Joints Chapter 8 Anatomy

Synovial joints are freely movable and therefore are classified as ______ joints.

diarthrotic

Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is called ______

dorsiflexion

A movement that increases the angle between bones at a joint, moving them farther apart, is called ______ of the joint.

extension

Straightening a bent knee is an example of ______ of a joint.

extension

The movement that results in straightening a bent elbow is an example of ______

extension

The fixed end of a muscle is the insertion.

false a muscle has an origin (fixed end) and insertion (movable end)

An extension is a movement where bones or body parts are moved ______.

farther from each other

The bone ends within a _______ joint are held together by dense connective tissue.

fibrous

Bending your elbow is an example of ______ a joint.

flexing

A movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing the bones closer together, is called ________

flexion

Bending your knee is an example of what type of movement?

flexion

what movements are allowed at the knee

flexion extension

Bursae are ______ and are found in ______ joints.

fluid-filled sacs; synovial

What two bony structures articulate to make the shoulder joint?

glenoid cavity of the scapula head of the humerus

The two articulating surfaces of the hip joint are the ________ of the femur and the _______ of the hip bone

head acetabulum

What functions are served by the menisci found in some synovial joints?

help distribute body weight

The elbow joint contains two articulations. The articulation between the trochlea and trochlear notch is a ______ joint.

hinge

When considering the classification of joints based on the shape of the articulating bone ends, the knee functions as a type of synovial joint called a modified ________ joint

hinge

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. The articulating surface that is in the shape of a "ball" is the head of the _______ . The "socket" is formed by the _______ cavity of the scapula.

humerus glenoid `

What connects the bones in cartilaginous joints?

hyaline cartilage

In order to stretch your leg straight out behind you, you must ______ your hip joint.

hyperextend

Extending a joint beyond anatomical position is referred to as ______ of a joint.

hyperextension

Tilting your head back to look up to the sky is an example of ______ of the atlantooccipital joint.

hyperextension

When a muscle contracts, its fibers pull its movable end, which is also called the ______.

insertion

Where does the fluid found within the synovial joint cavity come from?

it is secreted by the synovial membrane

Which joint is a plane joint?

joint between femur and patella

The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.

joint capsule

The menisci found in some synovial joints are attached to the ______ at the periphery of the joint cavity.

joint capsule

Changes in collagen in joints due to aging result in ______.

joint stiffness

What is the major age-related change that occurs in joints that is an early sign of aging?

joint stiffness due to changes in collagen structure

The femoropatellar articulation is part of the ______ joint.

knee

Which joint functions as a modified hinge joint?

knee

At synovial joints, the joint capsule is reinforced by ______ that help stabilize the joint and bind together the bone ends.

ligaments

What connects two bones together in a synovial joint?

ligaments

Describe the location of synovial membranes.

lining joint capsules

The synovial ______ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints.

membrane

the synovial _______ lines the joint capsules of synovial joints

membrane

Some synovial joints contain fibrocartilage discs called ______.

menisci

Structures called ______ that are found in some synovial joints cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body weight at joints such as the knee.

menisci

Hyperextension is ______.

movement beyond anatomical position

The patellofemoral joint is a ______ joint.

plane

The structural (not functional) classification of a freely movable joint enclosed in a joint capsule is a(n) ______ joint

synovial

The synovial membrane synthesizes ______.

synovial fluid

Which of these structures functions to lubricate the joint and nourish the structures in the joint? It also contains stem cells for tissue repair.

synovial fluid

The inner layer of a joint capsule is the ______ ______ , a shiny, vascular lining of loose connective tissue.

synovial membrane

What is a correct definition of an articulation?

the functional junction between bones

in the knee joint, the femur articulates with the ________ and the patella

tibia

What is a bursa?

A fluid-filled sac that decreases friction between two structures.

Choose all the features of the synovial membrane.

It can store adipose tissue. It is only a few cells thick. It may have villi, folds, and projections It secretes and reabsorbs synovial fluid.

Indicate three functions of the synovial fluid.

It provides nutrients to the articular cartilage. It contains stem cells. It moistens and lubricates the cartilaginous surfaces in the joint.

What best describes the surfaces of bones in a ball-and-socket joint?

a globular head articulating with a deep cup

Match the word part with the correct definition

anul- ---> ring burs- ---> bag, purse glen- ---> joint socket

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones in a synovial joint is called ______ cartilage

articular

A functional junction between bones is called a(n) ______.

articulation

Match the articulating surfaces to the correct articulation in the elbow joint

articulation between humerus and ulna trochlea of the humerus trochlear notch of the ulna articulation between humerus and radius capitulum of the humerus fovea of the radius

The knee joint includes two articulations. Indicate the articulations that are part of the knee joint.

articulation between the femur and the patella articulation between the tibia and the femur

A synovial joint consisting of a bone with an egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone is called a ______ joint.

ball and socket

Identify three types of synovial joints.

ball-and-socket condylar plane

The joint, or articular, ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.

capsule

Bones held together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage are classified as ______ joints

cartilaginous

Flexion is a movement where the two bones or parts of the body are moved ______ each other.

closer to

In a fibrous joint, bones are held together by dense connective tissue that contains many fibers of the protein ______

collagen

There are six major types of synovial joints based on their shapes and the movements they permit ball-and-socket joints, ______ joints, plane joints, ________ joints, pivot joints, and saddle joints

condylar hinge

Where is articular cartilage located?

covering the bone ends in a synovial joint

What holds bones ends together within a fibrous joint?

dense connective tissue