Jarvis Ch 9: General Survey, Measurement, Vital Signs

1. The nurse is performing a general survey. Which action is a component of the general survey? a. Observing the patients body stature and nutritional status b. Interpreting the subjective information the patient has reported c. Measuring the patients temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure d. Observing specific body systems while performing the physical assessment

ANS: A The general survey is a study of the whole person that includes observing the patients physical appearance, body structure, mobility, and behavior.

20. When assessing a patients pulse, the nurse should also notice which of these characteristics? a. Force b. Pallor c. Capillary refill time d. Timing in the cardiac cycle

ANS: A The pulse is assessed for rate, rhythm, and force.

29. A student is late for his appointment and has rushed across campus to the health clinic. The nurse should: a. Allow 5 minutes for him to relax and rest before checking his vital signs. b. Check the blood pressure in both arms, expecting a difference in the readings because of his recent exercise. c. Immediately monitor his vital signs on his arrival at the clinic and then 5 minutes later, recording any differences. d. Check his blood pressure in the supine position, which will provide a more accurate reading and will allow him to relax at the same time.

ANS: A A comfortable, relaxed person yields a valid blood pressure. Many people are anxious at the beginning of an examination; the nurse should allow at least a 5-minute rest period before measuring blood pressure.

18. To assess a rectal temperature accurately in an adult, the nurse would: a. Use a lubricated blunt tip thermometer. b. Insert the thermometer 2 to 3 inches into the rectum. c. Leave the thermometer in place up to 8 minutes if the patient is febrile. d. Wait 2 to 3 minutes if the patient has recently smoked a cigarette.

ANS: A A lubricated rectal thermometer (with a short, blunt tip) is inserted only 2 to 3 cm (1 inch) into the adult rectum and left in place for 2 minutes. Cigarette smoking does not alter rectal temperatures.

47. The nurse is assessing an 8-year-old child whose growth rate measures below the third percentile for a child his age. He appears significantly younger than his stated age and is chubby with infantile facial features. Which condition does this child have? a. Hypopituitary dwarfism b. Achondroplastic dwarfism c. Marfan syndrome d. Acromegaly

ANS: A Hypopituitary dwarfism is caused by a deficiency in growth hormone in childhood and results in a retardation of growth below the third percentile, delayed puberty, and other problems. The childs appearance fits this description. Achondroplastic dwarfism is a genetic disorder resulting in characteristic deformities; Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by a tall, thin stature and other features. Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of growth hormone in adulthood. (For more information, see Table 9-5, Abnormalities in Body Height and Proportion.)

33. When auscultating the blood pressure of a 25-year-old patient, the nurse notices the phase I Korotkoff sounds begin at 200 mm Hg. At 100 mm Hg, the Korotkoff sounds muffle. At 92 mm Hg, the Korotkoff sounds disappear. How should the nurse record this patients blood pressure? a. 200/92 b. 200/100 c. 100/200/92 d. 200/100/92

ANS: A In adults, the last audible sound best indicates the diastolic pressure. When a variance is greater than 10 to 12 mm Hg between phases IV and V, both phases should be recorded along with the systolic reading (e.g., 142/98/80).

13. When evaluating the temperature of older adults, the nurse should remember which aspect about an older adults body temperature? a. The body temperature of the older adult is lower than that of a younger adult. b. An older adults body temperature is approximately the same as that of a young child. c. Body temperature depends on the type of thermometer used. d. In the older adult, the body temperature varies widely because of less effective heat control mechanisms.

ANS: A In older adults, the body temperature is usually lower than in other age groups, with a mean temperature of 36.2 C.

45. A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension was recently changed to a new antihypertensive drug. He reports feeling dizzy at times. How should the nurse evaluate his blood pressure? a. Blood pressure and pulse should be recorded in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. b. The patient should be directed to walk around the room and his blood pressure assessed after this activity. c. Blood pressure and pulse are assessed at the beginning and at the end of the examination. d. Blood pressure is taken on the right arm and then 5 minutes later on the left arm.

ANS: A Orthostatic vital signs should be taken when the person is hypertensive or is taking antihypertensive medications, when the person reports fainting or syncope, or when volume depletion is suspected. The blood pressure and pulse readings are recorded in the supine, sitting, and standing positions.

4. During an examination of a child, the nurse considers that physical growth is the best index of a childs: a. General health. b. Genetic makeup. c. Nutritional status. d. Activity and exercise patterns.

ANS: A Physical growth is the best index of a childs general health; recording the childs height and weight helps determine normal growth patterns.

19. Which technique is correct when the nurse is assessing the radial pulse of a patient? The pulse is counted for: a. 1 minute, if the rhythm is irregular. b. 15 seconds and then multiplied by 4, if the rhythm is regular. c. 2 full minutes to detect any variation in amplitude. d. 10 seconds and then multiplied by 6, if the patient has no history of cardiac abnormalities.

ANS: A Recent research suggests that the 30-second interval multiplied by 2 is the most accurate and efficient technique when heart rates are normal or rapid and when rhythms are regular. If the rhythm is irregular, then the pulse is counted for 1 full minute.

24. The nurse is assessing the vital signs of a 3-year-old patient who appears to have an irregular respiratory pattern. How should the nurse assess this childs respirations? a. Respirations should be counted for 1 full minute, noticing rate and rhythm. b. Childs pulse and respirations should be simultaneously checked for 30 seconds. c. Childs respirations should be checked for a minimum of 5 minutes to identify any variations in his or her respiratory pattern. d. Patients respirations should be counted for 15 seconds and then multiplied by 4 to obtain the number of respirations per minute.

ANS: A Respirations are counted for 1 full minute if an abnormality is suspected. The other responses are not correct actions.

9. The nurse knows that one advantage of the tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT) is that: a. Rapid measurement is useful for uncooperative younger children. b. Using the TMT is the most accurate method for measuring body temperature in newborn infants. c. Measuring temperature using the TMT is inexpensive. d. Studies strongly support the use of the TMT in children under the age 6 years.

ANS: A The TMT is useful for young children who may not cooperate for oral temperatures and fear rectal temperatures. However, the use a TMT with newborn infants and young children is conflicting.

37. The nurse is preparing to measure the vital signs of a 6-month-old infant. Which action by the nurse is correct? a. Respirations are measured; then pulse and temperature. b. Vital signs should be measured more frequently than in an adult. c. Procedures are explained to the parent, and the infant is encouraged to handle the equipment. d. The nurse should first perform the physical examination to allow the infant to become more familiar with her and then measure the infants vital signs.

ANS: A With an infant, the order of vital sign measurements is reversed to respiration, pulse, and temperature. Taking the temperature first, especially if it is rectal, may cause the infant to cry, which will increase the respiratory and pulse rate, thus masking the normal resting values. The vital signs are measured with the same purpose and frequency as would be measured in an adult.

1. While measuring a patients blood pressure, the nurse uses the proper technique to obtain an accurate reading. Which of these situations will result in a falsely high blood pressure reading? Select all that apply. a. The person supports his or her own arm during the blood pressure reading. b. The blood pressure cuff is too narrow for the extremity. c. The arm is held above level of the heart. d. The cuff is loosely wrapped around the arm. e. The person is sitting with his or her legs crossed. f. The nurse does not inflate the cuff high enough.

ANS: A, B, D, E Several factors can result in blood pressure readings that are too high or too low. Having the patients arm held above the level of the heart is one part of the correct technique. (Refer to Table 9-5, Common Errors in Blood Pressure Measurement.)

3. A patients weekly blood pressure readings for 2 months have ranged between 124/84 mm Hg and 136/88 mm Hg, with an average reading of 126/86 mm Hg. The nurse knows that this blood pressure falls within which blood pressure category? a. Normal blood pressure b. Prehypertension c. Stage 1 hypertension d. Stage 2 hypertension

ANS: B According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) guidelines, prehypertension blood pressure readings are systolic readings of 120 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic readings of 50 to 89 mm Hg.

39. The nurse is conducting a health fair for older adults. Which statement is true regarding vital sign measurements in aging adults? a. The pulse is more difficult to palpate because of the stiffness of the blood vessels. b. An increased respiratory rate and a shallower inspiratory phase are expected findings. c. A decreased pulse pressure occurs from changes in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. d. Changes in the bodys temperature regulatory mechanism leave the older person more likely to develop a fever.

ANS: B Aging causes a decrease in vital capacity and decreased inspiratory reserve volume. The examiner may notice a shallower inspiratory phase and an increased respiratory rate. An increase in the rigidity of the arterial walls makes the pulse actually easier to palpate. Pulse pressure is widened in older adults, and changes in the body temperature regulatory mechanism leave the older person less likely to have fever but at a greater risk for hypothermia.

27. A nurse is helping at a health fair at a local mall. When taking blood pressures on a variety of people, the nurse keeps in mind that: a. After menopause, blood pressure readings in women are usually lower than those taken in men. b. The blood pressure of a Black adult is usually higher than that of a White adult of the same age. c. Blood pressure measurements in people who are overweight should be the same as those of people who are at a normal weight. d. A teenagers blood pressure reading will be lower than that of an adult.

ANS: B In the United States, a Black adults blood pressure is usually higher than that of a White adult of the same age. The incidence of hypertension is twice as high in Blacks as it is in Whites. After menopause, blood pressure in women is higher than in men; blood pressure measurements in people who are obese are usually higher than in those who are not overweight. Normally, a gradual rise occurs through childhood and into the adult years.

3. The nurse is assessing the vital signs of a 20-year-old male marathon runner and documents the following vital signs: temperature36 C; pulse48 beats per minute; respirations14 breaths per minute; blood pressure104/68 mm Hg. Which statement is true concerning these results? a. The patient is experiencing tachycardia. b. These are normal vital signs for a healthy, athletic adult. c. The patients pulse rate is not normalhis physician should be notified. d. On the basis of these readings, the patient should return to the clinic in 1 week.

ANS: B In the adult, a heart rate less than 50 beats per minute is called bradycardia, which normally occurs in the well-trained athlete whose heart muscle develops along with the skeletal muscles.

30. The nurse will perform a palpated pressure before auscultating blood pressure. The reason for this is to: a. More clearly hear the Korotkoff sounds. b. Detect the presence of an auscultatory gap. c. Avoid missing a falsely elevated blood pressure. d. More readily identify phase IV of the Korotkoff sounds.

ANS: B Inflation of the cuff 20 to 30 mm Hg beyond the point at which a palpated pulse disappears will avoid missing an auscultatory gap, which is a period when the Korotkoff sounds disappear during auscultation.

35. A 70-year-old man has a blood pressure of 150/90 mm Hg in a lying position, 130/80 mm Hg in a sitting position, and 100/60 mm Hg in a standing position. How should the nurse evaluate these findings? a. These readings are a normal response and attributable to changes in the patients position. b. The change in blood pressure readings is called orthostatic hypotension. c. The blood pressure reading in the lying position is within normal limits. d. The change in blood pressure readings is considered within normal limits for the patients age.

ANS: B Orthostatic hypotension is a drop in systolic pressure of more than 20 mm Hg, which occurs with a quick change to a standing position. Aging people have the greatest risk of this problem.

46. Which of these specific measurements is the best index of a childs general health? a. Vital signs b. Height and weight c. Head circumference d. Chest circumference

ANS: B Physical growth, measured by height and weight, is the best index of a childs general health.

32. The nurse has collected the following information on a patient: palpated blood pressure180 mm Hg; auscultated blood pressure170/100 mm Hg; apical pulse60 beats per minute; radial pulse70 beats per minute. What is the patients pulse pressure? a. 10 b. 70 c. 80 d. 100

ANS: B Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (170 100 = 70) and reflects the stroke volume.

21. When assessing the pulse of a 6-year-old boy, the nurse notices that his heart rate varies with his respiratory cycle, speeding up at the peak of inspiration and slowing to normal with expiration. The nurses next action would be to: a. Immediately notify the physician. b. Consider this finding normal in children and young adults. c. Check the childs blood pressure, and note any variation with respiration. d. Document that this child has bradycardia, and continue with the assessment.

ANS: B Sinus arrhythmia is commonly found in children and young adults. During the respiratory cycle, the heart rate varies, speeding up at the peak of inspiration and slowing to normal with expiration.

11. The nurse is examining a patient who is complaining of feeling cold. Which is a mechanism of heat loss in the body? a. Exercise b. Radiation c. Metabolism d. Food digestion

ANS: B The body maintains a steady temperature through a thermostat or feedback mechanism, which is regulated in the hypothalamus of the brain. The hypothalamus regulates heat production from metabolism, exercise, food digestion, and external factors with heat loss through radiation, evaporation of sweat, convection, and conduction.

5. A 1-month-old infant has a head measurement of 34 cm and has a chest circumference of 32 cm. Based on the interpretation of these findings, the nurse would: a. Refer the infant to a physician for further evaluation. b. Consider these findings normal for a 1-month-old infant. c. Expect the chest circumference to be greater than the head circumference. d. Ask the parent to return in 2 weeks to re-evaluate the head and chest circumferences.

ANS: B The newborns head measures approximately 32 to 38 cm and is approximately 2 cm larger than the chest circumference. Between 6 months and 2 years, both measurements are approximately the same, and after age 2 years, the chest circumference is greater than the head circumference.

38. A 4-month-old child is at the clinic for a well-baby check-up and immunizations. Which of these actions is most appropriate when the nurse is assessing an infants vital signs? a. The infants radial pulse should be palpated, and the nurse should notice any fluctuations resulting from activity or exercise. b. The nurse should auscultate an apical rate for 1 minute and then assess for any normal irregularities, such as sinus arrhythmia. c. The infants blood pressure should be assessed by using a stethoscope with a large diaphragm piece to hear the soft muffled Korotkoff sounds. d. The infants chest should be observed and the respiratory rate counted for 1 minute; the respiratory pattern may vary significantly.

ANS: B The nurse palpates or auscultates an apical rate with infants and toddlers. The pulse should be counted for 1 full minute to account for normal irregularities, such as sinus arrhythmia. Children younger than 3 years of age have such small arm vessels; consequently, hearing Korotkoff sounds with a stethoscope is difficult. The nurse should use either an electronic blood pressure device that uses oscillometry or a Doppler ultrasound device to amplify the sounds.

16. Which of these actions illustrates the correct technique the nurse should use when assessing oral temperature with a mercury thermometer? a. Wait 30 minutes if the patient has ingested hot or iced liquids. b. Leave the thermometer in place 3 to 4 minutes if the patient is afebrile. c. Place the thermometer in front of the tongue, and ask the patient to close his or her lips. d. Shake the mercury-in-glass thermometer down to below 36.6 C before taking the temperature.

ANS: B The thermometer should be left in place 3 to 4 minutes if the person is afebrile and up to 8 minutes if the person is febrile. The nurse should wait 15 minutes if the person has just ingested hot or iced liquids and 2 minutes if he or she has just smoked.

28. The nurse notices a colleague is preparing to check the blood pressure of a patient who is obese by using a standard-sized blood pressure cuff. The nurse should expect the reading to: a. Yield a falsely low blood pressure. b. Yield a falsely high blood pressure. c. Be the same, regardless of cuff size. d. Vary as a result of the technique of the person performing the assessment.

ANS: B Using a cuff that is too narrow yields a falsely high blood pressure because it takes extra pressure to compress the artery.

48. The nurse is counting an infants respirations. Which technique is correct? a. Watching the chest rise and fall b. Watching the abdomen for movement c. Placing a hand across the infants chest d. Using a stethoscope to listen to the breath sounds

ANS: B Watching the abdomen for movement is the correct technique because the infants respirations are normally more diaphragmatic than thoracic. The other responses do not reflect correct techniques.

10. When assessing an older adult, which vital sign changes occur with aging? a. Increase in pulse rate b. Widened pulse pressure c. Increase in body temperature d. Decrease in diastolic blood pressure

ANS: B With aging, the nurse keeps in mind that the systolic blood pressure increases, leading to widened pulse pressure. With many older people, both the systolic and diastolic pressures increase. The pulse rate and temperature do not increase.

31. The nurse is taking an initial blood pressure reading on a 72-year-old patient with documented hypertension. How should the nurse proceed? a. Cuff should be placed on the patients arm and inflated 30 mm Hg above the patients pulse rate. b. Cuff should be inflated to 200 mm Hg in an attempt to obtain the most accurate systolic reading. c. Cuff should be inflated 30 mm Hg above the point at which the palpated pulse disappears. d. After confirming the patients previous blood pressure readings, the cuff should be inflated 30 mm Hg above the highest systolic reading recorded.

ANS: C An auscultatory gap occurs in approximately 5% of the people, most often in those with hypertension. To check for the presence of an auscultatory gap, the cuff should be inflated 20 to 30 mm Hg beyond the point at which the palpated pulse disappears.

14. A 60-year-old male patient has been treated for pneumonia for the past 6 weeks. He is seen today in the clinic for an unexplained weight loss of 10 pounds over the last 6 weeks. The nurse knows that: a. Weight loss is probably the result of unhealthy eating habits. b. Chronic diseases such as hypertension cause weight loss. c. Unexplained weight loss often accompanies short-term illnesses. d. Weight loss is probably the result of a mental health dysfunction.

ANS: C An unexplained weight loss may be a sign of a short-term illness or a chronic illness such as endocrine disease, malignancy, depression, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia.

6. The nurse is assessing an 80-year-old male patient. Which assessment findings would be considered normal? a. Increase in body weight from his younger years b. Additional deposits of fat on the thighs and lower legs c. Presence of kyphosis and flexion in the knees and hips d. Change in overall body proportion, including a longer trunk and shorter extremities

ANS: C Changes that occur in the aging person include more prominent bony landmarks, decreased body weight (especially in men), a decrease in subcutaneous fat from the face and periphery, and additional fat deposited on the abdomen and hips. Postural changes of kyphosis and slight flexion in the knees and hips also occur.

50. During an examination, the nurse notices that a female patient has a round moon face, central trunk obesity, and a cervical hump. Her skin is fragile with bruises. The nurse determines that the patient has which condition? a. Marfan syndrome b. Gigantism c. Cushing syndrome d. Acromegaly

ANS: C Cushing syndrome is characterized by weight gain and edema with central trunk and cervical obesity (buffalo hump) and round plethoric face (moon face). Excessive catabolism causes muscle wasting; weakness; thin arms and legs; reduced height; and thin, fragile skin with purple abdominal striae, bruising, and acne. (See Table 9-5, Abnormalities in Body Height and Proportion, for the definitions of the other conditions.)

40. In a patient with acromegaly, the nurse will expect to discover which assessment findings? a. Heavy, flattened facial features b. Growth retardation and a delayed onset of puberty c. Overgrowth of bone in the face, head, hands, and feet d. Increased height and weight and delayed sexual development

ANS: C Excessive secretions of growth hormone in adulthood after normal completion of body growth causes an overgrowth of the bones in the face, head, hands, and feet but no change in height.

43. What type of blood pressure measurement error is most likely to occur if the nurse does not check for the presence of an auscultatory gap? a. Diastolic blood pressure may not be heard. b. Diastolic blood pressure may be falsely low. c. Systolic blood pressure may be falsely low. d. Systolic blood pressure may be falsely high.

ANS: C If an auscultatory gap is undetected, then a falsely low systolic or falsely high diastolic reading may result, which is common in patients with hypertension.

34. A patient is seen in the clinic for complaints of fainting episodes that started last week. How should the nurse proceed with the examination? a. Blood pressure readings are taken in both the arms and the thighs. b. The patient is assisted to a lying position, and his blood pressure is taken. c. His blood pressure is recorded in the lying, sitting, and standing positions. d. His blood pressure is recorded in the lying and sitting positions; these numbers are then averaged to obtain a mean blood pressure.

ANS: C If the person is known to have hypertension, is taking antihypertensive medications, or reports a history of fainting or syncope, then the blood pressure reading should be taken in three positions: lying, sitting, and standing.

44. When considering the concepts related to blood pressure, the nurse knows that the concept of mean arterial pressure (MAP) is best described by which statement? a. MAP is the pressure of the arterial pulse. b. MAP reflects the stroke volume of the heart. c. MAP is the pressure forcing blood into the tissues, averaged over the cardiac cycle. d. MAP is an average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures and reflects tissue perfusion.

ANS: C MAP is the pressure that forces blood into the tissues, averaged over the cardiac cycle. Stroke volume is reflected by the blood pressure. MAP is not an arithmetic average of systolic and diastolic pressures because diastole lasts longer; rather, it is a value closer to diastolic pressure plus one third of the pulse pressure.

12. When measuring a patients body temperature, the nurse keeps in mind that body temperature is influenced by: a. Constipation. b. Patients emotional state. c. Diurnal cycle. d. Nocturnal cycle.

ANS: C Normal temperature is influenced by the diurnal cycle, exercise, and age. The other responses do not influence body temperature.

7. The nurse should measure rectal temperatures in which of these patients? a. School-age child b. Older adult c. Comatose adult d. Patient receiving oxygen by nasal cannula

ANS: C Rectal temperatures should be taken when the other routes are impractical, such as for comatose or confused persons, for those in shock, or for those who cannot close the mouth because of breathing or oxygen tubes, a wired mandible, or other facial dysfunctions.

17. The nurse is taking temperatures in a clinic with a TMT. Which statement is true regarding use of the TMT? a. A tympanic temperature is more time consuming than a rectal temperature. b. The tympanic method is more invasive and uncomfortable than the oral method. c. The risk of cross-contamination is reduced, compared with the rectal route. d. The tympanic membrane most accurately reflects the temperature in the ophthalmic artery.

ANS: C The TMT is a noninvasive, nontraumatic device that is extremely quick and efficient. The chance of cross-contamination with the TMT is minimal because the ear canal is lined with skin, not mucous membranes.

22. When assessing the force, or strength, of a pulse, the nurse recalls that the pulse: a. Is usually recorded on a 0- to 2-point scale. b. Demonstrates elasticity of the vessel wall. c. Is a reflection of the hearts stroke volume. d. Reflects the blood volume in the arteries during diastole.

ANS: C The heart pumps an amount of blood (the stroke volume) into the aorta. The force flares the arterial walls and generates a pressure wave, which is felt in the periphery as the pulse.

5. A patients blood pressure is 118/82 mm Hg. He asks the nurse, What do the numbers mean? The nurses best reply is: a. The numbers are within the normal range and are nothing to worry about. b. The bottom number is the diastolic pressure and reflects the stroke volume of the heart. c. The top number is the systolic blood pressure and reflects the pressure of the blood against the arteries when the heart contracts. d. The concept of blood pressure is difficult to understand. The primary thing to be concerned about is the top number, or the systolic blood pressure.

ANS: C The systolic pressure is the maximum pressure felt on the artery during left ventricular contraction, or systole. The diastolic pressure is the elastic recoil, or resting, pressure that the blood constantly exerts in between each contraction. The nurse should answer the patients question and use terms he can understand.

8. The nurse is preparing to measure the length, weight, chest, and head circumference of a 6-month-old infant. Which measurement technique is correct? a. Measuring the infants length by using a tape measure b. Weighing the infant by placing him or her on an electronic standing scale c. Measuring the chest circumference at the nipple line with a tape measure d. Measuring the head circumference by wrapping the tape measure over the nose and cheekbones

ANS: C To measure the chest circumference, the tape is encircled around the chest at the nipple line. The length should be measured on a horizontal measuring board. Weight should be measured on a platform-type balance scale. Head circumference is measured with the tape around the head, aligned at the eyebrows, and at the prominent frontal and occipital bonesthe widest span is correct.

36. The nurse is helping another nurse to take a blood pressure reading on a patients thigh. Which action is correct regarding thigh pressure? a. Either the popliteal or femoral vessels should be auscultated to obtain a thigh pressure. b. The best position to measure thigh pressure is the supine position with the knee slightly bent. c. If the blood pressure in the arm is high in an adolescent, then it should be compared with the thigh pressure. d. The thigh pressure is lower than the pressure in the arm, which is attributable to the distance away from the heart and the size of the popliteal vessels.

ANS: C When blood pressure measured at the arm is excessively high, particularly in adolescents and young adults, it is compared with thigh pressure to check for coarctation of the aorta. The popliteal artery is auscultated for the reading. Generally, thigh pressure is higher than that of the arm; however, if coarctation of the artery is present, then arm pressures are higher than thigh pressures.

2. When measuring a patients weight, the nurse is aware of which of these guidelines? a. The patient is always weighed wearing only his or her undergarments. b. The type of scale does not matter, as long as the weights are similar from day to day. c. The patient may leave on his or her jacket and shoes as long as these are documented next to the weight. d. Attempts should be made to weigh the patient at approximately the same time of day, if a sequence of weights is necessary.

ANS: D A standardized balance scale is used to measure weight. The patient should remove his or her shoes and heavy outer clothing. If a sequence of repeated weights is necessary, then the nurse should attempt to weigh the patient at approximately the same time of day and with the same types of clothing worn each time.

15. When assessing a 75-year-old patient who has asthma, the nurse notes that he assumes a tripod position, leaning forward with arms braced on the chair. On the basis of this observation, the nurse should: a. Assume that the patient is eager and interested in participating in the interview. b. Evaluate the patient for abdominal pain, which may be exacerbated in the sitting position. c. Assume that the patient is having difficulty breathing and assist him to a supine position. d. Recognize that a tripod position is often used when a patient is having respiratory difficulties.

ANS: D Assuming a tripod positionleaning forward with arms braced on chair armsoccurs with chronic pulmonary disease. The other actions or assumptions are not correct.

42. The nurse is assessing children in a pediatric clinic. Which statement is true regarding the measurement of blood pressure in children? a. Blood pressure guidelines for children are based on age. b. Phase II Korotkoff sounds are the best indicator of systolic blood pressure in children. c. Using a Doppler device is recommended for accurate blood pressure measurements until adolescence. d. The disappearance of phase V Korotkoff sounds can be used for the diastolic reading in children.

ANS: D The disappearance of phase V Korotkoff sounds can be used for the diastolic reading in children, as well as in adults.

26. While measuring a patients blood pressure, the nurse recalls that certain factors, such as __________, help determine blood pressure. a. Pulse rate b. Pulse pressure c. Vascular output d. Peripheral vascular resistance

ANS: D The level of blood pressure is determined by five factors: cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, volume of circulating blood, viscosity, and elasticity of the vessel walls.

49. When checking for proper blood pressure cuff size, which guideline is correct? a. The standard cuff size is appropriate for all sizes. b. The length of the rubber bladder should equal 80% of the arm circumference. c. The width of the rubber bladder should equal 80% of the arm circumference. d. The width of the rubber bladder should equal 40% of the arm circumference.

ANS: D The width of the rubber bladder should equal 40% of the circumference of the persons arm. The length of the bladder should equal 80% of this circumference.

41. The nurse is performing a general survey of a patient. Which finding is considered normal? a. When standing, the patients base is narrow. b. The patient appears older than his stated age. c. Arm span (fingertip to fingertip) is greater than the height. d. Arm span (fingertip to fingertip) equals the patients height.

ANS: D When performing the general survey, the patients arm span (fingertip to fingertip) should equal the patients height. An arm span that is greater than the persons height may indicate Marfan syndrome. The base should be wide when the patient is standing, and an older appearance than the stated age may indicate a history of a chronic illness or chronic alcoholism.