ISSA Fitness Nutrition - Chapter 2: Cells, Organ Systems & Digestion

Four main types of tissue:

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous

Connective Tissue is divided into 3 main categories

1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue 3. Specialized connective tissue

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa

Three types of muscle tissue in the human body:

1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac

The skeleton is divided into 2 parts:

1. axial skeleton 2. appendicular skeleton

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. Ileum

The small intestine is divided into 3 sections (in the following order):

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

1. epidermis 2. dermis 3. hypodermis

What type of cells are included in the nervous tissue?

1. nerve cells 2. neuroglial cells

Phospholipids are made up of:

1. polar hydrophilic heads 2. two chains for a hydrophobic tail

The reproductive system has 4 major functions:

1. produce sperm and ova 2. transport & sustain sperm and ova 3. grow and develop offspring (females) 4. produce sex organs

What functions does the liver serve?

1. secretion of plasma proteins, carrier proteins, hormones 2. making/excreting bile salts 3. storage of fat soluble vitamins 4. detoxification and filtration 5. metabolism of carbohydrates, protein & fat

The motor neurons of the PNS (peripheral nervous system) are broken down into:

1. somatic nervous system 2. autonomic nervous system

Types of epithelial cells:

1. squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar

Cells outside the simple or stratified epithelial cells are:

1. transitional epithelium 2. grandular epithelium

How many organ systems are in the human body, and how many individual organs do they consist of?

11 organ systems; 78 individual organs

White blood cell

A blood cell that fights disease.

Epithelial Tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out.

Secretin

A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer.

Gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

Cholecystokinin

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

Plicae Circulares

Crescent-shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa where absorption occurs

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Epithelial cells

Lines the cavities of the body. Sheets of this form the epidermis skin layer & line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary & reproductive tracts. They are constantly being replaced to maintain the protective layer through a process called epithelialization.

Small Intestines

Organ where most chemical digestion and absorption takes place

Pharynx

Otherwise known as the throat; it is a passageway transporting food, water and air

Red blood cells

Transports oxygen to your cells

Proteins make up about 60% of cell membrane with the other 40% composed of fats

True

Bile

a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion and is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Blastocyst

a bundle of 70-100 mostly undifferentiated human cells - formed shortly after the fertilization of a human egg by a sperm cell

Gastrin

a hormone stimulating secretion of gastric juice; secreted into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to food

Interneurons

a neuron with its cell body, axon and dendrites located entirely within the central nervous system (cns)

Hepatic Artery

a short blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the liver, phylofus of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and gallbladder

Lipid Bilayer

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

Lipid bilayer

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

Macronutrients

a type of food required in large amounts in the diet. Consists of fat, carbohydrate and protein

Hepatic Portal Vein

a vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.

Amylase

an oral enzyme beginning the process of starch breakdown

Circulatory System

an organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood

Vertebrates

animals with a vertebral column or spine such as humans

Connective tissue

any tissue serving to support, connect or bind other tissues in the body.

70%

approximately what percentage of a cell's mass is comprised of water?

Veins

blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste & pick up more oxygen

Arteries

blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues

Cuboidal epithelial cells

box-shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb. they are found in the kidney tubules & gland ducts

Ventilation

breathing, inhalation and exhalation

Grandular epithelim

cells secreting specific water based fluid, often containing proteins

Stratified cells

cells that are arranged in several layers

Transitional Epithelum cells

cells that can change shape or stretch

Hormones

chemical messengers in the body affecting growth, development and metabolic activities

What are the parts of the large intestine?

colon, rectum and anus

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Endocrine Glands

ductless glands of the endocrine system with secretions moving directly into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body

Phospholipids

fats making up the lipid bilayer.

Capillaries

fine branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine; it is the shortest section. it receives chyme from the stomach & is responsible for chemically digesting the chyme to prepare for absorption in more distal areas of the small intestine

Saliva

fluid from the mouth containing water, mucus and amylase

Pancreas

found behind the stomach & has both endocrine and exocrine functions in the body. it plays a major role in digestion by secreting the digestive enzymes amylase, trypsin, peptidase (protease) and lipase.

Exocrine Glands

glands of the endocrine system that have ducts carrying secretions to the surface

Tissue

groups of cells having similar structure & acting together to perform a function

Smooth Muscle

has the largest amount of function in the body. it is found in hollow organs, such as blood vessels, the intestines, the bladder & uterus in females

Mucosa

innermost lining of the digestive tract in contact with food

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

involuntary and controls the internal organs, including the heart and lungs as well as glands

Cell membrane

lipid bilayer enclosing human cells

Thyroid Gland

located at the front of the neck/below larynx; produces thyroxin; regulates metabolic rate and growth

Pancreatic Gland

located below the stomach; produces insulin & glucagon; controls carbohydrate metabolism & regulates sugar from the liver

Ovary Gland

located in the abdomen; produces estrogen/progesterone/relaxin; develops female sex organs & characteristics, attaches fetus to uterine wall, widens the pelvis for birth

Testes Gland

located in the scrotum; produces testosterone; develops male sex organs & characteristics

Adrenal Glands

located on each kidney; produces adrenalin; regulates blood pressure, "fight or flight"

Pituitary Gland

located on the base of the brain; produces growth hormone/oxytocin; regulates growth, stimulates uterine contraction in pregnant women

Lumphocytes

lymphatic bodies within lymph nodes that consume foreign bodies

Lymph Nodes

lymphatic organs that filter and remove foreign particles

Loose connective tissue

made of collagen, elastin and reticular fibers; holds organs in place

Axial Skeleton

made up of 80 bones in the adult human & includes the bones of the vertical axis of the body, such as the sternum, cranium and vertebral column

Dense connective tissue

made up of the same components & makes up tendons and ligaments connecting muscle to bone and bone to bone

Cells

made up of water and both organic & inorganic molecules; and made up of about 70% of mass

Appendicular Skeleton

made up on 126 bones and includes the bones of the appendages attaching to the axial skeleton

Skeletal Muscle

most prominent by mass

What are the parts of the alimentary tract?

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intesting, rectum and anus. Also known as the digestive tract and gastrointestinal tract

Straited muscle

muscle fibers having contractile units running parallel, appearing striped on a microscope

Afferent Nerves

nerve cells carrying a signal from the body to the brain (sensory)

Efferent Nerves

nerve cells carrying a signal from the brain to the body (motor)

Neuroglial Cells

nervous tissue found largely in the central nervous system that forms myelin, protects & supports neurons and maintains homeostasis

Nerve Cells

neurons transmitting nerve signals

Respiratory System

often mistaken for the circulatory system. it is the organ system responsible for respiration - internal and external - and gas exchange

Endocrine System

organ system that works closely with the nervous system to produce, release and regulate hormones

Human cell

provide structure, absorb nutrients, generate energy, move waste & perform specified functions essential to life.

Columnar epithelial cells

rectangular shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb in a basal layer. they absorb & secrete molecules & can be found in the female reproductive tract & in the digestive tract

Hydrophobic tails

repelled by the aqueous (water-filled) environment within & outside the cell and form the lipid bilayer structure

Smooth muscle

responsible for the involuntary muscle contractions in every organ system, ranging from uterine contractions & vascular resistance to digestion & secretion.

Skeletal muscle

responsible for voluntary contraction & represents about 40% of the human body mass

Jejunum

second part of the small intestine; it absorbs fatty acids, sugars and amino acids

Specialized connective tissue

serves specific purposes & includes a variety of forms: adipose (fat) tissue cartilage, bone, blood & lymph fluid

Simple epithelial cells

single layer of cells

Muscularis Mucosa

smooth muscle in the GI tract moving food through

Islets of Langerhans

specialized cells in the pancreas which secrete insulin, glucagon & somatostatin

Oraganelles

structures in a living cell performing specialized metabolic tasks

Peristalsis

systematic series of smooth muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract

What are accessory organs?

teeth, tongue and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

Nervous tissue

the cells of the nervous system controlling body movement & body functions

Muscular system

the collection of muscle fibers throughout the human body with the main function of contractability. Consists of 3 muscle types: cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle

What is the Alimentary Tract?

the digestive tube from the mouth to the anus; it serves to primarily convert food into absorbable particles and to pass them onto the other organs of the body

Internal Respiration

the exchange of gases between blood and tissues

Epidermis

the external layer of the skin, creating a waterproof barrier & giving the skin its physical tone. the outermost layer of the skin

The stomach is divided into four regions. What are they?

the fundic, cardiac, body and pyloric regions

Liver

the largest gland in the body. it receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract through the hepatic portal vein

Integumentary System

the largest organ system covering the entire human body and is made up of skin, hair and nails

Ileum

the last and longest portion of the small intestine; it is responsible for absorbing vitamin B12, bile salts, and anything missed in the jejunum. Most of the folded surfaces are found here for maximum surface area and absorption

Submucosa

the layer of the GI tract with lymphatic and blood vessels and nerves

Motor Neurons

the longest cells in the human body. they can be as long as 4.5 feet in length.

Colon

the longest part of the large intestine; removes water from waste matter

Stomach

the muscular pouch used for mechanical and chemical digestion in the alimentary tract; found in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

Anus

the opening at the end of the alimentary tract where waste exists the body

Urinary System

the organ system producing, storing and eliminating fluid waste or urine

Reproductive System

the organ system responsible for human reproduction

Lymphatic System

the organ system working in conjunction with the circulatory and immune systems to prevent disease and maintain fluid balance

Accessory Organs

the organs supporting digestion but are not directly part of the digestive system

Serosa

the outermost layer of the GI tract serving as a barrier

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

the part of the human digestive system consisting of the stomach and intestines

Digestive System

the path through which all food passes to provide nutritional value to the cells

Esophagus

the piece of the alimentary tract connecting the throat to the stomach

Gonads

the primary reproductive organs, the ovaries and testes, that produce the gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism

Epithelialization

the process of replacing epithelial cells to maintain a protective barrier

Chyme

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food.

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Dermis

the skin layer below the epidermis containing hair follicles, connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and lymph vessels

Subcutaneous layer

the skin layer serving to insulate; technically part of the hypodermal layer

Interstitial Space

the space between cells

Rectum

the space between the colon and anus where fecal matter is stored

Somatic Nervous System

the system carrying impulses to and from the skeletal muscle, through the spinal cord and to or from the brain, which allows the body to react to the external environment

Hypodermis

the third skin layer made up of adipose and connective tissue

Cellular Metabolism

the use of oxygen within cells for specific activities

Squamous epithelial cells

thin, flat epithelial cells allowing molecules to easily pass through. they are part of the lining of the lymphatic & cardiovascular systems, alveoli of the lungs, kidney tubules & capillaries.

Nerve cell

transmits nerve impulses

Cardiac muscle

unique in the way it contracts. involuntarily, it is found only in the heart & contains branched & striated muscle fibers allowing for the propagation of signals through the individual cells

Hydrophilic

water loving; attracted to water