KA Physical Processes
Which of the following describes the most realistic shape of middle-sized raindrops as they fall through the Earth's atmosphere?
"hamburger bun"-like due to air pressure
A car drives by approximately 20 meters from the convex side of a reflective sculpture, and its image appears to be one-fifth the size of the car. What is the focal length of this reflective surface?
-5 m m=1/5=-i/o=- - 4/20, i = -4 if I do I die 1/-4 + 1/20
For a three second period of time, a 50 kg wooden crate slides across the concrete floor at exactly 5 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the wooden crate and the concrete floor is 0.2. What is the net force of this crate during this three second period?
0 N constant velocity
1 mol H2 completely reacts w/ 1 mol O2 to form water. How many mol of water will result?
1 mol balanced: 2H2 + O2 to 2H2O equal amounts only half
A diamond has an index of refraction of 2.42. What is the speed of light within the diamond?
1.25E8 v=c/n
There is a force F acting on an object of mass mmm, which has an acceleration a. If the mass is doubled and the force is reduced by a factor of four, what is the acceleration of the new object?
1/8 a
A 1000kg truck is towing a 500kg car up a 30° hill. The tow rope attached to the car however, is only able to withstand 3000 N of force before it breaks. Assuming the truck is parked, and the car is simply held in equilibrium on the hill without brakes on, how much more weight could be added to the car before the rope fails? (Use 10 m/s2 for the gravitational constant)
100 kg sin30 = 1/2 5000 to 2500 = T 500N = 1/2m x g
Which of the following pairs of charged isotopes would be impossible to distinguish using a standard mass spectrometer?
11Na-12 + 20Ca-24 2+ same charge:mass ratio
Suppose that natural nitrogen is found in 70% abundance as the isotope 7N-14 and the rest of the time as 7N-12. In this scenario, which of the following would give the atomic mass of this element?
13.4 amu 0.7x14 + 0.3x12
To reach the orbital altitude of Earth, a space shuttle must accelerate from zero to 8,000 meters per second (~18,000 miles per hour) in eight and a half minutes. What would the minimum average acceleration of the shuttle have to be in order to achieve this?
15 m/s^2 v=at+vi (8000=510a) roughly half
Two cables are supporting a 30kg sandbag above a stage. The first cable forms an angle of 30° between the cable and ceiling, and the second cable forms a 60° angle. How much tension is on the first cable?
150 N T1 + 3T1 = 600
A 30kg child is swinging on a tire swing, and at the highest point of the swing the child reaches a height that makes the rope produce a 45° angle. What is the tension in the rope at the peak of the swing?
150R2 T=mgcostheta = 30x10xcos45 = 300 x 1/R2
3 kg of wet clothes are hung on the middle of a clothesline with posts 6ft apart. The clothesline sags down by 3 feet. What is the total tension upon the clothesline?
15R2 N 45,45,90 triangle
The magnitude of electric field experienced by a charge at a certain distance from a source charge is equal to 64 N/C. What will be the magnitude of the electric field at four times that distance and with a source charge half as strong?
2 N/C Fe=kQq/(r^2)
A 10.0-kilogram block sits on top of a 3.0 meter high hill and then slides down to a 3.0-meter muddy flat section with a coefficient of kinetic friction uK = 0.20. The block continues up the frictionless ramp with an angle of θ = 45.0° before coming to a complete stop. What is that height h2 that the block reaches on the ramp?
2.4 m h2 = h1 - uKxd
Atmospheric air is comprised, roughly, of 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. A 100 L sample of atmospheric air is kept at 300 K and 100 kPa. How many moles of oxygen molecules are found in this gas sample? R=10
2/3 n=PV/RT=(100x20)/(10x300)
A Ferrari Enzo is able to reach a speed of 134 miles per hour (60 meter/sec) from 0mph in 11 seconds. Assuming constant acceleration, how far would the Enzo travel in this amount of time?
330 m d=vt (60/2 x 11)
A student who is standing 0.5 meters from a plane mirror moves at a velocity of 0.75 meters per second for 3 seconds away from the mirror. How much further is the student from her image than when she first started moving?
4.5 m 5.5 from own image
An 8 kg block is placed at the top of a plane inclined by 30 degrees with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.1. What is the block's acceleration down the ramp?
5-√3/2 m/s^2 mgsintheta - ukmgcostheta 10x0.5 - 0.1 x 10 R3/2
In 1997, the Thrust SSC, a turbofan powered vehicle, achieved the land speed world record of 760.34 mph (1,223.65 km/h) and became the first car to break the sound barrier. If it took 1 minute for the Thrust SSC to reach its top speed, what was the average acceleration during that time?
5.67 m/s^2 1223.65 km/hr x (1hr / 3600 sec) x (1000 m / 1 km) = 339.9 m/s a= 339.9 m/s / 60 seconds
Top fuel dragster cars can accelerate from rest down a quarter mile track (400 meters) in under 4 seconds. Assuming constant acceleration, what would the acceleration of a dragster be if it sped down a track in exactly 4 seconds?
50 m/s^2 d=1/2at^2
A Boeing 747 aircraft has a landing speed of 72 m/s, and upon landing it is able to come to a stop in 2,000 m. Assuming constant deceleration, how long would it take for a Boeing 747 to come to a full stop?
56 sec d=vt 2000=(72/2)t
Workers want to suspend a 40kg sign from a ceiling with cables, but the cables they have available are only able to support a maximum 10 N of force before snapping. If they are planning on suspending the cables at a 45° angle, what is the least number of cables that would be sufficient to support the sign without snapping the cables?
60 vertical component Tsin45 x = 400 max tension: 10 √(2)/2 x = 400. Hx = 40√(2). Though you cannot use a calculator, you can automatically eliminate 20 and 40 as answers, because √(2) is greater than 1. We also know that 40x2=80, and √(2) is less than 2, so we can eliminate 80 as a choice, since 60 is a smaller number while still being able to support the sign.
An ambulance is currently traveling at 15m/s, and is accelerating with a constant acceleration of 5 m/s^22squared . The ambulance is attempting to pass a car which is moving at a constant velocity of 30m/s. How far must the ambulance travel until it matches the car's velocity?
67.5 m d=vt, v=at (15=5t, t=3), v is average (30+15)/2 x 3
A tug of war match is started, team 1 pulls with a force of 70 N, while team 2 pulls with a force of 75 N. What is the tension in the rope?
70 N weaker of the 2
Which of the statements accurately describes a step or steps in the generation of electromagnetic waves?
A changing current I creates a changing magnetic field B, which induces an electric field E.
Which of the following scenarios would produce a magnetic force?
A current-carrying wire lying beside another current-carrying wire F=qvBsintheta
Which of the following statements correctly identifies a rule for drawing ray diagrams with mirrors?
A ray incident along the radius vector is reflected back on itself.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes virtual image formation?
A virtual image is formed at the position where the paths of the principal rays cross when projected backward from their paths beyond the lens.
Suppose that an industrial chemist wishes to obtain calcium chloride (CaCl2) by reacting calcium metal with chlorine gas. For safety reasons, she wishes to design the reaction to ensure that all of the chlorine gas is used in synthesis. Which of the following methods will ensure that the minimum amount of chlorine remains after the reaction?
Adding additional calcium in excess of that required by stoichiometry If there is an excess of calcium, less chlorine will remain because any unreacted chlorine is more likely to react with the extra calcium.
Which of the following is a true statement concerning speed, velocity, and acceleration?
An increase in speed must mean the object experiences acceleration
Which of the following statements accurately describes the molecular vibrations characteristic of IR spectroscopy?
Bonds to hydrogen have higher stretching frequencies than those to heavier atoms.
Sphere A and B have the same mass and charge magnitudes. They are placed a distance r away from each other so that gravitational forces and electrostatic forces allow both spheres to be in equilibrium. What would occur if sphere A doubled in charge?
Both spheres would move away from each other with the same force.
Measurements of a compound reveal that it is 36% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 48% oxygen, with systematic error accounting for the remaining 10%. Which of the following is the most accurate empirical formula for this compound?
C1H2O1 convert to moles (ex. C 36g/12 mm) divide by greatest common denominator
Which of the following statements best describes the causes and solutions for optical system aberrations?
Chromatic aberration is commonly corrected using an additional lens to ensure that all the wavelengths converge at the focal point.
Which of the following statements is true about diamagnetic materials?
Diamagnetism is a property that appears in all materials, but in paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances, the diamagnetic effect is overwhelmed by some other form of magnetism.
oxidation state
EN is 1 ex. CCl4, C is +4
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between an empirical formula and a molecular formula?
Each subscript is equal than or greater to its counterpart in the empirical formula.
The resistivity of a solution can be measured by inserting two leads connected to a battery into it, and then measuring the current that passes through the solution. If the shape and separation of the electrodes is unknown, which of the following measurements must be done in order to determine the resistivity of an unknown solution?
First measuring the resistance of a solution of known resistivity R=pL/A
An electrolytic cell has three main components, an electrolyte and two electrodes (an anode and a cathode) and the electrolyte can come in two forms, either as molten or in an aqueous solution. Which of the following statements accurately describes an electrolytic cell?
For aqueous solutions of the electrolyte, a gas may be produced at the anode. cat reduced, anion oxidized
Which of the following statements about the IR spectrograph could indicate the successful completion of the reaction of pentanal with Tollen's reagent?
Gain of broad peak in the region 3310-2540 1/cm
Ultrasound waves, compared to audible sound waves, have:
Higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths
Which of the following images can be formed by a concave mirror?
I. real, inverted, and enlarged II. virtual, upright, and enlarged
Which of the following statements correctly identifies an example of the respective scalar or vector product processes? I. Vector and scalar : torque II. Vector and vector : magnetic force III. Scalar and scalar : power
II and III
What is the correct ranking of the organic compounds in terms of effectiveness as a reducing agent from the least to the most effective? I. CHOCCl₃ II. HOCCOH III. CH₂CO IV. HOOCCN
IV, I, II, III most oxidized to least oxidized or the most positive to most negative oxidation number
A tank with height y is filled with water to the top and is placed at a height z above the ground. Currently the water level is 3.0 meters above the ground. At the bottom of the tank, there is a hole where the water can flow out when needed. Which of the following would increase the flow rate?
Increase the size of the hole
Which of the following changes would increase the net acceleration of mass m down the frictionless inclined plane?
Increasing the angle of θ will increase the net acceleration as a larger component of gravitational force will act on the mass in the downward direction
When the gauge pressure is doubled, what happens to the absolute pressure?
It increases by a factor less than 2. Absolute pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure plus gauge pressure. P = Po + pgh
What happens to the acceleration of a block as it moves down a frictionless inclined plane?
It is constant
When a nucleus undergoes ordinary fission into two daughter nuclei, what happens to the binding energy of the parent nucleus?
It partly becomes the kinetic energy of the daughter nuclei
Suppose two parallel plates are inserted into a solution, and the current that passes between them for a known potential difference is used to measure the electrolytic resistivity of the solution. How would this resistivity change if the area of both of the two plates was doubled, at a fixed separation distance?
It would remain the same
Faraday's law
It=nF n=mol of e- F=10^5
Which of the following absorption peak or peaks would be most useful for identifying the compound diethylamine?
Medium stretch from 3500 to 3300 1/cm
A ray of light refracts as it passes from glass into a vacuum. It's angle of incidence is 30 degrees, and its angle of refraction is 60 degrees, what is the index of refraction of the glass?
R3 nsin30 = sin 60 1/2n = R3/2
Which of the following would be an example of using a convex mirror effectively?
Security mirror in store to increase range of view
A 60 kg circus performer is suspended by four 50 foot wires high above an anxious crowd. The wires are all at an angle of θ between the ceiling and the performer. Which of the following describes the vertical component of force acting upon a single wire?
Since 4 separate wires are involved, your equation for the vertical component of a wire should be ¼ 60kg x 9.8 m/s^2 or 147 N.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells?
The anode is the negative terminal for a Galvanic cell because the anode is the source of the electrons where oxidation occurs.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the chemical shift in HNMR?
The applied magnetic field causes the π electrons of aromatic compounds to circulate and produce a secondary magnetic field that causes the deshielding of the aromatic hydrogens.
At time t = 1 min the car is traveling at a velocity of 20 meters per second, and at time t = 2 min the car reaches a velocity of 40 meters per second. Which statement best describes the car's motion during this time interval?
The average acceleration is change in velocity over time. 20 m/s divided by 60 sec is equal to 0.33 m/s^22squared.
A car travels from point A to B in 3 hours and returns back to point A in 5 hours. Points A and B are 150 miles apart along a straight highway. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the motion of the car?
The average speed is calculated with the distance divided by time, which would be 300 miles divided by 8 hours. 300 / 8 = 37.5 mph.
The stopping distance ddd is the distance a vehicle will travel from the point when the brakes are fully applied to when it comes to a complete stop. A racecar with a combined mass mmm of 25 kg with the driver is traveling along a racetrack at a velocity v of 100 m/s. The coefficient of friction μ between wet asphalt and rubber is 0.20, while the coefficient between dry asphalt and rubber can reach 0.90. Which of the following statements is true about the stopping distance assuming friction does all the work for stopping the car?
The calculated stopping distance is 4.5 times greater for a racecar on wet asphalt than on dry asphalt. KE = 1/2 mv^2 = -uNd
According to your understanding of Bernoulli's principle and continuity equation, which of the following statements accurately describes the phenomenon of vascular flutter which occurs when an artery becomes constricted due to the accumulated plaque in its inner walls?
The constriction causes the pressure to drop and the vessel to collapse.
The portion of the Mississippi River has a velocity of 1.0 meters per second. In still water, the ferry travels with a velocity of 1.41 meters per second. The ferry must transport the residents directly across the 1600 meter river span. Which of the following correctly describes the motion of the ferry?
The ferry must launch upstream at an angle of 45 degrees from the shore with a velocity of 1.41 meters per second.
Which of the following statements accurately describes an image formed by a thin converging lens?
The image is always larger than the object within the radius of curvature of the lens.
Which of the following correctly describes the image produced by a plane mirror?
The image will move twice as fast towards the plane of the mirror as the object moves.
Suppose that, in a mass spectrometer, charged isotopes enter the device with velocities along a direction that is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the magnetic field lines. Which of the following behaviors would result?
The isotopes would travel in a corkscrew pattern
A scientist with mass m is sitting on one end of a lifeboat of uniform density with mass 3m. When he spots a rescue chopper in the distance, he walks a distance of L to the other side of the lifeboat to wave for help. Which of the following statements best characterizes the motion of the lifeboat?
The lifeboat shifts by L/4 in the opposite direction of the scientist's motion.
A block of mass m is sitting motionless on a plane with an incline of θ, a coefficient of static friction of μ and a coefficient of kinetic friction μk. Which of the following will occur once the plane is elevated on one side, increasing θ?
The maximum force caused by static friction will decrease. proportional to FN
Which of the following statements accurately describes the different classifications of elements?
The noble metals like gold, silver, and platinum are resistant to corrosion due to their fully-filled d-bands.
Which of the following statements represents an example of an unbalanced force acting on an object?
The object changes direction, but travels with the same speed.
If the forces acting on an object are balanced, then which of the following must be true about the object?
The object experiences no net acceleration.
During an experiment, a thin-lens system in its initial state produces a real, inverted, and enlarged image and in its final state produces a virtual, upright, and enlarged image. Which of the following statements best elucidates on what kind of change occurred for the thin-lens system?
The object is moved from a point outside the focal length to a point within the focal length of a convex lens.
Which of the following statements best describes an object undergoing uniform circular motion?
The object would travel in a straight line if the acceleration vector goes to zero v and a are perpendicular
Which of the following does NOT depend on the attraction of the bonding pair towards the nucleus?
The repulsion by the electrons in the same valence shell
After MgCl2 dissolves in a neutrally charged solvent, what is the net charge of the solution?
The solution remains neutrally charged. closed system
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the characteristics of the transition metals?
The transition metals have little variability in their ionization energies and electronegativities due to their similar valence electron shells.
The magnitude of the electric force experienced by a point charge aaa distance ddd away from a source charge is affected by which of the following?
The value of distance
Assuming ideal gas properties, which of the following occupies the most volume at 273 K and 1 atm of pressure?
They all occupy the same volume At STP, all gases occupy 22.4L volume regardless of the identity of the gas.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes UV-Vis spectroscopy?
UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to measure the kinetics or the rate constant of a reaction.
Which properties reflected in real gases does the van der Waals equation attempt to account for by modifying the ideal gas law?
V and P
Which of the following statements best describes the image produced by a concave lens?
Virtual, upright, and reduced image
Suppose that a balanced chemical reaction contains water molecules (in different numbers) on both sides of the reaction arrow. Which of the following correctly describes how the reaction can be reduced?
Water can be removed from one side.
Charge move around, move straight through
When the displacement is the same for both paths of a point charge along a constant electric field, the energy expended is equivalent.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the sign conventions used for the thin lens equation?
While the magnitude of the magnification indicates whether an image is enlarged or reduced, the signage indicates whether it is inverted or upright.
Which of the following reactions correctly describes the precipitation of solid zinc chloride from aqueous ions in a solution?
Zn2+ + 2Cl- to ZnCl2 ions already aq, water doesn't play additional role
gamma particle
as massless and uncharged it does not experience a deflection due to its charge not its mass.
Ffric
coefficient x mg doesn't move = doesn't overcome threshold
On which of the following does the buoyant force on an object floating on the surface of a liquid most directly depend?
density of the liquid Fbuoy = pfluid x Vdisplaced x g
Which of the following is NOT considered a vector quantity?
electric potential difference E/q
Bernoulli's principle
faster the fluid travels, the lesser the pressure of that fluid at that same point.
reducing agent
getting oxidized lose e- or lose H
oxidizing agent
getting reduced gain e- or lose O bond
beta-negative particle or electron
greatest deflection in the field
open pipe
harmonic L = 1/2
closed pipe
harmonic L = 1/4
alpha particle
helium nucleus lesser deflection can indicate a greater mass or velocity
Gases found in the environment are most likely to exhibit properties similar to that of ideal gases under conditions of:
high temperatures and low pressures
ln small number
infinitely negative
Which of the following would be the resistance an ideal voltmeter, which could measure a circuit while affecting it the least?
infinity voltmeter is parallel, must draw no current
What would the critical angle be for a flare lit underneath the surface ocean, if the index of refraction for ocean water is 1.33?
inverse sin(3/4) 1/1.33
Tesla in SI units
kg/(Axs^2)
sound waves
longitudinal waves and they propagate parallel to the transmitting medium. travel faster in solid wavelength affected by medium v=fxwavelength
A block of mass m is sliding at a positive constant acceleration down the a plane with an incline of θ, a coefficient of static friction of μs, and a coefficient of kinetic friction μk. Which of the following expressions represents the net force on the block?
mg sin θ - μk mg cos θ block moves parallel, fric is opp
greater Keq
negative delta G
Spherical aberration
phenomenon observed in either a lens or mirror due to the increased refraction or reflection of light rays near its edge as compared to those that strike its center. corrected by using a parabolic shaped mirror or specially shaped or doublet lens.
Chromatic aberration
phenomenon observed in lens in which there is a failure of different wavelengths of light to converge at the same point. corrected by the use of glasses of different dispersion either in a singlet or a doublet.
Pascal's Law
pressure is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.
reduction potential E -
rxn NS = electrolytic cell
reduction potential E +
rxn spontaneous = voltaic cell
doppler frequency
s=speed sound approach s/s-speedcar exist s/s+speedcar
Which of the following is NOT considered a scalar quantity?
torque; dir
characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy
transition metal ions, organic compounds with a high degree of conjugation, and charge transfer complexes
A prism is used to separate white light into a rainbow. Which color of the visible spectrum would have the smallest angle of refraction (the angle between the ray and a line normal to the surface of the prism)?
violet (smallest wavelength, highest index refraction, smaller angle of refraction)