key issue 3: where is agriculture distributed?

Describe mixed crop and livestock farming

- integration of crops and livestock crops fed to animals rather than humans. - devotes all land area to growing crops. - 3/4th of income from sale of animal products permits farmers to distribute workload evenly - fields require less attention but livestock require year-round attention.

5. Mediterranean.

- lands surrounding the mediterranean Sea, - western United States, - the southern tip of Africa - Chile.

3. Grain farming.

- north-central United States, - south-central Canada - Eastern Europe.

6. Commercial gardening.

- the Southeastern US. - Southeastern Australia.

4. Ranching.

- the drylands of Western North America, - southeastern Latin America, - central Asia, - sub-saharan Africa - the south Pacific.

How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions? Explain

Through crop rotation - rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation?

Traditionally, land was owned by the village as a whole rather than separately by each residentChief of ruling council allocated a patch of land to each family and allowed it to retain the output

pastoral nomads and territory

- they have a strong sense of territory. - they will not invade other territories except in case of emergency or war. - the amount of land depends on wealth and power. - their goal is to control water and forage.

two distinctive features of shifting cultivation are:

1. farmers clear land for planting by using slash and burn agriculture. ( slash vegetation and burn the debris) 2. farmers grow crops on cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and leave it with nothing planted for many years after so soil can recover.

van thunen found that specific crops were grown in different rings around the cities in the area. what are these rings???

1. first ring: market-oriented gardeners and milk producers. because these products are expensive to deliver and much reach the market quickly or they will perish . 2. second ring: wood lots, where timber was cut for construction and fuel. because they are heavy. 3. third ring: various crops and pasture. with rotation from one year to the other. 4. fourth ring: animal grazing, because it needs a lot of space.

1. 5 agricultural regions in developing countries (define and describe)

1. intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant. 2. intensive subsistence, crops other than rice. 3. pastoral nomadism. 4. shifting cultivation. 5. plantation.

2. 6 agricultural regions in developed countries (define and describe)

1. mixed crop and livestock. 2.term-16 Dairying. 3. Grain. 4. Ranching. 5. Mediterranean. 6. Commercial gardening.

Cons or failures of the van thunen model are:

1. the model assumed all sites have similar characteristics and quality. ex: a river changes the cost of transportation. 2. failed to consider that social customs and government policies influence the attractiveness of plants and animals for commercial farmers.

5. plantation.

A form of commercial agriculture found in tropical and subtropical regions of Latin America ,Sub- Saharan Africa ,south Asia and southeast Asia. although generally located in developing countries they are often owned and operated by europeans and north americans, and they sell to developed countries.

what is Pastoral nomadism?

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry areas where planting is impossible. it is considered as an offshoot of sedentary agriculture. ex: bedouins of Saudi Arabia, the Masai of east Africa.

What is shifting cultivation?

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Swidden

A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning

What is "sawah"? What is a "paddy"?

A sawah is the flooded field Paddy is the malay word for wet rice

What is truck farming?

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

What is double-cropping?

Harvesting twice a year from the same field. ex: wet rice in the summer and other dry crop in winter.

In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what is the major crop?

Wheat

What percentage of the world's people work it?

Less than 5%

Describe Grain farming

Major crops: wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, milletHeavily mechanized, conducted in large farms and oriented to consumer preference Sell output to manufacturers of food products / sold at high price because it can be stored without spoiling and can be transported a long distance Located in regions too dry for mixed Corp and livestock agriculture.

3. von Thunen model

a commercial farmer initially considers which crops to cultivate and which animals to raise based on market location. the farmer compares two costs:the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market.

how do nomads choose their animals?

according to local cultural and physical characteristics. camels: they can go long periods without water, can carry heavy baggage, move rapidly. goats: tough, agile,eat any vegetation. sheep: slow moving, require water, selective about vegetation.

Describe Mediterranean Agriculture

Mediterranean agriculture exists on border of Mediterranean Sea in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia/ California, central Chile southwestern Australia Mediterranean areas border a sea and prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter temperatures/ summer hot and dry/ land is hilly and mountains Grown for human consumption rather than for animal feed Two important cash crops: Olives and grapes

How is shifting cultivation being replaced?

by logging ,cattle ranching, and the cultivation of cash crop such as tobacco

What is overfishing?

capturing fish faster than they can reproduce

What percentage of the world's land area is devoted to shifting cultivation?

Occupies approximately one-fourth of the world's land area

Who is responsible for 1/3 of world's yield of fish? and other regions?

china chile/ indoniesa/ peru

What is ranching?

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

WHerer is the most important region in united states for mixed crop and livestock farming?

corn belt from ohio to dakotas with center in Iowa because half of cropland is corn.

what are the most important crops grown on plantations?

cotton ,sugarcane, coffee, rubber, tobacco. also cocoa, jute, bananas,tea,coconut and palm oil.

What is agribusiness?

System of commercial farming found in developed countries where farming is integrated into a large food production industry

What are two ways water based food are acquired?

fishing: capture of wild fish and seafood living in the waters aquaculture/ aquafarming: cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions

what did men thunen base his model ( the spatial arrangement of different crops) on?

his experience as the owner of a large estate in northern Germany during the early 19th century.

WHere are the largest fish yields?

in pacific northwest and asia's inland waterways

Name a distinctive challenge dairy farmers face.

*The Labor Intensive work (Milking each cow twice a day everyday) *Winter Feed (The cows can't graze grass)

Hunters and Gatherers

people who survive by eating animals that they have caught or plants they have gathered.

Describe dairy farming

practiced near large urban areas in developed countries. a dairy farm specializes in the prodcution of milk and other dairy products . farms closer to markets because milk is perishable. farms located farther from markets likely to sell to processors that make butter cheese etc because it can stay fresh longer. do not sell directly to consumers but sell to wholesalers who distribute it to retailers. They sell milk to consumers.

describe commericial gardening and fruit farming

predominant type of agriculture in the southeastern united states region has a long growing season and humid climate Called truck farming- grows many fruits and vegetables that consumers in developed countries demand

What is wet rice?

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth

what is transhumance?

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas

Where are the fishing regions?

seven, in each of atlantic/ pacific oceans, indian ocean and on in mediterrean also conducted in inland waterways like lakes and rivers

What is dairy farm?

specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.

why the decline in plantations in the USA?

the abolition of slavery and the defeat of the south due to the civil war as most of the workers were african slaves plantations were divided and sold or rented.

what are the characteristics of intensive subsistence farming?

the agricultural density is so high, families must produce enough food for their survival from a very small area of land. most work is done by hand.

crops of shifting cultivation

the crops of each village vary by local customs and taste. rice, maize (corn), manioc (cassava), millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plaintains

3. pastoral nomadism

the drylands of Southwest Asia and north America, central Asia, East Asia.

What is horticulture?

the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers and tree crops form the commericial base fo mediterranenan farming

1. intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant.

the large population concentration of East Asia and South Asia.

2. intensive subsistence, crops other than rice.

the largest population concentration of East Asia and South Asia where growing rice is difficult.

4. shifting cultivation.

the tropical regions of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia.

2. Dairying.

- Near population clusters in the northeastern United States, - southeastern Canada, - northwestern Europe.

1. mixed crop and livestock.

- US Midwest - central Europe.

Where has wheat production increased rapidly?

Developing countries as a result of growth in large scale commercial agriculture

Why is pastoral nomadism declining?

Due to modern technology. governments force groups to give up their land for other uses. ex: mining, petroleum industries.

(Arguments against shifting cultivation)

Selling timber to builders and raising beef cattle for fast-food restaurants are more effective development strategies than maintaining shifting cultivation Can support only a small population in an area without causing environmental damage At best, a preliminary step in economic development Should be replaced by more sophisticated agricultural techniques

What is a milk shed?

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied without spoiling.