ISSA Unit 3: Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Physiology

Explain skeletal muscle contraction. Page 42 in the workbook.

1) Brain sends out electrical signal. 2)Signal travels through the spinal cord. 3)To the spinal nerves. 4)To the motor neurons. 5)Resulting in the propagation of an electrical current through the muscle fiber. 6)Electrical signal triggers the release of calcium inside the muscle fiber. 7)The released calcium binds to the contractile protein ACTIN. 8)This permits its interaction with the MYOSIN contractile protein. 9)ATP provides the energy that permits the "walking" of MYOSIN across the ACTIN. 10)This pulling action of the MYOSIN across the ACTIN results in the shortening of the muscle fiber during MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

List the six categories of joints.

1)Arthrodial (gliding) joints 2)Condyloidal (ellipsoid) joints 3)Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball-and-socket) joints 4)Ginglymus (hinge) joints 5)Sellar (saddle) joints 6)Trochoidal (pivot) joints

List the four functions of the skeletal system in our body.

1)Bones serve as levers that transmit muscular forces. 2)The skeletal system protects the body's organs. 3)The skeletal system serves as a structural framework for other tissues and organs. 4)Bones serve as banks for storage and release of minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous.

What are the five categories of bone?

1)Flat bones 2)Short bones 3)Long bones 4)Sesamoid bones 5)Irregular bones

What are the six major muscle fiber arrangements?

1)Parallel 2)Fusiform 3)Triangular 4)Multipennate 5)Unipennate 6)Bipennate

List the muscles of the midsection. Page 31 in the workbook.

1)Pectoralis major 2)Serratus anterior 3) Exernal oblique 4) Internal oblique 5) Rectus abdominis 6) Transverse abdominis 7)Linea alba 8)Linea semilunaris 9)Rectus sheath 10)Quadratus lumborum 11)Psoas 12)Erector spinae

List the muscles of the chest. Page 32 in the workbook.

1)Pectoralis major 2)Subclavius 3)Pectoralis minor

List the muscles of the upper legs. Page 33 in the workbook.

1)Psoas 2)Iliacus 3)Gluteus medius 4)Gluteus minimus 5)Tensor fasciae latae 6)Sartorius 7)Adductor longus 8)Gracilis 9)Rectus femoris 10)Vastus lateralis 11)Vastus medialis 12)Gluteus maximus 13)Biceps femoris 14)Semitendinosus 15)Semimembranosus

List the muscles of the lower legs. Page 34 in the workbook.

1)Tibialis anterior 2)Peroneus longus 3)Extensor digitorum longus 4)Extensor hallucis longus 5)Gastrocnemius 6)Soleus 7)Peroneus brevis 8)Tibialis posterior

List the muscles of the back. Page 30 in the workbook.

1)Trapezius 2)Latissimus dorsi 3)External obliques 4)Semispinalis capitis 5)Semispinalis cervicis 6)Quadratus lumborum 7)Rhomboid minor 8)Rhomboid major 9)Multifidus 10)Spianlis (erector spinae group) 11)Longissimus (erector spinae group) 12)Iliocostalis (erector spinae group)

Define "joint."

A joint (also called an articulation) is formed when two bones connect.

Muscular hypertrophy is a(n): A)Increase in muscle fiber size B)Decrease in muscle fiber size C)Increase in the number of muscle fibers D)Decrease in the number of muscle fibers E)None of the above

A)Increase in muscle fiber size Muscle hypertrophy is simply the increase in the size of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers increase in size in response to adaptive overload stress. Adaptation takes place in several ways. The principal mechanism for muscular hypertrophy is by individual muscle cells increasing the number of their myofibrils. This probably occurs as a result of increased amino acid transport into the cells (caused by tension), which enhances their incorporation into contractile protein. However, muscle hypertrophy also occurs as a result of proliferation (in size and number) of mitochondria, myoglobin (storage protein), extracellular and intracellular fluid, capillarization (tiny blood vessels surrounding cells), and fusion between muscle fibers (principally Type IIx) and surrounding satellite cells.

Explain the role of the muscular system in our bodies.

All body movement. Insure the passage of food through the digestive system, circulate blood, and operate specific internal organs. They expend energy, generate waste, and require substantial nutrition. Produce movement and maintain position.

List the muscles of the forearm. Page 28 in the workbook.

Anterior (superficial): 1)Brachioradialis 2)Pronator teres 3)Flexor carpi radialis 4)Palmaris longus 5)Flexor carpi ulnaris Anterior (deep): 6)Supinator 7)Flexor pollicis longus 8)Flexor digitorum profundus 9)Pronator quadratus Posterior (superficial): 10)Brachioradialis 11)Extensor carpi radialis longus 12)Extensor carpi radialis brevis 13)Flexor carpi ulnaris 14)Extensor digitorum

List the skeletal system from Anterior to Posterior and from head first than feet last. Skeletal chart in the workbook on page 22.

Anterior: 1)Cranium 2)Clavicle 3)Sternum 4)Rib 5)Humerus 6)Radius 7)Ulna 8)Pubis 9)Femur 10)Patella Posterior: 11)Cervical Vertebrae 12)Scapula 13)Thoracic Vertebrae 14)Lumbar Vertebrae 15)Ilium 16)Sacrum 17)Ischium 18)Tibia 19)Fibula

List the muscles of the upper arm. Page 27 in the workbook

Anterior: 1)Humerus 2)Biceps brachii: Long head and Short head 3)Triceps brachii: Lateral head, long head, and medial head 4)Brachialis Posterior: 5)Triceps brachii: Long head, Lateral head, and Medial head

List the Anatomical directional terminology. Page 26 in the work book

Anterior: In front or in the front part Anteroinferior: In front and below Anterolateral: In front and to the side, especially the outside Anteromedial: In front and toward the inner side or midline Anteroposterior: Relating to both front and rear Caudal: Below in relation to another structure; inferior Cephalic: Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior Contralateral: Pertaining or relating to the opposite side Deep: Beneath or blow the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Distal: Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of orgin Dorsal: Relating to the back; posterior Inferior (infra): Below in relation to another structure; caudal Ipsilateral: On the same side Lateral: On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane Medial: Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane Posterior: Behind, in back, or in the rear Posteroinferior: Behind and below; in back and below Posterolateral: Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside Posteromedial: Behind and to the inner side Posterosuperior: Behind and at the upper part Prone: The body lying face downward; stomach lying Proximal: Nearest the trunk or the point of origin Superficial: Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Superior (supra): Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic Supine: Lying on the back; face upward position of the body Ventral: Relating to the belly or abdomen Volar: Relation to palm of the hand or sole of the foot

Define Arthrodial (gliding) joints.

Arthrodial (gliding) joints permit limited gliding movement and includes bones of the wrist and the tarsometatarsal joints of the foot. They are characterized by two flat, bony surfaces that press up against each other.

Cardiovascular/aerobic exercise results in: A)Contractile protein adaptation B)Mitochondrial adaptations C)Nuclei capacity adaptations D)All of the above E)B and C

B)Mitochondrial adaptations Aerobic exercise forces oxygen through the body, increasing the number and size of the blood vessels. Some important metabolic changes take place inside the body trough aerobic training. At the cellular level, aerobic exercise adaptations include and increase in the size and number of mitochondria and greater myoglobin content.

List the major muscles of the human body from head to toe and from posterior to anterior. Page 25 in the workbook.

Back (Posterior View): 1)Trapezius (upper) 2)Trapezius (middle) 3)Posterior deltoid 4)Teres minor 5)Triceps brachii (lateral head) 6)Rhomboids (underlying) 7)Triceps brachii (long head) 8)Latissimus dorsi 9)Erector spinae 10)Gluteus medius 11)Gluteus maximus 12)Gracilis 13)Semitendinosus 14)Biceps femoris 15)Gastrocnemius 16)Soleus (deep to gastrocnemius) Front (Anterior View): 17)Sternocleidomastoid 18)Trapezius (upper) 19)Medial deltoid 20)Anterior deltoid 21)Clavicular pectoralis major 22)Sternal pectoralis major 23)Biceps brachii 24)Serratus Anterior 25)Rectus abdominis 26)Internal oblique (underlying) 27)Brachioradialis 28)External oblique 29)Palmaris longus 30)Pectineus 31)Tensor fasciae latae 32)Adductor longus 33)Rectus femoris 34)Gracilis 35)Sartorius 36)Vastus lateralis 37)Vastus medialis 38)Peroneus longus 39)Tibialis anterior

Explain what the musculoskeletal system is.

Body system that consists of the bones, joints, connective tissue, and muscle.

Describe the three layers that make up bone.

Bone marrow, compact bone, and periosteum.

The average human adult skeleton has: A)80 bones B)126 bones C)206 bones D)Over 400 bones E)None of the above

C)206 bones The average human adult skeleton has 206 bones joined to ligaments and tendons to form a supportive and protective framework for underlying soft tissues and muscles. The skeletal system serves these important functions in the body: 1)Bones serve as levers that transmit muscular forces. 2)The skeletal system protects the body's organs. 3)The skeletal system serves as a structural framework for other tissues and organs. 4)Bones serve as banks for storage and release of minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous.

The anatomical terms for front and back are: A)Superior and inferior B)Proximal and distal C)Anterior and posterior D)Lateral and medial E)None of the above

C)Anterior and posterior Anterior-in the front or in the front part. Posterior-Behind, in back, or in the rear. Superior-Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic. Inferior-Below in relation to another structure; caudal. Proximal-Nearest the trunk or the point of origin. Distal-Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin. Lateral-On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane. Medial-Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane.

Define Condyloidal (ellipsoid) joints.

Condyloidal (ellipsoid) joints permit movement in two planes without rotation. Examples include the wrist between the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones and the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpophalangeal joints.

Tendons: A)Are extensions of muscle fibers B)Connect bone to bone C)Connect muscle to bone D)A and B E)A and C

E)A and C Tendons are extensions of muscle fibers that connect muscle to bone. They are tough bands of connective tissue that are slightly more elastic than ligaments, but they cannot shorten as muscles do. Ligaments are the fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone, or bone to cartilage, to hold together and support joints.

Define Enarthrodial (multi-axial ball-and-socket) joints.

Enarthrodial (multi-axial ball-and-socket) joints permit movement in all planes. They include the shoulder and hip joints.

True or false: Type II muscle fibers are entirely aerobic.

False Type IIa: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources. Type IIx: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential.

True or false: Tendons connect bone to bone.

False Tendons are extensions of the muscle fibers that connect muscle to bone. They are tough bands of connective tissue that are slightly more elastic than ligaments, but they cannot shorten as muscles do. Ligaments are the fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, or bone to cartilage, to hold together and support joints.

Define Ginglymus (hinge) joints.

Ginglymus (hinge) joints permit a wide range of movement in one plane. Examples of hinge joints are the elbow, ankle, and knee joint.

How many bones compose the following: Overall skeletal system: Axial skeleton: Appendicular skeleton:

Overall Skeletal System: 206 Bones Axial Skeleton: 80 Bones (Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum) Appendicular Skeleton: 126 Bones (60 in the upper extremities, 60 in the lower extremities, 2 in the pelvic girdle, and 4 in the shoulder girdle)

Define Sellar (saddle) joints.

Sellar (saddle) joint permits ball-and-socket movement with the exception of rotation. The thumb is the only saddle joint in the body and is capable of reciprocal reception.

List the muscles of the shoulder and deltoid. Page 29 in the workbook.

Shoulder: 1)Humerus (bone) 2)Clavicle (bone) 3)Supraspinatus 4)Subscapularis 5)Infraspinatus 6)Spine of scapula 7)Teres minor 8)Biceps brachii (long head) 9)Biceps brachii (short head) Deltoid: 1)Humerus (bone) 2)Clavicle (bone) 3)Anterior deltoid 4)Lateral deltoid 5)Posterior deltoid

List the three types of muscle in the body.

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Define "tendon."

Tendons are extensions of the muscle fibers that connect muscle to bone.

Define "insertion."

The distal attachment. The insertion is generally considered the most movable part or the part that attaches farthest from the midline of the body.

Explain muscle hypertrophy as it relates to the training effect.

The first is that when a person trains, the intensity and duration of training influence the physiology of muscle tissue and development of muscle fiber. The second reason is that the physiological conditioning of muscle tissue determines which fuel source is used. Muscle hypertrophy is simply the increase in the size of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers increase in size in response to adaptive overload stress. However, muscle hypertrophy also occurs as a result of proliferation (in size and number) of mitochondria, myoglobin (storage protein), extracellular and intracellular fluid, capillarization (tiny blood vessels surrounding cells), and fusion between muscle fiber (principally Type IIx) and surrounding satellite cells Hypertrophy is the anabolic response of muscle protein synthesis catalyzed by resistance training or a general adaptation to increased mechanically resistive forces in daily life. It results in increased muscle mass.

Define "origin."

The proximal attachment. The origin is generally considered the least movable part or the part that attaches closest to the midline (vertical center in the anatomical position) of the body.

Define Trochoidal (pivot) joints.

Trochoidal (pivot) joints permit rotational movement around a long axis as with the rotation of the radius at the radioulnar joint.

True or false: Type I muscle fibers are predominantly aerobic.

True Three distinct types of muscle fiber are found in skeletal muscle: Type I are slow-twitch fibers, and Type IIa and Type IIx are fast-twitch fibers. Type I: A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer. Type IIa: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources. Type IIx: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential.

List the four categories of muscle fiber types and their characteristics.

Type I:A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer, Type IIa: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources, Type IIx: A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential and Type IIc: A fast-twitch fiber that results from the "fusion" of Type IIx with surrounding satellite cells.