Key Terms 327

"Decree on Peace" (8 nov 1917)

A decree made by the Bolsheviks in power of Russia, declaring the war would immediately end with a just and democratic peace, without annexation and reparations. Independence would be granted of the rights of national self-determination, and declared an armistice to discuss peace through all nations.

The Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin.

The Central Rada

A national council created for the liberation of Ukraine after the October revolution (in russia) Rada = Council

Woodrow Wilson

American President during WWI - had 14 point plan - key figure in League of Nations

Gabrielle D'Annunzio

An Italian poet, and enthusiast of the first world war, who had a flair for the eccentric. Influenced the decision for Italy to join the war. dumped flyers over vienna calling for them to give up the war. At the end of the war when it was apparent that Italy was not to receive the river town of Fiume, he gathered followers and seized and occupied the city for Italy. occupied Fiume for a year, until he was bombed out by the Italians. Was ultra-nationalistic and had irredentist views, birthed Italian fascism and inspired both Mussolini and Hitler.

War Gulit Clause artcle 231

Article 231 of the treaty of Versailles that states that Germany takes full responsibility for the instigation of the War. Place in as a moral justification for Germany having the pay reparations.

The Big Four

British Lloyd George, American Woodrow Wilson, Italian Vittorio Orlando, French George Clemenceau. The lords of the universe, the most influential people at the paris peace conference

Ferdinand I of Bulgaria

Tsar of Bulgaria. Began the first world war as neutral but eventually joined on the side of the Central Powers when offered Macedonia. Attacks Serbia. in 1918 abdicated in favour of his son Tsar Boris III

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernise and Westernise Turkey, including making it more secular.

Magyarization

Used to try and solve the issues of nationalities in Hungary. Magyar was the language that was imposed to all schools and was used by government and military officials. Part of the creation of Hungarian nationalism and the idea of a "Hungary for the Magars"

Burgenland

Hungary lost this territory to Austria in the treaty of Trianon

Transylvania

Hungary lost this territory to the Romanians in the treaty of Trianon

the "sick man of Europe"

Miss quote from Tsar Nicholas I, who called the Ottoman empire a sick sick man. Describes the decline of the ottoman empire in the 19th century.

Little Russia

Name for the region in which Ukraine was situated in when it used to be part of the Romanov empire. Ukraine was an unofficial region in Little russia which was the southern part of Russia.

Mihály Károlyi

Radical Hungarian Aristocrat. was briefly Hungary's leader from 1918 to 1919 during the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army. Was the minister of foreign affairs for the Bolsheviks during the treaty of Brest-litovsk

The "bread Peace" (3 Mar. 1918)

The peace between the central powers and Ukraine, where the central powers recognized Ukraine as a new independent state, in the hopes that Ukraine will provide grain from their fertial lands to feed their people.

Treaty of Neuilly (27 Nov. 1919)

Treaty between Bulgaria and the Allied powers, that forced Bulgaria to ceed territory it had gained during the war. These included: ceding western Thrace to the Entente ceding western boarder to the new Yugoslav kingdom Returning Dobruja to Romania

Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)

Treaty between Hungary and the Allies. Hungary loses the following territories: Transylvanian Ruthenium Slovakia Burgenland Croatia Vojordina

Treaty of San Stefano (3 Mar 1878)

Treaty between the ottoman empire and Russia that created a huge Bulgaria that would later become a symbol and goal of Bulgarian nationalism. However France and Britain were not happy with Russia having a "client state" and therefore this treaty was reversed by the 1879 congress of Berlin

The Big Three

Become three after the Orlando left the peace conference after an argument around Fiume. British Lloyd Geroge, American Woodrow Wilson, French Geroges Clemenceau. The lords of the universe, the most influential people at the paris peace conference

Czechoslovak Legion

Consisting of POWs and deserters from the Austro-Hungarian Army who fought against the Germans under the Provisional Government, they were allowed to leave by way of the Trans-Siberian Railroad after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. However, when attempts were made to disarm them they took control of the railroad. made the Czechoslovaks popular with the allies because they had an army in civil war Russia.

Republic of Belarus

Created by the Germans in the treaty of Brest-litvosk, after trotsky's "neither war nor peace" stunt. a 'liberated' Belarus from the Russian empire.

"National Self-determination"

Creation attributed to American president Woodrow wilson, through his 14 points, over arching idea that people should have the right to decide how they are governed.

Józef Piłsudski

From Russian Poland, He fought against the Tsars and was a socialist from a young age. He offered his services to the central powers. Was arrested by the Germans during the oath crisis, when the poles would not swear allegiance to the germans. After the war, he refuses the Curzon line as not being good enough for Poland and evokes the history of 1776 territory Poland. He becomes martyr for Poland. He launches a military attack to reclaim territory for Poland, fighting both Russia and taking lands from Ukraine. reclaims a lot of territory. during interwar Poland, stages a coup de tait and becomes a dictator.

Oath Crisis (july 1917)

German high command was uneasy about the loyalty of the Poles and wanted them to swear allegiance to the germans. The Poles then refused. as a result congress Poland was given to Ukraine as a punishment for the poles.

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

Tehcir Law

Implemented by the Ottoman's during the war. It was a civil law passed by the Ottoman Parliament on May 27, 1915 authorising the deportation of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population. The resettlement campaign resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,800,000 civilians in what is commonly referred to as the Armenian Genocide. The bill was officially enacted on June 1, 1915 and expired on February 8, 1916.

the "Polish Corridor"

Important area because it opens Poland up to the sea (which is declared as necessary by the 14 points). Territory also contains coalfield wanted by Poland. Germans and Poles fought over this territory. ???

Carinthia

In Croatia, Important because of its railway to the coast. both americans and Italians didn't want Jugoslavia to have the it. Hoover and the Americans wanted to keep the railway out of Yugoslavia as a means to keep getting food to Austria. Plebiscite created to make the voters vote in a certain way and it because part of Austria, and America got what it wanted.

Karl Leibknecht

Key german socialist who opposed the first world war. originally in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and later a co-founder of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany which split away from the SPD. He is best known for his opposition to World War I in the Reichstag and his role in the Spartacist uprising of 1919. The uprising was crushed by the SPD government. after was executed. After his deaths became martyrs for socialists.

Edvard Beneš

Leader of Czech government in exile during the war. Was one of the leading organizers of an independent Czechoslovakia from abroad. He organized a pro-independence and anti-Austrian secret resistance movement, Maffia. In September 1915, he went into exile in Paris, where he made intricate diplomatic efforts to gain recognition from France and the United Kingdom for Czechoslovak independence. From 1916 to 1918, he was a Secretary of the Czechoslovak National Council in Paris and Minister of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Czechoslovak government. In May 1917, along with Masaryk, was reported to be organising a Czecho-Slovak army to fight for the Western Allies in France, recruited from among Czechs and Slovaks who were able to get to the front. Was one of the Czechoslovak representatives at the Paris Peace Conference.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Vix Note (20 March 1919)

On 19 March 1919 during the hungarian- romanian war over the demilitarization zone, Hungary received notification of the new demarcation line and demilitarized zone. The Károlyi government would not accept the terms and this was a trigger for the coup d'état by Béla Kun, who formed the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

Treaty of Riga (12 Aug 1921)

Peace treaty between Poland, Russia, and Ukraine, which wins Poland a lot of territory not granted to them by the Paris Peace conference (but still less than 1776 Poland)

T. G. Masaryk

Philosopher. Spent the war creating propaganda for the Czech cause in London, and was part of the "Czech government in exile" With the help of the Allied Powers, gained independence for a Czechoslovak Republic as World War I ended in 1918. He founded Czechoslovakia and served as its first president, and so is called by some Czechs the "President Liberator"

"Miracle on the Vistula" (16 Aug 1920)

Pilsudski launches a militar to reclaim territory for 1776 Poland, and fights Russia during its civil war. during the stand at Warsaw, the Polish army wins the battle and the soviets lose.

Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)

Secret agreement made during World War I between Great Britain and France, with the ok of Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas.

Congress Poland

Semi autonomous region created at the end of the napoleonic wars, when Poland was partitioned into 4 sections, Prussian, Austrian , Russia proper, and a semi-autonomous region. this semi-autonomous region however was under Russian power. during the first world war this region become the eastern front and was occupied entirely by central powers.

Herbet Hoover

Served as the U.S. food administrator, and organised food relief in Belgium during the war, by encouraging more food production in the US. was also part of the US delegation at the Paris Peace conference. Important in the food politics of the time, and helped build the positive reputation of the US. important in sending food to Austria while they waiting for their peace treaty (as they were not a priority for the allies, but the blockade was still enacted until a peace agreement came too, and Austrian people starving) "Hunger breeds madness"

Karl Renner

Socialist Austrian leader that takes control of the government after the collapse of the monarchy. a key figure in creating the Austrian republic after the peace negotiations, and also in food politics. known as "the father of the republic"

"Exchange of populations"

The 1922 exchange of "greek" and "Turkish" populations between the two countries (which became confounded with Greeks being Christians and Turks being Muslims) The populations legally had to leave. law sanctioned ethnic cleansing which set a dangerous precedent in middle eastern politics.

Treaty of Lausanne

The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognised the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey in Anatolia, and the Ankara government lead by Ataturk

King - crane commission

The American commission that went into various regions of the Middle East immediately after WWI to discover what political future was desired by residents of the region. It was determined that many did not want to be controlled by Britain and France, and saw the US in a favourable light. Predictably, the British and French saw to it that the findings of the commission were largely kept quiet.

The German Revolution

The Kaiser is asked to abdicate and refuses* Started in Kiel in the north of Germany when Germany naval high command, commanded the german fleet to attack the north sea to merely show strength, which would have resulted in the death of many german sailors. The sailors then mutinied and started a soldiers council, declaring a socialist republic. after this worker councils began to pop up around the empire, and these councils forced local monarchs in small german states to abdicate. After this across Prussia and in Berlin there were socialist (not national) protests in the cities.

Curzon Line

The lines of the Polish Eastern boarder decided at the Paris peace conference. Represented a fair boarder, doesn't fully match the ethnographic territories of the region, but close enough.

Young Turk Revolution (1908)

The Sultan of the Ottoman empire was overthrown by a group of Turkish activists who believed they could create an Ottoman identity and renew the empire and created a new constitution Instead, the Ottoman Empire devolved further because of the First and Second Balkan Wars.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3rd mar. 1918)

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers, that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at German-controlled Brest-Litovsk, after two months of negotiations

Emperor Franz Josef (King Ferenc-József)

The emperor-king of the Habsberg's austro-hungarian empire at the beginning of the first world war, had respect of the empire as had been there for a long time. dies in nov 1916 and is succeeded by Karl I of Austria (Karoyl IV of Hungary)

Anschulß

The idea that Austria should join with Germany to make one german speaking state treaty of Versailles forbids this union, stating that if this was ever to happen they would need to get the permission of the league of nations (france would never allow this to happen)

Armenian Genocide

The resettlement campaign created by the Ottoman government, as a solution to the emergence of Armenian soldiers fighting against the empire on the side of the Russians (the entente). It resulted in the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,800,000 civilians.

Karel Kramár

Was a Russian enthusiast, against Dualism in the Austro-Hungarian empire, because is betrayed slavic interest who were the largest ethnic group. During the First World War, was imprisoned for treason against Austria-Hungary but later released under an amnesty (because the king died). In 1918, he headed the Czechoslovak National Committee in Prague, which declared independence on 28 October. His conservative nationalism was out of tune with the main political establishment, represented by the figures of T. G. Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Was one of the Czechoslovak representatives at the Paris Peace Conference.

Ignacy Paderewski

Was chosen as one of the two Polish representatives at the Paris peace conference. Was a Pianist who became politicised during the war and had organised funds for polish working for the entente.

Treaty of Versailles (28th june 1919)

Was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

Brest-Litovsk

Where Russia signed a humiliating peace treaty with Germany at this site and dropped out of the war, marking Russia's exit from World War I by conceding Lithuania, Poland, and Finland. Although Lenin supported peace many other Bolsheviks were not prepared to lose one third of the population to Germany.

Eleftherios Venizelos

a Greek statesman and a prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movement. He wanted more rights for greeks outside of mainland Greece. He controlled the government and was pro-war, pro-entente and pro-greek expansion. This brought him into a power struggle with King Constantine. He rallies supporters through provincial Greece, starting with Crete. the Entente supported him and toppled King Constatine. Following the Allied victory, he secured new territorial gains, especially in Anatolia, coming close to realizing the Megali Idea. Despite his achievements, he was defeated in the 1920 General Election, which contributed to the eventual Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919-22). In self-imposed exile, he represented Greece in the negotiations that led to the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, and the agreement of a mutual exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey.

Nestor Makhno

a Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary and the commander of an independent anarchist army in Ukraine from 1917-22.

McMahon-Hussein letters (1915)

a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I in which the United Kingdom government agreed to recognise Arab independence after the war in exchange for the Sharif of Mecca launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Rapallo (12 Nov. 1920)

a treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, signed to solve the dispute over some territories in the former Austrian Littoral in the upper Adriatic, and in Dalmatia. namely created the free state of Fiume

October Revolution (7 nov 1917)

also called Bolshevik Revolution, the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia, inaugurating the Soviet regime.

IMRO (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Committee)

armed group for macedonians in macedonia - ethinically and religiously tolerante. run by bulgarians, but for macedonians.

Saarland

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Germans The country it belong to before the war was: Part of the German Empire After the peace settlements: placed under a french mandate for a period of 15 years under the league of nations. Other notes: important for its coal fields, in 1935 in a plebiscite becomes part of Germany.

The 1867 "compromise" (Auusgleich)

established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise partially re-established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire. The agreement also restored the old historic constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary.

"No War, No peace"

in feb 1918, as an attempt to stall the negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, Leon Trotsky the foreign minister for bolshevik russia refuses to sign the treaty proposed by the central powers, but also states that Russia will leave the war. He says neither war nor peace.

Rhine Republic

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Germans and French The country it belong to before the war was: Part of the German Empire After the peace settlements: was a de-militarised zone, french military (separate from the French Government) set up a puppet state but this then collapsed. Other notes: this land is invaded by the French after Germany fails to repay their first reparation payment. in 1935 becomes part of Germany by plebiscite

Upper Silesia / Górny Ślask

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Germans and poles, and 3rd dimension of "upper Silesians" The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian empire. After the peace settlements: Plebiscite created by league of nations, and is partitioned between the new German and Poland.

February Revolution (8 mar. 1917)

known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917

Cilicia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Armenians (refugees) Turkish The country it belong to before the war was: Ottoman Empire After the peace settlements: From December 1918 to October 1921, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the French controlled Cilicia. Measures were taken to repopulate the region with survivors of the Armenian Genocide. However, On October 21, 1921, France signed the Treaty of Ankara with the Kemalists and relinquished Cilicia to Turkey Other note: Situated on the Levant Coast.

Bohemia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Czech, Germans The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian half of Austro-Hungary, Habsbergs. After the peace settlements: Became part of Czechoslovakia

Austrian Sliesia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Czech, Germans. The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian empire (?) After the peace settlements: After World War I, the easternmost part of this region, i.e. an eastern strip of Upper Silesia, was awarded to Poland by the Entente Powers after insurrections by Poles and the Upper Silesian plebiscite. The remaining former Austrian parts of Silesia were partitioned to Czechoslovakia Austrian Silesia, officially the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia, was an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Habsburg Monarchy. It is largely coterminous with the present-day region of Czech Silesia and was, historically, part of the larger Silesia region

Cieszyn / Tešín

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Czechs, Poles ? The country it belong to before the war was: Poland? which part of Poland? After the peace settlements: After fighting a brief war, the territory went to Czechoslovakia Other notes: was a boarder dispute territory

Alsace-Lorraine

most important nationalities living in this territory are: French and Germans The country it belong to before the war was: Germany After the peace settlements: Becomes part of French mandate? Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI. Was stated in the 14 points that it would go to France. Germans demanded a plebiscite in the area, but the Allies/ French refused based on the national self-determination of 1871.

Smyrna/Izmir

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Greeks and Turks The country it belong to before the war was: Ottoman Empire After the peace settlements: Greece as the occupying army landed in this territory and it was determined in the treaty of Sevres to go to Greece. However, the new kemalist government fought the greeks and won, and it remained Turkish in the treaty of lausanne Other Note: ethnic cleansing took place in the city from both sides and a fire also broke out when the Ankara government took back the city. Made the allies wary of placing non-greek citizens under the jurisdiction of the Greek government.

Thrace

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Greeks and Turks The country it belong to before the war was: Ottoman Empire After the peace settlements: Greece as the occupying army landed in this territory and it was determined in the treaty of Sevres to go to Greece. However, the new kemalist government fought the greeks and won, and the eastern part of this region remained Turkish in the treaty of lausanne

Dalmatia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Italians and Croatians. The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire After the peace settlements: At the end of the First World War, the Austrian Empire disintegrated, and Dalmatia was again split between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) which controlled most of it, and the Kingdom of Italy which held small portions of northern Dalmatia Other Note: Italy joined the Triple Entente Allies in 1915 upon agreeing to the London Pact that guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of the territory in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side.

Free State of Fiume

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Italians and Croatians. The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire After the peace settlements: Created as a free state in 12 Nov 1920 in the Treaty of Rapallo, become part of Italy in the treaty of Rome in 1924 Other Note: State created in the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) between the kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and Kingdom of Italy after Italian poet Gabriele d'Annunzio, entered the city on 12 September 1919 and began a 15-month period of occupation. D'Annunzio refused to acknowledge the Agreement and was expelled from the city by the regular forces of the Italian Army, in the "Bloody Christmas" actions from 24 to 30 December 1920.

Trentino

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Italians, Austrian Germans. The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire After the peace settlements: was occupied by Italy in November 1918 and was annexed in 1919 by the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

Istria

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Italians, Croatians, Slovenes The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire After the peace settlements: was partitioned to Italy in the Treaty of Rapallo (1920).

Wilno / Vilnius

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Poles and Lithuanians The country it belong to before the war was: Russian Empire After the peace settlements: Becomes part of Poland in interwar period Boarder dispute after ww1

Galicia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews. The country it belong to before the war was: Austrian half of Austro-Hungary After the peace settlements: It went to Poland

Dobruja

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks, Ruthenians/Russians The country it belong to before the war was: belonged to Romanian, after winning the territory from Bulgaria in the second balkan war. After the peace settlements: was briefly given to Bulgaria by the central powers in 1918 through the Treaty of Bucharest, however was given back to Romanian in the treaty of Nueilly in 1919

Macedonia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Slavs (Bulgarians and Serbs) and greeks The country it belong to before the war was: partitioned during the first balkan war between Greece and Serbia After the peace settlements: little bit of Thrace goes to Bulgaria, rest goes to the new Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) Other notes: Territory liberated from the Ottomans by Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians during the first balkan war (1912), but then becomes disputed territory between the serbs, greeks, and Bulgarians during the second balkan war (1913), reason for Bulgaria joining the war on the side of the Central powers, and attacking Serbia. geographical concept, not political idea

Slovakia

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Slovaks, Hungarians The country it belong to before the war was: Hungarian half of Austro-Hungary After the peace settlements: became part of Czechoslovakia.

Western Thrace

most important nationalities living in this territory are: Turks, Greeks, Bulgarians The country it belong to before the war was: During the First Balkan War, the Balkan League (Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro) fought against the Ottoman Empire and annexed most of its European territory, including Thrace. Western Thrace was occupied by Bulgarian troops who defeated the Ottoman army. In August 1913 Bulgaria was defeated (in the second balkan war), but gained Western Thrace under the terms of the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) After the peace settlements: under the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly. Western Thrace was under temporary management of the Entente. In the second half of April 1920 in San Remo conference of the prime ministers of the main allies of the Entente powers (except the US) Western Thrace was given to Greece.

Gdańsk / Danzig

most important nationalities living in this territory are: poles and Germans, but overwhelmingly ethnically german The country it belong to before the war was: German empires/ Prussia After the peace settlements: It becomes a free state as a compromise, and a zone of it stays German in a plebiscite. Important because of the Vistula river which flows through it which connects Warsaw and Krakow to the sea. (14 points Poland must have access to the sea for trade)

Kladsko / Glatz

most people: czech, germans? beofre the war: germany empire after the war : wanted by the Czech but stays in germany?

Lusatia

people living there: sorbs, poles, germans, czech before the war: germany? goes to: germany? around czechoslovakia kramar wanted lusatia masaryk gave lusatia up because bigger than some of its part

Vorarlberg

previously part of Austrian empire, plebiscite held, and voted to join Switzerland, however Switzerland refuses as they want to keep Austria strong enough to resist annexation by Germany.

No, No, Never!

saying explaining the sentiment of the Hungarian people to having so many territorial loses from the treaty of Trianon

Emperor Karl I (King Károly IV)

succeeded the Austro-Hungarian throne in 1916 when Emperor Franz Josef dies. Doesn't have the respect of the empire like his predecessor. Wanted to repartition the empire and create autonomy for minorities, who were already looking towards their own nationalism. (Sixtus affair) In 1918 when the monarchy collapses forced to resign. exiled in Switzerland Tries to return to attempt to reclaim the Hungarian thrown, kicked out by Miklos Horthy, refused exile in Switzerland, goes in Spain, dies of pneumonia.

Third Universal (20th nov. 1917)

the Central Rada Announced Ukrainian People's Republic: Ukraine does not completely break away from Russia

The Entente

the alliances between Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and other powers.

Martin Declaration (30 Oct. 1918)

the name usually given to the Declaration of the Slovak Nation on 30 October 1918. The declaration was effectively a declaration of independence from the Kingdom of Hungary (within the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and presaged Slovakia's unification with the Czech lands as part of the new state of Czechoslovakia.

Treaty of St. Germain (10 Sept. 1919)

treaty between Austria and the allies, created in 1919, as Austria was not a priority for the Allies. Deals with the partition of the Austrian empire, contestdly descriped by Clemansu as "Austria is the part left over" Described by Renner as being worse than he thought it would be. territories lost by the Austrians in the treaty of St. Germain were: Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Galicia, south Tyrol, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hezegovina, and other parts to the new Yugoslavia etc

Balkan Wars (1912-1913)

two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. the first was Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece joining forces to drive the Ottomans out of Europe and claim territory in Macedonia and Thrace. The second was Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, fighting against Bulgaria for territory in the newly gained from the ottomans both created tensions that contributed to the start of the first world war.

King Constantine

was King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from 1920 to 1922. led the Greek forces during the successful Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, in which Greece expanded to include Thessaloniki. His disagreement with Eleftherios Venizelos over whether Greece should enter World War I led to the National Schism. in 1917 he left Greece, after threats by the Entente forces to bombard Athens; his second son, Alexander, became king. After Alexander's death, Venizelos' defeat in the 1920 legislative elections, and a plebiscite in favour of his return, he was reinstated. He abdicated the throne for the second and last time in 1922, when Greece lost the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, and was succeeded by his eldest son, George II. He died in exile four months later, in Sicily.

Béla Kun

was a Jewish- Hungarian Communist politician who ruled Hungary as leader of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. Aligns his government with the Bolsheviks. after receiving the Vix note, tries to negotiate with the allies however this fails. Tries to regain control of lost territory, and creates an army to reclaim Hungarian land. Romania attack and gain control and occupy Budapest, and over throw the communist government. flees to Austria. government then taken o ver by Miklos Horthy.

Treaty of London (26 April 1915)

was a secret pact between the Triple Entente and the Kingdom of Italy. Its intent was to have Italy break away from its existing 33-year-old Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, the core of the Central Powers fighting the war, and switch its allegiance to the Triple Entente, the core of the Allied Powers fighting the war. The main lure was a promise territorial gains from Austria-Hungary to the north of Italy and to the east across the Adriatic.

The Sixtus Affair

was a failed attempt by Emperor Charles I of Austria to conclude a separate peace with the allies in World War I. The proposal included the restoration of Alsace-Lorrain to France (which had be annexed and at this point belonged to Germany), the restoration of the Kingdom of Belgium, and the Kingdom of Serbia, as well as the handover of Constantinople/Istanbul to Russia. When this was discovered it was an embarrassment for the German - Austro-Hungarian alliance.

Irredentism

was a nationalist movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Italy with goals which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italians and Italian-speaking persons formed a majority, or substantial minority, of the population. The idea that Italy claims both claimed Trieste and Istria. as well as other areas; Corsica, Nice, Gorizia, Trentino/ South Tyrol, parts of the Dalmatian Coast.

Treaty of Rome (27 Jan 1924)

was an agreement by which Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes agreed that Fiume would be annexed to Italy as the Province of Fiume, while the town of Sušak was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Megali idea

was an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism that expressed the goal of establishing a Greek state that would encompass all historically ethnic Greek-inhabited areas, including the large Greek populations that were still under Ottoman rule after the end of the Greek War of Independence (1821-1828) and all the regions that traditionally belonged to Greeks in ancient times (the Southern Balkans, Anatolia and Cyprus).

The Armistice (11 Nov 1918)

was the armistice signed at Le Francport near Compiègne that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had been agreed with Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Aleksandar Stamboliyski

was the prime minister of Bulgaria from 1919 until 1923. He opposed the country's participation in World War I and its support for the Central Powers. During his term in office, made a concerted effort to improve relations with the rest of Europe. This resulted in Bulgaria becoming the first of the defeated states to join the League of Nations in 1920. He was ousted in a military coup in June 1923. He attempted to raise a rebellion against the new government, but was captured by the IMRO, who detested him for renouncing Bulgarian claims on the territory of Macedonia, (he stated that he was neither Bulgarian or Serbia, but a South Slav) was brutally tortured, and killed.

Hamidian Massacres (1894-1896)

were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire that took place in the mid-1890s. reprisals towards the Armenians for different uprising that took place in the Ottoman empire in the 19th century, as the empire declined. These massacres were wildly reported on throughout the western Christian world (as Armenians are christians)