J3000 Exam 1

What are the metaphors for the marketplace concept used in this chapter?

-"spark upon the tinder" - when the truth enters into this exchange, it explodes into the roaring fire of truth -battle - to arrive at truth, there has to be some sort of fight. Adversaries fighting for the truth. Watchdog, aggressive, question those in power to justify/challenge their claims. -light & dark - there's darkness, and the moment that the light of truth is expressed, darkness is cast out. There is a moment of clarity and truth. -process - that can take any amount of time to arrive at the truth; also it's immediate, light-chasing-out-of-darkness obviousness

How were the political philosophies of the Federalists and the Republicans reflected in their respective Gazettes?

-Fenno didn't want to endorse political candidates but ultimately he did. His funding model was to throw out status quo. Fenno sought out gov't contracts even though he wanted wide base of support

How did mainstream press react to labor presses?

-Marginalize the labor movement -Class warfare, people stuck up "ruling class" make things difficult for people of lower socioeconomic status -try to keep their voices out of the marketplace (which caused rebels to create their own press) -Fanny Wright - feminist

Compare and contrast the political press and penny press.

-The penny press wasnt associated with political parties like political press. Penny was alot cheaper and sold in the streets. Focused on nearby, community news. Penny didn't handpick advertising, just let anyone do it. When you charge a penny, you have larger reach, that you can change more for ads. -Penny is less about views and more about news. About urban life -Penny hired reporters, and developed its own infrastructure. Reporters do their own newsgathering

What were the consequences of newspapers luring readers and advertisers?

-They stopped seeing readers as voters and started seeing them as consumers -Started seeing more diverse content

What were the functions of the newspaper trade associations?

-deal with advertising, circulation, technologies, labor -wanted to create united action of setting ad rates, lowering paper costs. -fight competition - stop bidding down ad rates, fight off upstarts -fight other types of advertising -political activism to advance business goals, used clout with candidates -lobby for legal advertising, e.g. oppose big system -stood up for patent medicine companies in regulation efforts -newspaper is a business

What did advertisers want from newspapers?

-formulate rules and methods to get ads in place -advice on how to structure newspapers -a place for their ads, w/enough credibility and force -early version of native advertising - reading notices -never wanted them to be in negative light -wanted newspapers to promote a lighter side of life

What did printers envision their papers providing to readers?

-giving insight and ideas to the people -they see the press a political mainly educator -tool of enlightenment -allowed them to be a counter to power and speak truth to those in power. If the truth makes its way in, it will spark! * ! *

According to Baldasty, what drives the definition of news?

-institution shape other institutions, has effect on journalism -journalism was an emerging institution; change in outlook of how they think about news.

Why were women's newspapers so slow to start?

-it was a choice to work on the black male suffrage and then expand into women's suffrage. -Also, they were all over the place to form widespread agreement on the platform -Their husbands didn't want it. Women were controlled by their husbands.

What is the marketplace of ideas concept?

-let everyone get their ideas out, people will judge for themselves the accuracy of the info and debate will bring out the truth -expression needs to be free if the truth is going to emerge; let all the ideas there and falsehoods will be seen during debate, and truth will rise to the top. That will inform public decision-making -more perspectives will help people arrive at the truth

How did newspapers attempt to keep expenses low and how did this affect newspapers?

-low pay = low employee turnover - pay based on space = untruth, sensationalism -NP unions, preprinted content = bland, inoffensive content, lack of editorial control

How did commercialization come about?

-material factors: urbanization/materialization -editors shifted towards a business mindset, now entrepreneur is valuable, see themselves as business. -cost of papers went up too. Selective/evolutionary mechanism. newspaper can only get so much $, but advertising can bring real profit. Power to subsidize product.

How did newspapers lure advertisers?

-news that is not just about politics that produces a more diverse audience = more ads -wrote stories about about advertisers, wrote news that was flattering to business. -to target families who were purchases of consumer goods

Why did the leaders of American revolutionary thought believe the press to be so important?

-no other way to get news; very few alternative channels -we need press bc its the vehicle/expression of ideas -makes sure people are informed and can participate in public debate -has the power to forge a national identity -"instruments of change" change happens thru exchange, press is the means for that!

How did newspapers lure readers?

-offered content for women in a traditional role -did special editions (like bicycling) capitalize on something that was in popular culture and lured advertisers

What issues led to the formation of the labor presses?

-oppression - factory workers weren't getting full rights, harsh working conditions

How did southern states react to the abolitionist press?

-outlawed them, put bounties on their head, penned their own personal rebuttles. They treated it like an issue to be debated in the marketplace of ideas. It is freedom of the press but mostly facist repression.

How did newspapers attempt to create predictability and how did this affect newspapers?

-patents insiders/outsiders -planned coverage, Nelly Bly -beat system - collect preprocessed info

Describe the partisan character of the content of newspapers in early 1800s

-political news from the front to the back -political essays are big part -local and national news -rely on political subsidy

Describe the historical delineation of the roles of printer, editor, and publisher.

-printer was mechanic, put the actual words on the paper -any publication had to have it's own political identity -so, the editor has to create a unified political/social voice -publisher has ideas and editors gives new voice to publisher's ideas

What seems to have been the appeal of the marketplace of ideas argument?

-provided a rationale to be able to publish controversial opinions -to protect printers -freedom of expression

How did advertisers seek to influence news content?

-reach lots of people, stratified by: location, class, race, religion, income -want to foster a news business/industry

What was the impact of commercialization?

-saw people as consumers instead of voters. Their view of the public. -Brought advertiser as main source of product -Perfect storm! Ads and papers could reach mass audience -Colonial press was a check on tyranny and power but NOW it is commercialized

Who was James Gordon Bennett?

-starts one of the first penny papers; New York Harold. it was a little more serious and balanced version of the penny press. Noble

What was the moral war against NY Herald?

-stealing readership from 6 penny papers by offering business news -then the 6 penny papers tried to outcast him and portray his content as morally filthy. Used their influence to get rid of James' papers. Launched a boycott. Shows the (2070) paradigm shift in journalism.

Describe the occupational ideology of the colonial printers.

-the press should be open to a diversity to all ideas, and the printers had an obligation to pursue those ideas -the "open press" idea -there are also business advantages

How did this occupational ideology evolve as the colonies approached and then initiated a war of independence?

-they believed in the idea of press freedom that promoted liberty, and against tyranny -the press should be "principled approaches" of tyranny

Describe the patronage system in the US in early 1800s

-they had different forms of subsidies offered -postal roads, postal carrier, postal system. If you didn't have to pay the price you were at an advantage -access to mail = access to the info -editor would be appointed to government post as postmaster, which came with salary. Ben Franklin was postmaster because he was leading journalist of the day.

What were the major labor presses and what was their common cause?

-wanted to shorten working hours to 10 hours a day. Reason: they wanted public education and wanted children to have it and be participants of the community -the other newspapers/existing press connected to existing power structures and political parties. Newspapers are coupled with political life. If you want to make changes like with child labor, the only direct way how was through labor presses.

What were specific causes championed by the labor press?

10 hour labor days, ensure American workers didn't just exist for capitalists.

On what did the abolitionist papers agree and disagree?

AGREED on the importance of education and that education is the route to abolish slavery. They largely esque the notion of revolutionary revolt. Walkers' appeal retain the right that there could be a revolt. DISAGREED on whether Blacks should go back to Africa and colonize or stay here and take what's rightfully theirs in US. They disagreed on whether papers could be run by black editors or any editors. Disagreed on the principles of the constitution and equality. Fred Douglass sees an argument for the abolition of slavery. Garrison looks at constituion and sees the 3/5th law (whatever its called) and says that slavery was built into the country constitution so it was flawed.

What were the main trends in urbanization in the 1800s?

America far less rural Face to face communication no longer possible, no longer capable of allowing people to make sense of the community - papers are capable Urban life home to new types of leisure activities: sports, theatre, reading, hobbies, music - NP content reflects those activities

Who was James Franklin and what got him into trouble with colonial authorities?

Ben's bro, printer, spoke against powerful, spoke truth against religious authorities and gov't

What are the main changes in American politics in the 1800s?

Campaigning by candidates Institutional developments - rely less on editors Decline of DC political press - out of town papers, telegraph Decline of patronage - papers become too costly (technology, staffs) Decline of political culture/popularity - corruption

According to Baldasty, what are the four aspects of American life and journalism that lead to changes in American newspapers in the 1800s?

Changes in American politics, changes in the press and news, changes in urbanization, changes in advertising

What were the means of financial support for the early English and American press?

Contributions from political parties, also some ads and some subscriptions. In the American experience, there was less patronage, and it often came out of the printer's pocket. Like documentary filmmakers, they were the "true believers" of their cause. Sometimes people pay you to be silent. Political party financial support = patronage, which was the English experience.

Explain what Smith is referring to when he states: "libertarian press theory could be easier to defend in principle than to put into practice"

Easier said than done lol It's easy to speak freely amongst people who are in your social or economic group and essentially people who support you, but doing it against the real enemy is super dupey hard

How did the marketplace of ideas concept shift around the time of the Revolutionary War?

First, there was diversity of ideas within a publication; during the Revolutionary war, there was a diversity of ideas (mktplace) in all journalism. Across publications during the Rev war, the truth will emerge. There were people who were skeptical of the marketplace. They said "passion and negative/falsehood will prevail." Were they right? Maybe..? It is directly connected to free market...swag! Does this require some sort of structure for the truth to emerge?

What tactics were used to limit press freedom?

High taxes, so people who couldn't pay it were usually poor and they usually were apart of crazy ideas and weren't in the culturally elite. Also, they had outrageous libel and slander laws w/jail time. Also, subsidizing: "controlling the puppet strings"

What were the main changes in advertising in the 1800s?

Industrialization changes the way business conducted - large scale factories (RR), urban work force, strategic centers of investment capital, extensive marketing of standardized products National marketing needed for national markets - advertisers reach markets via newspapers Department stores - volume, steady clientele, and sales dictate NP advertising

Describe the culture and practices that developed around these abolitionist press.

Literacy was very low, so they developed literature societies. There were networks created who would vouch for the paper and the legitimacy of the arguments, and help distribute the papers. Churches helped subsidize papers and send off money back to the papers.

What were the main changes in the press and the news in the 1800s?

NP defined by their ability to entertain, acquire large circulations, make money NP driven by newsgathering and scoops

How were these limits on press freedom received?

People did it anyway and defied laws. They found out they could move the press around and secretly print if they were determined enough. When other methods of press control like taxation and subsidization happened, printers found loopholes and practiced fraud and evasion.

What is Benjamin Franklin suggesting with his 'Janus' persona?

See both sides of issues, or 2-faced

What were the various - sometimes competing - aims and ideas of the suffragist papers?

Some only wanted the right to vote, making a policy change, others wanted a society change - change the institution of marriage. They had to decide how radical they wanted to be.

What were the outside pressures that printers faced during the time around the Revolution?

Some were expelled, the tory printers were loyal to the crown. Printers are operating under a time of war, this puts them under pressure. Verbal and physical harassment. There's this idea of freedom of the press and yet you have the singling out of the Tory printers in particular who were physically harmed or intimidated. Whenever British soldiers were in charge of a territory, printers were expected to print theirs and vice versa for colonists.

Summarize the tech, literacy, and natural history arguments for the development of the penny press.

TECH - changes to the press allowed for more mechanized approach to newspaper and allowed them to do more. Economy of scale. Press is now available to middle and lower class. However, this theory doesn't account for change in content. LITERACY - As literacy increased, the desire for newspapers increased. This explains mass circulation press. This isn't very convincing because in some areas, there is alot of literacy but no readership HISTORY - Things naturally evolve higher or better as time goes by

What's the egalitarianism argument for the penny press?

That there is an entrepreneurial culture that develops. The pursuit of money has a new sort of honor and acceptance. Money has new power. Market democracy. Less emphasis to party politics and broader interest of life. Individuals have more income and spend more on newspapers. Editors pursue profits and figure out funding for journalism.

What (who) were the chief threats to press freedom in the English experience?

The crown/gov't and the church

What were the basic ideas of Cato's Letters?

The idea: Free press will keep the public vigilant and the powerful honest. Authority is ultimately in the people. The people's wisdom will be cultivated by free press. They also promoted a level of skepticism and didn't want a passive audience. The press is the rightful governors of everything. liberty = free press. They say if leaders don't want to be portrayed negatively, don't do stupid things!

When the newspapers lured readers....

They diversified content, less political news, more content for women, did contests and giveaways

Describe the origins of the National Gazette.

This was the beginnings of political party. Each one of the papers is papers is portraying their own political identity. Nat'l Gazette was more democratic/republican. While Gazette of US was more federalist because of their essays. It gave platform to Federalist cause. Strong leadership= popular opinion= need it for support. -For Nat'l Gazette, the people were participants in public life. It was a voice for small merchants/farmers

Based on what Baldasty says about the growth of advertising, what's the significance of the change from patronage to advertising as a means press subsidy?

Threat of licensing and regulation of advertising, etc. Experts press to champion politics/positions. He said advertisers wanted to redefine what what is meant to be a good newspaper. It's audience based on consumption potential as opposed to whether or not the newspaper engaged people in public life or not. There was "pressure from an institution that didn't see the inherent value of news." Definition of the product itself - what is news? Is it need for self-governance or a vehicle of advertising?

Describe John Fenno's vision for his Gazette of the United States.

it was a national newspaper, wanted to be the voice of the governor. He didn't want advertising. It would largely be done with him as professional editors/publisher

Why did centralized newspaper politics fail?

local systems were already in place. It was going to be really hard for there to be national newspapers for geographical reasons, there were also existing laws and customs in place that made it a serious impediment. Open election hearings weren't really acceptable. The papers were founded to talk about the benefits, policies, etc. of candidates were considered inappropriate. This was the time where they didn't campaign.

Describe the growth of the advertising business in the 1800s

see the emergence of ad agencies during this time. They offer advice on how to structure a newspaper as a business that prints and receives advertising.

How did editors conceptualize their readers in early 1800s?

see them to be voters who need to make up their mind on how to vote. Also they are all white, land owning males

What barriers did Fenno's vision encounter; or, why didn't his venture succeed?

the idea is that he would sell it by subscription but people notoriously didn't pay for subscriptions bc of free press

How did newspapers attempt to market their news and themselves and how did this affect newspapers?

trumpet their own accomplishments, rush to be first - inaccuracies

Who was Benjamin Franklin and what was his approach to journalism?

used satire and wit. Criticized power! Lol founding father too?