Johannes Kepler
Why Was Kepler important in explaining years
original person to obtain the date of birth of the year of christ.
Astronomia Nova
explained how the Sun spinned around on its center line (axis).
semimajor axis
half of the longest diameter across an ellipse
Napier's Tables
obtain the arithmetics completely constructed on Math
eccentricity
strange and unconventional behavior. (n.) strange and unconventional behavior (syn.) oddity, oddness If this is closer to one, the more eccentric. If this is closer to zero, the more circular.
Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion
the square of the orbital period (T) of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of its average distance (r) from the sun. a planet's orbital period to its average distance from the sun. The orbital period, P, is the time a planet takes to travel around the sun once. Its average distance from the sun turns out to equal the semimajor axis of its orbit, a. Kepler's third law says that a planet's orbital period squared is proportional to the semimajor axis of its orbit cubed.
Why did Kepler use Parallax?
to provide statistics of the diameter from the Earth to the stars. He used it with influence from Earth's revolution around the Sun
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
He established himself as Europe's leading astronomer with his detailed observations of the new star of 1572. Under the patronage of the king of Denmark, Brahe built the most sophisticated observatory of his day. When the king died, he acquired a new patron in the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II, and built a new observatory in Prague. He pledged to create new and improved tables of planetary motions, dubbed the Rudolphine Tables. For twenty years, he complied much more complete and accurate data than ever before. However, his limited understanding of mathematics and his sudden death in 1601 prevented him from making much sense out of his mass of data. He believed that all the planets except the earth revolved around the sun and that the entire group of sun and planets revolved in turn around the earth-moon system.
Kepler: An Astronomer of Humble Origins
No one could have been more different from Tycho Brahe than Johannes Kepler. Kepler was born in 1571 to a poor family in a region that is now part of southwest Germany. His father was unreliable and shiftless, principally employed as a mercenary soldier fighting for whoever paid enough. He was often absent for long periods and finally failed to return from a military expedition. Kepler's mother was apparently an unpleasant and unpopular woman. She was accused of witchcraft in later years, and Kepler had to defend her in a trial that dragged on for three years. She was finally acquitted, but died the following year. In spite of family disadvantages and chronic poor health, Kepler did well in school, winning promotion to a Latin school and eventually a scholarship to the university at Tübingen, where he studied to become a Lutheran pastor. During his last year of study, Kepler accepted a job in Graz teaching mathematics and astronomy, a job he resented because he knew little about the subjects. Evidently he was not a good teacher—he had few students his first year and none at all his second. His superiors put him to work teaching a few introductory courses and preparing an annual almanac that contained astronomical, astrological, and weather predictions. Through good luck, in 1595 some of his weather predictions were fulfilled, and he gained a reputation as an astrologer and seer. Even in later life he earned money from his almanacs. While still a college student, Kepler had become a believer in the Copernican hypothesis, and at Graz he used his extensive spare time to study astronomy. By 1596, the same year Tycho arrived in Prague, Kepler was sure he had solved the mystery of the universe. That year he published a book called The Forerunner of Dissertations on the Universe, Containing the Mystery of the Universe. The book, like nearly all scientific works of that age, was written in Latin and is now known as Mysterium Cosmographicum. By modern standards, the book contains almost nothing of value. It begins with a long appreciation of Copernicanism and then goes on to speculate on the reasons for the spacing of the planetary orbits. Kepler assumed that the heavens could be described by only the most perfect of shapes. Therefore he felt that he had found the underlying architecture of the universe in the sphere plus the five regular solids.* In Kepler's model, the five regular solids became spacers for the orbits of the six planets which were represented by nested spheres. In fact, Kepler concluded that there could be only six planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) because there were only five regular solids to act as spacers between their spheres. He provided astrological, numerological, and even musical arguments for his theory. The second half of the book is no better than the first, but it has one virtue—as Kepler tried to fit the five solids to the planetary orbits, he demonstrated that he was a talented mathematician and that he was well versed in astronomy. He sent copies of his book to Tycho on Hveen and to Galileo in Rome.
Stereometria Doliorum
creating the foundations of essential calculus.
What was significant about Kepler's Mother?
she was convicted of witchcraft before she died. She was apparently an unpleasant and unpopular woman. She was accused of witchcraft in later years, and Kepler had to defend her in a trial that dragged on for three years. She was finally acquitted, but died the following year.
Narratio de Observatis
stamped the word, "satellite,"
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion
A line segment connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. an imaginary line is drawn from the planet to the sun always sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time. This means that when the planet is closer to the sun and the line connecting it to the sun is shorter, the planet moves more rapidly, and the line sweeps over the same area that is swept over when the planet is farther from the sun.
The significance of Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion
Although Kepler dabbled in the philosophical arguments of his day, he was at heart a mathematician, and his triumph was his explanation of the motion of the planets. The key to his solution was the ellipse. An ellipse is a figure that can be drawn around two points, called the foci, in such a way that the distance from one focus to any point on the ellipse and back to the other focus equals a constant. The geometry of an ellipse is described by two simple numbers. The semimajor axis, a, is half of the longest diameter. The eccentricity, e, of an ellipse is half the distance between the foci divided by the semimajor axis. The eccentricity of an ellipse tells you its shape; if e is nearly equal to one, the ellipse is very elongated. If e is closer to zero, the ellipse is more circular. Ellipses are a prominent part of Kepler's three fundamental rules of planetary motion. Those rules have been tested and confirmed so many times that astronomers now refer to them as natural laws. They are commonly called Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
The Forerunner of Dissertations on the Universe
Containing the Mystery of the Universe. The book, like nearly all scientific works of that age, was written in Latin and is now known as Mysterium Cosmographicum. By modern standards, the book contains almost nothing of value. It begins with a long appreciation of Copernicanism and then goes on to speculate on the reasons for the spacing of the planetary orbits.
Astronomia Pars Optica
Discussed sight and light. In this book, Kepler looked at how the photos with a pinhole camera were created. He was the original person to give knowledge on the steps of eye sight with deflection in the human eye and how there is significance in using both of your eyes for the ability to perceive and how to create lenses planned by short-sighted and long-sightedness.
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion: Example
For Example, picture a longer shaded area drawn from the Sun to the edges of the perihelion boundary. Also, draw a shorter shaded area from the Sun to the edges of the aphelion boundary. Lastly, draw a medium sized line, in between the size of perihelion and aphelion, that is placed in the bottom of the ellipse toward spring time. Do you notice that the time the celestial planet takes to cover that amount of distance for each of the lines are actually equivalent to each other. That's because the celestial body, on the ellipse, actually takes the same time to get through those zones in its orbit depending on its velocity and distance from the Sun.
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy
What was significant about Kepler's Father?
He was unreliable and shiftless, principally employed as a mercenary soldier fighting for whoever paid enough. He was often absent for long periods and finally failed to return from a military expedition.was a strong military trooper that made bad decisions when in the military; he refused to come back to his positions when he was asked to.
About Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler came into existence of birth (born) on 1:00 P.M. on December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg in the country of Germany. Johannes Kepler was a kid who had poor health conditions and had parents who weren't successful due to their conditions. Because of how smart he was and how much of a big brain Johannes Kepler had, he was given a grant (scholarship) to go to the University of Tubingen to concentrate on the Lutheran holy orders. Johannes Kepler's family had a background in the Protestant/Lutheran principles, but Kepler decided to go against those principles and not agree to the Formula of Concord. Johannes Kepler passed away on November 15th, 1630 in the town of Regensburg while on a quest to get his dues (debts). Johannes Kepler originated in the country of Germany (specifically the southwestern area of Germany) when he was born and was a child. Johannes Kepler was very famous in the subject of Science, Math, Astronomy and Planetary Motion because of his big studies on the skies. Johannes Kepler is still famous to this day because of his contributions of how the Solar System works and its nature.
Johannes Kepler's Life
Johannes Kepler had a strange family when he was a younger child. Johannes Kepler lived through a family that had the state of living through poverty when he was just an infant and early child. Kepler's parents believed in Protestant principles and clinged fast to the Augsburg Confession (big Protestant record). Johannes Kepler also had to deal with his mother because of how she was convicted of witchcraft before she died. Kepler's father was a strong military trooper that made bad decisions when in the military; he refused to come back to his positions when he was asked to. Kepler was removed out of and prohibited in the religious ceremonies because of him backing off from signing the Formula of Concord and how he didn't want to participate in the Lutheran activities. Johannes Kepler also chose to not become a Catholic because of how strict the Catholic teachings were back then. Kepler was on neither side in the Thirty Years War between the Catholics. Johannes Kepler was compelled to depart his position of being a teacher at Graz due to the ongoing problems in the Counter Reformation. Johannes Kepler was such a smart person because of his big talent, brain and knowledge he had and how he got passed difficulties throughout his early life. Johannes Kepler was also a very smart thinker and analyzer in the middle to later section of his life due to his deciphering of how nature works. Johannes Kepler was also a successor of the famous scientist named Tycho Brahe after he (Brahe) died.
Kepler and his significance to King Rudolph II
Johannes Kepler was hired by King Rudolph II (or whatever number it was) to be an astronomer at Hveen and in Denmark to study the Rudolphine Tables after Tycho Brahe died. Johannes Kepler was Tycho Brahe's successor because he took over in observing the heavens and motions of the planets. Tycho Brahe hired him to be an assistant astronomer in contributing to his efforts, but Kepler eventually took the place of Tycho Brahe as Mathematician. Tycho Brahe also gave influence to Kepler's later discoveries and assistance to Kepler when he entered the field as an assistant to Tycho Brahe.
Kepler's achievements
Johannes Kepler wrote a book called, "Astronomia Pars Optica," that discussed sight and light. In this book, Kepler looked at how the photos with a pinhole camera were created. He was the original person to give knowledge on the steps of eye sight with deflection in the human eye and how there is significance in using both of your eyes for the ability to perceive and how to create lenses planned by short-sighted and long-sightedness. Johannes Kepler wrote a book called, "Dioptrice." Kepler was the original person to give descriptions on nonfiction, near enough, honest and upturned pictures and overemphasis. Kepler discussed the beliefs on how to use a telescope properly and how there are many fundamentals to absolute interior backscattering (reflection). Kepler wrote a book called, "Stereometria Doliorum," creating the foundations of essential calculus. Kepler was the original person to give knowledge that there are high and low tides on the planet Earth caused by the Moon. Kepler used Parallax, with the influence from Earth's revolution around the Sun, to provide statistics of the diameter from the Earth to the stars. Johannes Kepler wrote a book called, "Astronomia Nova," that explained how the Sun spinned around on its center line (axis). Johannes Kepler was the original person to obtain the date of birth of the year of christ. Johannes Kepler was the original person to obtain the arithmetics completely constructed on Math. This was individualistic of Napier's Tables established in the year of 1614. Johannes Kepler stamped the word, "satellite," in his brochure Narratio de Observatis a se quator lovis sattelitibus erronibus. Johannes Kepler came up with the Three Laws of Planetary Motion describing that the planets revolve around the Sun with Ellipse shapes instead of circular shapes. Johannes Kepler was a super smart Mathematician and Astronomer in his days giving big contributions to the universe and the solar system. Johannes Kepler was hired by King Rudolph II (or whatever number it was) to be an astronomer at Hveen and in Denmark to study the Rudolphine Tables after Tycho Brahe died. Johannes Kepler was Tycho Brahe's successor because he took over in observing the heavens and motions of the planets. Tycho Brahe hired him to be an assistant astronomer in contributing to his efforts, but Kepler eventually took the place of Tycho Brahe as Mathematician. Tycho Brahe also gave influence to Kepler's later discoveries and assistance to Kepler when he entered the field as an assistant to Tycho Brahe.
Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion (Detailed Explanation)
Johannes Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion is extremely important in the history of Astronomy and how it changed the observations of the Solar System. Johannes Kepler established this law in the year of 1609. Johannes Kepler's first law of Planetary Motion describes how every orbit of a planet, throughout the Solar System, is not completely circular, but more of a oval/elliptical shape. The figure of an ellipse has two pivot/central points because of how stretched out an ellipse shape is. The pivot points describe the total of the length are constant. The semimajor axis (a) is the big length from the core (c) point to the boundary of the elliptical orbit. The eccentricity (e) describes the flatness and distance an orbit covers in the Solar System. The eccentricity is equivalent to to the length within a focal point and the core of the elliptical orbit splitted (divided) by the semimajor axis. The equation for that is e = c/a The small center line is named the semimajor axis in the ellipse shape. Johannes Kepler explained the significance of this law in his book called, "Astronomia Nova". Also, the size of eccentricity has a huge role in this law. If the eccentricity is close to one, the orbit shape is more ellipse. If the eccentricity were closer to zero, it would be more circular. The celestial bodies have elliptical orbits, but are close to being a circular path of orbit. Let's introduce the Math: If r1 and r2 are the lengths from the pivot point to any tip (point) on the elliptical shape then r1 + r2= 2a. Let's give an example problem: E = c/a = 47/ 50 = 0.940 eccentricity. This imaginary planet would have a high eccentricity and very elliptical orbit if this were the case.
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion (Detailed Explanation)
Johannes Kepler's second law of Planetary Motion is super important because it helps us determine how long it takes for a planet to orbit around the Sun once. The second law was established in the year of 1609. A cord (line) from a celestial body to the Sun is ranges out equivalent portions (areas) in equivalent quantities of a period of time. In Kepler's second law, the celestial body can have different velocities since one side of the ellipse is shorter and the other being longer. The shorter side of the ellipse is nearest the Sun. When the pivot (point) or celestial body is nearest to the sun, it's called Perihelion (Around the beginning of January), and it tends to have a faster velocity since that side has a short distance from the Sun and is least furthest away from the Sun. The longest side of the ellipse is furthest away from the Sun. When the pivot (point) or celestial body is furthest from the Sun, it's called Aphelion (Around the beginning of July, and it tends to have a slower velocity since that side has a long distance from the Sun and is most furthest away from the Sun. Johannes Kepler explains how the celestial bodies velocities are not the same at all times. Kepler explains that those celestial bodies move quicker when nearest to the Sun and sluggish (slow-moving) when further away from the Sun. This application to Planetary Motion lets a scientist or person decipher the velocity of the revolution of a celestial body at any time. Johannes Kepler explained the significance of this law in his book called, "Astronomia Nova." This law also points out the application, in Planetary Motion, of equivalent portions over an equivalent period. For Example, picture a longer shaded area drawn from the Sun to the edges of the perihelion boundary. Also, draw a shorter shaded area from the Sun to the edges of the aphelion boundary. Lastly, draw a medium sized line, in between the size of perihelion and aphelion, that is placed in the bottom of the ellipse toward spring time. Do you notice that the time the celestial planet takes to cover that amount of distance for each of the lines are actually equivalent to each other. That's because the celestial body, on the ellipse, actually takes the same time to get through those zones in its orbit depending on its velocity and distance from the Sun.
Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion (Detailed Explanation)
Johannes Kepler's third law of Planetary Motion is super important because it concentrates and talks about the unit of length (distance). Johannes Kepler established this law on the date and year of May 15th, 1618. Kepler's third law describes how the distance of a celestial body, from the Sun, makes it vary in its velocity and amount of time it takes to make one full revolution around the Sun. Mercury is the fastest elliptical orbiting celestial body that revolves around the Sun because it has a lower mass and since it's the nearest planet to the Sun. A celestial body like Jupiter, since it has an elliptical orbit, would take longer to make a full revolution around the Sun because it's further away from the Sun and how it has a larger mass than some of the other celestial bodies. This law would become more knowledgeable, understandable and reasonable in Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity. Johannes Kepler explained the significance of this law in his book called, "Harmonices Mundi." Kepler's third law also influenced Isaac Newton to come up with his many laws of gravity. The third law is extremely important because it gives us the ability to apply the unit of Astronomical Units for the semimajor axis. The Astronomical Unit can help determine the diameter of the semimajor axis, in a celestial body inside the Solar System, to see the distance from the Sun from that planet or how elipse, fast or eccentric an orbit in the Solar System might be. The length of time a celestial body revolves around the Sun squared corresponds to its typical length (distance) from the Sun cubed. The typical length (distance) of a celestial body from the Sun is equivalent to its semimajor axis (a). If the period (p) is determined in years and the semimajor axis (a) is applied in 150,000,000+ kilometers (1 Astronomical Unit - The distance from the Earth to the Sun), the equation could be deciphered like this: P2 = a3. Example problem: If the semimajor axis was 200,000,000 kilometers away from the Sun and took a period of 10 years, we can write it and decipher it like this: 102 = 200,000,000 - Now we can say that the time it takes to orbit around the Sun once and it's elliptical length is: 100 = 8E24 - Now we can use common Math skills: 100 years = 8 x 1024 .This equation would become more useful in Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity.
Dioptrice
Kepler was the original person to give descriptions on nonfiction, near enough, honest and upturned pictures and overemphasis. Kepler discussed the beliefs on how to use a telescope properly and how there are many fundamentals to absolute interior backscattering (reflection).
Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion: Math
Let's introduce the Math: If r1 and r2 are the lengths from the pivot point to any tip (point) on the elliptical shape then r1 + r2= 2a. Let's give an example problem: E = c/a = 47/ 50 = 0.940 eccentricity. This imaginary planet would have a high eccentricity and very elliptical orbit if this were the case.
Joining Tycho
Life was unsettled for Kepler because of the persecution of Protestants in the region, so when Tycho Brahe invited him to Prague in 1600, Kepler went readily, eager to work with the famous Danish astronomer. Tycho's sudden death in 1601 left Kepler, the new imperial mathematician, in a position to use the observations from Hveen to analyze the motions of the planets and complete The Rudolphine Tables. Tycho's family, recognizing that Kepler was a Copernican and guessing that he would not follow the Tychonic system in completing The Rudolphine Tables, sued to recover the instruments and books of observations. The legal wrangle went on for years. Tycho's family did get back the instruments Tycho had brought to Prague, but Kepler had the books, and he kept them. Whether Kepler had any legal right to Tycho's records is debatable, but he put them to good use. He began by studying the motion of Mars, trying to deduce from the observations how the planet moved. By 1606, he had solved the mystery, this time correctly. The orbit of Mars is an ellipse and not a circle, he realized, and with that he abandoned the 2000-year-old belief in the circular motion of the planets. But even this insight was not enough to explain the observations. The planets do not move at uniform speeds along their elliptical orbits. Kepler's analysis showed that they move faster when close to the sun and slower when farther away. With those two brilliant discoveries, Kepler abandoned uniform circular motion and finally solved the puzzle of planetary motion. He published his results in 1609 in a book called Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy).
Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion
The orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus (out of two). the orbits of the planets around the sun are ellipses with the sun at one focus. Thanks to the precision of Tycho's observations and the sophistication of Kepler's mathematics, Kepler was able to recognize the elliptical shape of the orbits even though they are nearly circular. Mercury has the most elliptical orbit, but even it deviates only slightly from a circle.
Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion: Math
The length of time a celestial body revolves around the Sun squared corresponds to its typical length (distance) from the Sun cubed. The typical length (distance) of a celestial body from the Sun is equivalent to its semimajor axis (a). If the period (p) is determined in years and the semimajor axis (a) is applied in 150,000,000+ kilometers (1 Astronomical Unit - The distance from the Earth to the Sun), the equation could be deciphered like this: P2 = a3. Example problem: If the semimajor axis was 200,000,000 kilometers away from the Sun and took a period of 10 years, we can write it and decipher it like this: 102 = 200,000,000 - Now we can say that the time it takes to orbit around the Sun once and it's elliptical length is: 100 = 8E24 - Now we can use common Math skills: 100 years = 8 x 1024 .This equation would become more useful in Isaac Newton's Laws of Gravity.
What University Did Kepler Attend?
Tübingen In spite of family disadvantages and chronic poor health, Kepler did well in school, winning promotion to a Latin school and eventually a scholarship to the university at Tübingen, where he studied to become a Lutheran pastor. During his last year of study, Kepler accepted a job in Graz teaching mathematics and astronomy, a job he resented because he knew little about the subjects.
Natural Laws
a body of unchanging moral principles regarded as a basis for all human conduct.
