JCM 102 Final

Booming

Lifting the camera up and down (different from tilting in that the entire camera ascends or descends, rather than just the angle of the camera)

Condenser microphones

Microphones used on film/TV sets, typically hoisted with a boom.

Fine Cut

More edits, looking more like a final product.

Shadows

- Shadows will almost always add depth. Conversely, eliminating shadows eliminates depth. - Eliminating shadows conceals texture

The Shot

- Smallest unit of the film language. - A continuous run of images, unbroken by an edit. - Technically speaking: What is recorded from the moment you turn the camera on until the moment you turn the camera off (also called a camera take). -Shots can be diced up into even smaller bits during editing

Extreme close-up (ECU)

Focus is on a very small detail or feature of the subject.

Medium Long Shot (MLS)

Frames your subject from the knees up.

Medium Shot (MS)

Frames your subject from the waist up. Good when you want to show smaller physical actions/facial expressions but maintain a connection with the setting.

Long Shot (LS)

Generally a shot that contains the whole human figure. Good to show movement and physical activity.

Medium Close-up (MCU)

Generally from the chest or shoulders up. Emphasis is on the facial expression but a connection to the broader physical body is maintained.

Depth cues

How the illusion of depth in a 2D space is created and controlled. • Perspective is the most important depth cue.

J-cut

Audio cuts out first, then picture.

Boom Microphones

Boom refers to the pole or rig on which the microphone is attached. A shotgun or cardoid mic would be attached to the boom. These mics produce natural- sounding dialog.

Set Design

Creation of a set from scratch that (more or less) needs to be completely constructed. Can be done on a sound stage or empty location.

Mixed Lights

a combination of available lights and artifical lights

sound wave

a pressure wave, consisting of an alternating pattern of high pressure (compression) and low pressure (rarefaction), traveling through the air.

Perspective

The viewpoint/vantage point of an image.

Artificial light

any light source that generates light though electricity. -Artificial lights can be as big as a 50,000-watt movie light or as small as a flashlight.

Location sound

any sound that is recorded in the same environment as the images.

Combination move

executing more than one camera move at a time

Image exposure

how light is boucing off your scene into your lens

how is sound produced?

it is produced by some vibrating source creating pressure and displacing air molecules

Dolly shot

moving shots in which the camera moves closer or farther away from the subject - To dolly-in or dolly-out means to move the camera closer to or farther away from, respectively. - Dolly refers to the wheeled apparatus on which we mount the camera to move it.

Sync sound

recorded simultaneously with taking the image, so sound and picture correspond to each other with frame accuracy and are said to be "in sync" with one another

Screenwriter

responsible for the screenplay.

tilt (Tilt up or down)

shifts the camera perspective vertically with the lens facing up or down

Everything you see and hear in a news broadcast, TV show, sporting event, or movie is delivered exclusively through what?

sound and images

who "calls the shot" on set?

the AD (or director on very small shoots)

Crane shot

the camera is raised very high in the air, certainly above a human subject's head • This usually requires a special, and expensive, piece of equipment called a crane

camera take

the moment the camera is turned on at the beginning of a shot to the moment it is turned off after the director has called "Cut!"

Workflow

the technical path your project will take from sound and image acquisition to exhibition.

what is the best way to control color?

to limit the color palette itself.

t/f? Audiences have a poor color memory.

true

Social Networking

Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content

Sound waves travel in fairly consistent _________?

wave cycles

one _______________ is the length of one cycle, from peak to peak, which then repeats itself

wavelength

what is "off screen"?

what the auidence does see

Available Light

any light sources that ordinarily exsist in any given location.

Tools for previsualization: the shooting script

• Expresses director's visual strategy for each scene • Depicts what shots will be used to cover each scene

Production Workflow

• Idea/Previsualization (also referred to as Development) • Preproduction • Production/principle photography • Post production • Distribution

Amplitude

measure of loudness

natural light

refers to a light source coming from nature, a source that is not artificial.

pan (pan left or pan right)

scans space horizontally by pivoting the camera left or right

ISO

the indication of how sensitive a film/sensor is to light. It is measured in numbers

Tracking shot

when you move the camera in orderto follow or track with a subject • You can track left, right, forward, or backward to follow along with the movement of your subject.

Spatial Considerations

- Foreground (FG): Objects close to the viewer or camera - Midground (MG): Objects that are farther away from the viewer or camera - Background (BG): Objects that are the farthest away from viewer or camera

Mise-en-scene

- From French, "to - put on stage" - Everything visible in the frame of a shot: the subject, actions, objects, setting, lighting, and graphic qualities. - Conveys a meaning based on how things in the shot are put together.

Montage

- From the French word "montage", which simply means editing - Montage is the film technique in which meaning is derived from the accumulation of information of the various shots in an edited sequence.

Why care about social and new media?

- Helps build your personal "brand." - Required tools for 21st century storytelling and promotion - A component of transmedia storytelling - Key in modern journalism

Components of Color: Hue

- Hue: The position of a color on the color wheel. - The color of a shade - There are only 8 hues: Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet (purple), and magenta. - There can be more colors than hues because colors mix hues

what is the web?

- It is a non-linear set of connections - This means that the pages are all connected in a non-linear way - So you can see in the image that these pages maybe connected, but that does not mean you need to access them in a linear fashion - you can visit any page at any time!

Copyright

A form of legal protection given to the creators of "original works of authorship," including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.

EFG: Electronic Field Gathering

A more elaborate setup used for concerts, sporting events, and high-end productions. Involves larger crews.

Jump Cuts

An abrupt transition from one scene or shot to another. - Avoid these as much as possible - a cut between 2 different subjects is not a true jump cut, no matter how jarring

The Physical Frame

Each, individual still image captured on film or on video, which, when projected as a series, creates the illusion of motion.

Lavalier Microphones (Lavs)

Extremely small microphones designed to be mounted on the talent.

ENG: Electronic News Gathering

Fast-paced workflow that usually consists of a producer, a camera operator, and a sound mixer. Often used for news broadcasts.

Dynamic hand-held microphones

Good for ENG work/conducting interviews/comedy shows/live events.

Transition shots

Help situate the audience and let us know where they are.

Sound Department

In charge of recording and sound.

Camera Department

Individual(s) in charge of lighting and capturing the image on film or video.

The talent

Industry term for the people appearing on camera.

Color Temperature of light is measured by what scale?

Kelvin scale

Line producer

Makes the production budget (called a line producer because of the line-items in the budget they are directly responsible for) Involves: • Organizing time and personnel. • Coordinating locations, props, and costumes. • Dealing with film labs and other vendors. • Working with budgets.

Object Overlapping

Objects nearer to the FG partially cover or overlap objects farther in the BG.

Diminishing Perspective

Perceptual understanding that objects will appear to be smaller the farther they are from the viewer (and, conversely, objects will appear larger the closer they are to the viewer).

L-cut

Picture cuts to next shot first first, then audio.

Jobs in Postproduction

Picture editor, assistant editor, asset manger, sound editor, composer, colorist, foley engineer , sound designer, re-recording mixer, company producer, graphic artist, music supervisor

Close-up (CU)

Places the primary emphasis on the face or other part of the body. Very intimate style of shot.

Juxtaposition

Placing two or more shots next to each other so that you highlight a link or contract between the content in each shot.

Producing Team

Responsible for budgeting, scheduling, and the logistics.

Writer's Room

Responsible for writing material.

Finishing

Scoring, sound editing, sound mixing, sound effects, music.

Horizontal/Diagonal Lines

Shot from an angle, a horizonal line will appear to recede into the distance

Low-angle shot

Shot with a lowered camera. Tends to be more emotionally remote but very dynamic.

High-angle shot

Shot with a raised camera. Tends to be more emotionally remote but very dynamic.

Extreme Long Shot or Wide Shot (ELS)

Shows a large view of the location, setting or landscape. Even if people are in the shot, the emphasis is on the surroundings.

Non-diagetic

Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action.

Diagetic

Sound whose source is visible or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film

Continuity of Style

This style of editing provides tried and true principles for organizing our images to create a coherent sense of space, time, and movement in a way that is recognized and understood by nearly everyone.

Dramatization

Transforming what is vague and internal into a series of viewable and audible actions and events.

Split edit

Transition from one image to another happens at a different time than the audio track.

Set Dressing

Tweaking and fixing a set so it looks just right on screen. Includes rearranging, adding, or removing decorations, objects, or furniture; painting or hanging things on the walls; installing a specific window dressing, etc.

Location scouting

Visiting several location possibilities for each setting to find the one that will work for your shoot.

Deep and Shallow Focus

When focus is deep, we can see objects deep into the shot. When the focus in shallow, we're more likely to see objects on a flatter plane.

camera move

When important dramatic and stylistic reasons to shift the perspective of the frame and therefore the viewer's attention—horizontally, vertically, or even along the z-axis—during the course of a shot.

what is important about the 'Slate'?

The slate is used to keep a running record of every camera take.

Visual Components of a picture

- space - line and shape - tone - color - movement - rhythm

3 point lighting

• Key Light: Main light. Strongest. Has most influence on the scene. Placed to one side of the camera/subject. • Fill Light: Secondary light. Placed opposite of the key light. Used to soften (fill in) any harsh shadows created by the key light. • Back Light: Placed behind the subject and lights it from the rear. Provides definition and subtle highlights, and a three-dimensional look.

Dramatic Sequence

• Made up of a series of scenes that create a larger dramatic unit. • The relationship between the scenes can vary because of: • Cause and effect (the result of one scene triggers the beginning of the next) • Parallel Action (in which the actions in two or more scenes, happening simultaneously, relate to each other) • Other associative concerns

four basic properties of sound

• Pitch (frequency) • Loudness (amplitude) • Quality (timbre) • Velocity (speed)

color

• Psychological reaction to different wavelengths of light • How we visual perceive reality

We refer to the four edges of the frame as...

• Screen left • Screen right • Screen top • Screen bottom

Distribution

• Sent out into the world to find its audience. • This can be: - Segment on the nightly news - TV show on a broadcast network - TV series released all at once to a streaming site - Theatrical release for feature films - Art House/Film Festivals - Video-on-demand or Pay-Per-View - Over the Internet (YouTube, Vimeo) • Or a combination of the above! • Jobs: Acquisitions, marketing, designers, public relations, sales, technical staff (managing formats), audience research, marketing analysts, etc.

WYSIWYG

- 'What You See Is What You Get' - basically means what the name states - you edit content in a form that resembles its appearance as the displayed or final product - Some WYSIWYG editors (or platforms) are: • Weebly • Wix • Squarespace • Wordpress

Scene

- A dramatic unit in which action ostensibly happens in continuous time and within a single location. - A scene is usually composed of multiple shots. - Shots in a scene: - Guide the audience's attenion - Make coherent sense of time, space, and action.

The Rule of Thirds

- A set of guidelines meant to help a visual storyteller place a subject in an image, in a way that's pleasing to the viewer. - The frame is divided into thirds with imaginary lines along the horizontal and vertical axis. - The most important things in your shot should be positioned along the imaginary gridlines.

Production/Principle Photography

- Additional shots, or pickup shots, are filmed separately or after production is done. - Manage/sync your rushes/dailies. - Jobs: 1st assistant director, script supervisor, cinematographer, camera operator, 1st assistant camera, 2nd assistant camera, gaffers, best boy electric, best boy grip, audio engineer, key grip, film electrician, field recording mixer, sound mixer, armorer, digital imaging technician, boom operators.

shot sequence

- An expressive unit made up of editing together multiple shots to define a unified action sequence or event, or passage of time or place. - Sequences can establish multiple plot points or feelings at the same time.

Blocking

- Arrangement of people in the frame. - Figuring out how your talent moves in relation to the camera. - People can move. - Camera can move. - They must work in tandem!

Tone

- As a visual component, tone refers to the brightness of objects. - Depends on an understanding of grayscale. - Maximum contrast of tone is pure black and white. - Maximum affinity is two grays next to each other.

Components of the Color: Brightness

- Brightness: The addition of white or black to the hue. - The position of a color in relation to the gray scale. - Hue + Tone = Degree of Brightness - Adding white to a red hue creates a bright red (or pink). - Adding black to a red hue creates a dark red (maroon or burgundy or crimson)

Elements of web design

- Colors - Text, image, slideshows, gifs, video - Ads - Placement of elements on page - Interactivity (scrolling, clicking)

Why care about web design?

- Design of a website can make or break your business. - Needs to be: • Easy to navigate • Visually appealing • Have easily accessible content • Engaging - Poorly designed site = mistrust, lack of recurring visitors, etc. - A very marketable and high-paying skill!

Tools for previsualization: Overhead diagram

- Drawings of each scene from a bird's-eye perspective - Help the filmmaker figure out important details like camera placement - Overheads are one of the most efficient methods for figuring out where the camera goes for each shot and for communicating the visual breakdown of a scene to your crew.

Tools for previsualization: Storyboard

- Drawings of shots, arranged on paper in the order they appear in a sequence. - Drawn in frames with the same aspect ratio as your camera frame. Written under each drawing is a description of the shot and the actions or lines of dialogue it covers. - Usually, each frame of a storyboard represents one central moment within a single shot; however, long moving shots, which include different framings, might be represented by a number of frames.

Initial Idea/Previsualization

- Earliest planning stage. - Topic is chosen. - Research is done. - Involves the writing of a treatment (typically) and then a script. - Producer draws up a budget. - Jobs: Researchers, writing assistants, producers, screenwriters, directors, production accountants, production assistants

Flat Space

- Emphasizes the two- dimensional quality of the screen surface - The opposite of deep space - Not as much of an illusion

5 fundamental objectives to lighting any scene:

- Exposure and Visibility - Control depth and Dimension - Visual and Narrative Emphasis - Tone and Mood - Light and Directionality

B-roll

- Extra footage capture to enrich the story you're telling and to have greater flexibility in editing. - Compliments what we hear. - Without b-roll, your footage becomes flat and uninteresting.

Types of space

- Flat Space - Deep Space

Postproduction

- Often referred to just as "post." - Sometimes editing is done alongside filming. • Other times, it's done all at the end. - Editing condenses many hours' worth of raw footage into a watchable TV show, movie, special news report, documentary, etc. • Documentaries often find their structure and shape in the editing room, not from a preplanned script. - First edited version: Assembly or string-out (all scenes in order).

Stationary Camera Moves

- Pivoting of the camera, horizontally or vertically, from a stationary spot - Can be done on a tripod or with a handheld (as long as the location of the camera doesn't change)

Preproduction

- Preparations are made for shooting. - Crew is assembled. - Locations are scouted. - If fictional, casting is done. - If non-fiction (like for this class), your "casting" should be done in previsualization since you can't move forward without the focus of your documentary. - Elements of production design are determined. - Jobs: Casting director, line producers, location manager, location scouts, unit production manger, production designers, art directors, props manager, costume designer, wardrobe manager.

what must the slate contain?

- Roll number - Take number - Footage or timecode count

Narrative Function of Camera Movements

- Serves as a storytelling technique. - Used to reveal new information - Used to conceal other information (dramatic effect) - Short camera movements: Used to punctuate an important or highly emotional movement.

Units from smallest to largest

- Shot - Shot sequence - Scene - Dramatic Sequence

Inverse Square Law

- The amplitude of a sound wave diminishes according to the inverse square law as it travels through space, which means that the intensity of a given sound decreases by the square of its distance from the sound source. - Doubling the distance from the source results in the loudness diminishing four times, and halving the distance from your source will increase the loudness four times. - Knowing that sound intensity drops off drastically the farther one moves a microphone away from the audio source is essential in determining microphone placement.

Deep Space

- The illusion of a three- dimensional world on a two- dimensional screen surface - It's possible to give audiences the visual experience of seeing a 3D space (height, width, and depth), even though all the depth is illusory Why illusory? • In visual storytelling, we view 3D worlds on 2D devices

Saturation

- The purity of a hue • Also called chroma or intensity • It's opposite is desaturation. • Fully saturated means a hue is extremely vivid

Intensity of Light

- The strength of the light emitted by a source - Direct sunlight is obviously a very intense source of light, although the actual intensity changes depending on its angle at various times of day

Point of View

- Your camera is your audiences' eyes. - What we come to know or understand about someone is all through how we see them.

Dynamic Camera Moves

- tracking shot - dolly shot - booming - crane shot - combination moves

Componets of a call sheet

- vip contract details - production title and general crew call - Date, "day out of days" (or DOOD), weather, & schedule - set location - parking details - nearest hospital - shooting schedule - cast list - crew list

The Three Commandments of Production Safety

1. Every filmmaker has a moral and legal obligation to keep the cast and crew, and the public, safe. Lack of funds is never an excuse for poor safety practices. 2. Safety is everyone's responsibility. You are first responsible for safety in your specific department, but if you see something dangerous anywhere, you must mention it. 3. Learn and follow all safety regulations and guidelines that apply to your specific project (union, government, school, location).

3 kinds of space in storytelling

1. Physical space in front of the camera 2. The space as it appears on screen 3. Spatial size and shape of the screen itself

3 building blocks of pictures

1. Story: Building blocks of plot, character, and dialogue 2. Sound: Building blocks of dialogue, sound effects, and music 3. Visuals: Visual components - scenery? Props?

The 5 elements of a good story

1. a central character 2. a dramatic situation / central question 3. conflict and stakes 4. action and development 5. resolution and meaning

Picture Look

A satisfactory, completed version.

static shot (or fixed frame)

A shot in which the framing remains steady on the subject without moving or shifting perspective

The Compositional Frame

A two-dimensional (2D) space defined by its horizontal (x-axis) and vertical (y-axis) dimensions. Within this space, we can perceive a third dimension, depth (z-axis). • Depth and distance are only created through graphic illusion!

Digital Nonlinear Editing (NLE)

A video or audio editing system that performs non-destructive editing on source material. - all visual and aural components of the project must be transferred as digital data called media files and brought in to a specialized editing software. - labeled, organized, duplicated, cut, arranged, rearranged, trimmed, mixed, and manipulated with a mere drag or click of the mouse

Copyright Infringement

A violation of the exclusive rights of a copyright holder, such as copying, distributing, or performing the copyright owner's work without permission unless the use is otherwise authorized by law.

Closed Frame

All of the essential information in the shot is neatly contained within the parameters of the frame.

Aspect Ratios

The relationship between the width and height of the frame. • Determined by diving the width of the frame by the height.

Rough Cut

Assembly is condensed/trimming scenes out, specific edits are made.

Art Department

Attends to the look of the physical space.

Eye-level shot

Camera is positioned at eye level with your subjects, regardless of sitting, standing, or lying down. Encourages connection with subject.

Move Motivation

Camera moves can be motivated by: • The physical moves of the character • The character's gaze

Insert cut

Completely disconnecting either the audio or video.

Production manager

Creates the first draft of the schedule. They will probably use input from the director, 1st A.D., and some other key figures on the project

Straight cut

Cuts the picture and sound on the same frame.

Production Design (art direction)

Determines the look of the environment in which your scenes take place (including locations, colors, textures, and space); the choice and design of the specific objects used in the scene, and the presentation of characters through costumes and makeup.

Open Frame

The composition leads the audience to be aware of the area beyond the edges of the visible shot.

Director

The definitive creative decision maker.

Copyright Term

The length of time the law allows copyright owners to hold the exclusive rights on their original works.

ADR: Automated Dialog Replacement

The process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve the audio quality or reflect dialog changes. Also known as looping.

frequency range

The range of detectable pitches for a given apparatus