their transmissions take a quarter of a second to send and return from the earth's surface

mobile portal

portals that aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users

infrared

red light that is not commonly visible to human eyes and common applications of infrared light are found in remote control units for televisions and DVD and CD players -used for short distances

-GPS -IoS

satellite applications:

mobile

something that changes its location over time

planning production and operations (POM)

supported by IT, POM planning has evolved from material requirements planning (MRP) to manufacturing resource planning (MRP II), to enterprise resource planning (ERP)

transaction processing systems

supports the monitoring, collection, storage, and processing of data from the organization's basic business transactions, each of which generates and collects data continuously, in real time

expense mgmt automation (EMA)

systems that automate the data entry and processing of travel and entertainment expenses through Web-based applications that enable companies to quickly and consistently collect expense information, enforce company policies and contracts, and reduce unplanned purchases as well as airline and hotel expenses

quality control

systems used by manufacturing units provide information about the quality of incoming material and parts, as well as the quality of in-process semifinished and finished products. These systems record the results of all inspections and then compare these results with established metrics

RFID Systems

tags have embedded microchips, which contain data, and antennas to transmit radio signals over a short distance to RFID readers including information that uniquely identifies an item (location and when it was made)

passive RFID

tags rely entirely on readers for their power, less expensive than active tags, and can be read only up to 20 ft

active RFID

tags that use internal batteries for power, and they broadcast radio waves to a reader

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

technology that allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips on goods and then track their movement through radio signals. RFID was developed to replace bar codes

mobile wallets

technology that provides an alternative to swiping a plastic card at the checkout counter, consumers merely wave their phones a few inches above a payment terminal. This process uses a contact-free technology called near-field communications (NFC)

-identify maintenance problems in equipment -monitor medical patients -control medical equipment remotely -remote vehicle diagnosis & preventive maintenance -Find My iPhone

telemetry applications:

virtual close

the ability the books quickly at any time, on very short notice (rather than quarterly) which provides almost real-time information on the organization's financial health

war driving

the act of locating WLANs while driving (or walking) around a city or elsewhere

footprint

the area of Earth's surface reached by a satellite's transmission overcomes the limitations of microwave data relay stations. The higher a satellite orbits, the larger its footprint

medium-range wireless networks

the familiar wireless local area networks (WLANs) and the most common type is wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi)

batch processing

the firm collects data from transactions as they occur, placing them in groups or batches then prepares and processes the batches periodically

security

the second barrier to greater acceptance of Wi-Fi because Wi-Fi uses radio waves, it is difficult to shield from intruders

telemetry applications

the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors

-rogue access point -eavesdropping -radio-frequency (RF) jamming

types of wireless security threats:

radio

uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers

micropayment

very small purchase amounts (generally less than $10)

pervasive computing (aka ubiquitous computing)

virtually every object has processing power with either wireless or wired connections to a global network

broad reach

when users carry an open mobile device, they can be reached instantly, even across great distances

1) small enough to easily carry or wear 2) sufficient computing power to perform productive tasks 3) can communication wirelessly with the Internet and other devices

wireless devices provide three major advantages:

motes

wireless sensors that collect data from many points over an extended space. They contain processing, storage, and radio-frequency sensors and antennas

wireless

without wires

-active RFID -passive RFID

2 basic types of RFID tags:

-roaming -security -cost

3 factors preventing commercial wi-fi market from expanding:

1) geostationary-earth- orbit (GEO) 2) medium-earth-orbit (MEO) 3) low-earth-orbit (LEO)

3 types of satellites circling earth:

intrabusiness applications

Although business-to-consumer (B2C) m-commerce receives considerable publicity, most of today's m-commerce applications actually are used within organizations

roaming

At this time, users cannot roam from hotspot to hotspot if the hotspots use different Wi-Fi network services. Unless the service is free, users have to log on to separate accounts

cellular radio

Cellular telephones (cell phones) provide two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs

managing multiple currencies

Financial and accounting systems utilize financial data from different countries to convert currencies (with conversion ratios that constantly flux) in seconds

global stock exchanges

Financial markets operate in global, 24/7/365, distributed electronic stock exchanges that use the Internet both to buy and sell stocks and to broadcast real-time stock prices

24 MEO satellites

GPS is supported by ________ that are shared worldwide

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEEE

human resources development

IS that assist human resource personnel in helping new hires become part of the corporate human resources pool through evaluation and development

-payroll & employee records -benefit administration -employee relationship mgmt

IT HR components:

financial and economic forecasting

Knowledge about the availability and cost of money a key ingredient for successful financial planning including flow projections which inform organizations what funds they need, when they need them, and how they will acquire them

HR planning & management

Managing human resources in large organizations requires extensive planning and detailed strategy

financial services

Mobile financial applications including banking, wireless payments and micropayments, money transfers, wireless wallets, and bill payment services

1) ubiquity 2) convenience 3) instant connectivity 4) personalization 5) localization of products and services

Mobility and Broad Reach Create Five Value-added Attributes that Break the Barriers of Geography and Time:

investment management

Systems for managing organization investments in in stocks, bonds, real estate, and other assets that are subject to complex regulations and tax laws, which vary from one location to another

-source data automation (sensors, scanners) -batch processing -online transactions

TPS methods:

A typical bar code made up of 12 digits that are batched in various groups. The first digit identifies the item type, the next five digits identify the manufacturer, and the next five identify the product. The last digit is a check digit for error detection

Universal Product Code (UPC)

product lifecycle management (PLM)

a business strategy that enables manufacturers to share product-related data that support product design and development and supply chain operations

personal area network

a computer network used for communication among computer devices (e.g., telephones, personal digital assistants, and smartphones) located close to one person

hotspotter

a device that detects wireless networks and provides information on them

mobile advertising

a form of advertising via cell phones, smartphones, or other mobile devices

ultra-wideband

a high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 Mbps which makes UWB a good choice for applications such as streaming multimedia from a personal computer to a television

wireless fidelity (wi-fi)

a medium-range WLAN

radio-frequency (RF) jamming

a person or a device intentionally or unintentionally interferes with your wireless network transmissions

dematerialization

a phenomenon that occurs when the functions of many physical devices are included in one other physical device

source data automation

a process in which organizations try to automate the TPS data entry as much as possible because of the large volume involved

mobile computing

a real-time, wireless connection between a mobile device and other computing environments, such as the internet or an intranet

MiFi

a small, portable wireless device that provides users with a permanent Wi-Fi hotspot wherever they go with a range of about 10 meters (roughly 30 feet)

QR Code

a two-dimensional code, readable by dedicated QR readers and camera phones

voice portal

a web site with an audio interface

hotspot

a wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter (up to approximately 300 feet)

super wi-fi

a wireless network proposal that creates long-distance wireless Internet connections which uses the lower-frequency "white spaces" between broadcast TV channels which enable the signal to travel further and penetrate walls better than normal Wi-Fi frequencies

global positioning system (GPS)

a wireless system that utilizes satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on Earth

managing financial transactions

accounting/finance software packages that are integrated with other functional areas (e.g., Peachtree offers a sales ledger, a purchase ledger, a cash book, sales order processing, invoicing, stock control, a fixed assets register, etc.)

-can store much more info -data types include numbers, texts, URLs, and japanese characters -smaller because they store info both horizontally & vertically -can be read from any direction or angle so less likely to be misread -more resistant to damage

advantages of QR codes (over bar codes):

Internet of Things (IoT)

also called the Internet of Everything, the Internet of Anything, the Industrial Internet, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, is a system in which any object, natural or manmade, has a unique identity (i.e., its own IP address) and is able to send and receive information over a network (i.e., the Internet) without human interaction

computer-integrated mfg (CIM/digital mfg)

an approach that integrates various automated factory systems. CIM has three basic goals: (1) to simplify all manufacturing technologies and techniques, (2) to automate as many of the manufacturing processes as possible, and (3) to integrate and coordinate all aspects of design, manufacturing, and related functions via computer systems

bluetooth

an industry specification used to create small personal area networks

rogue access point

an unauthorized access point into a wireless network. The rogue could be someone in your organization who sets up an access point meaning no harm but fails to inform the IT department

eavesdropping

any attempt to gain unauthorized access to a network

transaction

any business event that generates data worthy of being captured and stored in a database (e.g., product manufactured, a service sold, a person hired, and a payroll check generated)

financial planning and budgeting

appropriate management of financial assets and is an important part of managerial planning for both acquiring and utilizing resources

evil twin attack

attacker is in the vicinity with a Wi-Fi-enabled computer and a separate connection to the Internet. Using a hotspotter)—the attacker simulates a wireless access point with the same wireless network name, or SSID, as the one that authorized users expect

online transaction processing (OLTP)

business transactions are processed online as soon as they occur and system performs these tasks in real time by means of online technologies

in-house logistics & materials management

deals with ordering, purchasing, inbound logistics (receiving), and outbound logistics (shipping) activities. Related activities include inventory management and quality control

inventory management

determines how much inventory an organization should maintain. Both excessive inventory and insufficient inventory create problems. Overstocking can be expensive because of storage costs and the costs of spoilage and obsolescence. However, keeping insufficient inventory is also expensive because of last-minute orders and lost sales

-widespread availability of mobile devices -no need for a PC -the "cell phone culture" -declining prices -bandwidth improvement

development of m-commerce is driven by:

mobile commerce (m-commerce)

e-commerce (EC) transactions conducted with a mobile device

control and auditing

effectively control their finances and financial statements

mobile commerce

electronic commerce (EC) transactions that are conducted in a wireless environment, especially via the Internet

wireless mobile wallets (m-wallets)

enable cardholders to make purchases with a single click from their mobile devices

wi-fi direct

enables peer-to-peer communications, so devices can connect directly allowing users to transfer content among devices without having to rely on a wireless antenna. It can connect pairs or groups of devices at Wi-Fi speeds of up to 250 Mbps and at distances of up to 800 feet

cost

even though Wi-Fi services are relatively inexpensive, many experts question whether commercial Wi-Fi services can survive when so many free hotspots are available to users

near-field communications

has the smallest range of any short-range wireless networks, and is designed to be embedded in mobile devices such as cell phones and credit cards

short-range wireless networks

have a range of 100 feet or less (e.g., Bluetooth, ultra-wideband (UWB), and near-field communications (NFC))

Internet Over Satellite (IoS)

in remote parts of the world it is the only option available for Internet connections because installing cables is either too expensive or physically impossible