joints (chapter 9.1-9.7)

articular disc (meniscus)

Fibrous cartilage disc that separates the articular cavity into superior and inferior cavities, each with a synovial membrane

acetabular labrum

Fibrous cartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum that enhances the acetabular ligament depth of the acetabulum (Figure 9.14c). As a result, dislocation of the femur is rare.

synovial joints contain what?

articular cavity, which permits a wide range of movements from slightly movable to freely movable

gomphosis

attachment of a tooth to its socket a cone-shaped peg fits into a cavity with a small amount of dense irregular connective tissue

hip joint

ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

synchondrosis

bands of hyaline or fibrous cartilage unite bones• epiphyseal plate (temporary) • between manubrium and first rib (sternocostal)• synarthrotic (no movement)

kinesiology

study of movement

pubofemoral ligament

connects pubis to femur This ligament prevents overabduction of the femur at the hip joint and strengthens the articular capsule.

synovial joints

created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions permits movement that range from slightly movable to freely movable

another type of synchondrosis joint

epiphyseal cartilage

frontal suture

immovable

IVD consists of?

(a) annulus fibrosus: outer fibrocartilageinous ring with lamellar arrangement of collagen fibers and (b) nucleus pulposus: inner gelly-like viscous material rich in proteoglycans

transverse acetabular ligament

Connects the femur to the inferior acetabular rim Strong ligament that crosses over the acetabular notch. It supports part of the acetabular labrum and is connected with the ligament of the head of the femur and the articular capsule

two types of cartilaginous joints

1. Synchondroses 2. Symphyses "Cartilage either synchs or syms" (sinks or swims)

saddle joint

The movements at a saddle joint are the same as those at a condyloid joint: biaxial (flexion-extension and abduction-adduction) plus limited circumduction. between carpal and metacarpal of thumb• sternoclavicular joint biaxial

causes of Abnormal curves in vertebral column:

Congenital malformation of vertebrae, muscle paralysis, poor posture, aging, obesity, compensation (e.g. of a shortened limb), osteoporosis, rickets etc

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

articular disc

meniscus; a fibrocartilage structure found between the tibial and femoral condyles help compensate for the irregular shapes of the bones and circulate synovial fluid ; provides padding or smooths movements between the bones; strongly unites the bones together

articular capsule of knee

mostly ligaments and tendons incompletely covers the joint cavity

function of synovial fluid

reducing friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, and supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular cartilage

articular capsule of hip joint

rim of acetabulum to femoral neck one of strongest structures in body

Abnormal curves of the vertebral column

scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis

articular capsule

sleevelike structure around a synovical joint, encloses the articular cavity and unites the articulating bones composed of a fibrous capsule and synovial membrane Thin, fairly loose envelope around the circumference of the joint

extracapsular ligaments

stabilizing ligaments located outside joint capsule - Patellar ligament - Medial and Lateral patellar retinacula - Tibial collateral ligament - Fibular collateral ligament - Oblique popliteal ligament - Arcuate popliteal ligament

Spinal range of motion

~80-900 flexion ~700 extension ~450 lateral flexion (left or right) ~900 rotation (left or right)

Osteoarthritis

§: Slow degeneration of articular cartilage due to aging, injury, obesity etc. Irreversible change.

ACL

anterior cruciate ligament limits hyperextension of the knee (which normally does not occur at this joint) and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur. This ligament is stretched or torn in about 70% of all serious knee injuries.

the surfaces of the bones within a synovial joint are covered by what?

articular cartilage

why is the knee joint most vulnerable to damage

because it is a mobile, weight- bearing joint and its stability depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles

cartilaginous joints

bones held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrous) that unites the articulating bones allows little or no movement

secondary curves of the vertebral column

cervical and lumbar Adaptation for posture and movement leads to the formation of the curves in the vertebral column

the knee joint is what type of joint

compound & hinge joint

Condylar joints (ellipsoidal joints)

condylar joint Angular motion (biaxial) Like saddle joints, condyloid joints permit movement with two degrees of freedom. Movement like abduction/adduction, flexion/extension (circumduction)is allowed at such joints. Examples of ellipsoid joints are the radiocarpal (wrist) and metacarpophalangeal joints (between the metacarpals and proximal phalanges) of the second through fifth digits.

illiofemoral ligament

connects illium to femur ligament is said to be the body's strongest and prevents hyperextension of the femur at the hip joint during standing

ischiofemoral ligament

connects ischium to the femur; Resists posterior displacement of the femoral head This ligament slackens during adduction, tenses during abduction, and strengthens the articular capsule.

significance of articular cartilage

helps to reduce friction between bones in the joint during movement and helps to absorb shock

Gout

hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints Deposition of sodium urate crystals in the articular capsule leading to inflammation.

fibrous joints

immovable the articulating bones are united by dense irregular connective tissue. The degree of movement that occurs here varies from immovable to slight movable permits little or no movement

what are the 3 types of syndesmosis joints

interosseous ligament, interosseous membrane, gymphosis Mnemonic for types of fibrous joints: "Go sue syde for telling a fib"

epiphyseal cartilage

is a hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation, not associated joints w/movements

Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints

§Structure and shape of the articulating bones §Strength and tautness of the joint ligaments §Arrangement and tension of the muscles §Contact of soft parts §Hormones (e.g. relaxin allows increased range of movement during late stage of pregnancy) §Disuse (range of motion can be substantially reduced after prolonged disuse, e.g. after fracture of a bone).

Herniation of IVD

§Weakness of annulus fibrosus can cause abnormal bulging of the disc or herniation of nucleus pulposus §Herniation occurs mostly in the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and can cause nerve root compression; the traversing nerve, i.e. the spinal nerve immediately below the level of herniation is most commonly affected

curves of the vertebral column

• There are four curvatures in the adult spine: • Cervical (concave post.) • Thoracic (convex post.) • Lumbar (concave post.) • Sacral (convex post.)

symphysis

• pad of fibrocartilage between bones• pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis) • joint between bodies of vertebrae• amphiarthrotic

How do joints contribute to homeostasis?

Holding bones together in ways that allow for movement and flexibility

what are the 3 types of joints?

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

pivot joint

A pivot joint is uniaxial because it allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis. between proximal ends of radius and ulna atlanto-axial joint, in which the atlas rotates around the axis and permits the head to turn from side-to-side as when you shake your head "no" (see Figure 9.8a), and the radioulnar joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly as the head of the radius pivots around its long axis in the radial notch of the ulna

Structure of synovial joint

Articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones articular capsule, consists of 2 layers: - Outer fibrous layer, composed of ligaments - Inner layer, synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid lubricates the articular cavity, which is located between the synovial membrane and the articular cartilage.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Autoimmune disease causing inflammation of joint structure. Can lead to fibrosis or even ossification of joint space.

ligament of the head of the femur

Flat, triangular band (primarily a synovial fold) that extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the head of the femur The ligament usually contains a small artery that supplies the head of the femur

how is the knew joint supported and stabilized

Highly supported and stabilized by accessory ligaments (extracapsular and intracapsularligaments) and menisci

interosseous ligament

Interosseous means between bones and describes several different ligaments. permits limited movement the anterior tibiofibular ligament which connects the distal tibia and fibula at the distal tibiofibular joint

knee joint

Largest and most complex joint of the body; modified hinge joint, consists of 3 joints within a single synovial cavity

intracapsular ligaments

Ligaments that prevent anterior/posterior displacement of the articular surfaces & secure bones when standing acl & pcl

ball and socket joint

Spherical head articulates with an opposing cup permitting movement around three axis (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation) (triaxial/multiaxial) • hip •shoulder

joint

also called an articulation or arthrosis, is a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth

Which joints show evidence of degeneration in nearly all individuals as aging progresses?

The knees, elbows, hips, and shoulders.

effects of aging on joints

Tissue repair slows: Production of synovial fluid declines. Ligaments and tends become less flexible. Decrease in ROM.

intervertebral foramen

What is the name of the opening thru which the spinal nerves pass after branching from the spinal chord?

suture

a fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue present only between the bones of the skull these are joints that form as the numerous bones of the skull come in contact during development. In older individuals sutures are immovable, but in infants and children they are slightly movable play in important roles as sites of growth and in shock absorption of skull fibrous joint that connects the bones of the skull (except the mandible); an immobile joint (synarthrosis)

Syndesmosis

a fibrous joint in which there is generally a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture type of fibrous joint in which two separated, parallel bones are connected by an interosseous membrane

synostosis

a joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one some sutures although present during growth of the skull are replace by bone in the adult

interosseous membrane

a substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement. flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula play an important role in defining the range of motion between the neighboring bones and provide an increased attachment surface for muscles that produce movements of the ankle and wrist and the digits of the hand and foot

synovial joints: what are the 6 type of categories based on movement?

plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket

PCL

posterior cruciate ligament PCL prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia (and anterior sliding of the femur) when the knee is flexed. This is very important when walking down stairs or a steep incline

plane joint

primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements between the flat surfaces of bones, but they may also rotate against one another joint between tarsals, carpals, and vertebrae biaxial/triaxial

hinge joint

produce an angular, opening-and-closing motion like that of a hinged door. In most joint movements, one bone remains in a fixed position while the other moves around an axis. Hinge joints are uniaxial (monaxial)because they typically allow motion around a single axis. Hinge joints permit only flexion and extension. Examples of hinge joints are the elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints (between the phalanges of the fingers and toes).

what are two subtypes of fibrous joints

sutures, gomphosis and syndesmoses

what are the subtypes of cartilaginous joints?

synchondroses and symphyses

osteology

the scientific study of bones

primary curves of the vertebral column

thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development Present during birth

what other joints are in the knee joint

tibiofemoral joint (laterally) tibiofemoral joint (medially) patellofemoral joint