Khan APUSH Per 7

"Some historians have pictured the New Deal as the latest round in . . . the 'ceaseless conflict between man and the dollar.' But the distinctive feature of the political revolution which Franklin D. Roosevelt began and Truman inherited lies not in its resemblance to the political wars of Andrew Jackson or Thomas Jefferson, but in its abrupt break with the continuity of the past. If, as Charles A. Beard contended, the Civil War was the 'Second American Revolution,' the toppling of the dominance held by the Republicans for nearly three-fourths of a century can be considered as the Third American Revolution." -Source: Samuel Lubell, journalist, The Future of American Politics, 1952 Which of the following political shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

African Americans and religious minorities became the primary base of the Democratic Party

national suffrage -Source: Literary Digest, 1920 Which of the following best describes the message of the political cartoon?

Amendments are often difficult to ratify.

"Our objective was not relief, but to revive agriculture, industry, and trade so that stricken countries might be self-supporting. The countries of our immediate concern were those of the free world. The free areas of Europe and Asia could not function vigorously and healthily unless Germany and Japan could play a strong, productive role. General Marshall had concluded after weeks in Moscow and European recovery could not await 'compromise through exhaustion' and must proceed without four-power agreement." -Source: Dean Acheson, former Secretary of State, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, 1969 Which of the following statements best describes the major change in United States foreign policy after World War II?

It centered on aiding war-torn states in their recovery.

"The fact that the same films were shown across the country at roughly the same time had a powerfully unifying impact on American society: popular films became shared and defining American experiences. . . . Movies, like radio and national newspapers and magazines, brought the United States together as a cohesive cultural whole. . . ." -Source: Lucy Moore, historian, Anything Goes: A Biography of the Roaring Twenties, 2010 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that mass media had on American society?

It connected the country through a shared culture.

what the united states has fought for -Source: John T. McCutcheon, "What the United States has Fought For," Wikimedia Commons, 1914 Which of the following arguments about American imperialism does the image most strongly support?

It helped the acquired territories develop into "civilized" countries.

"The Great Crash of October 1929 marked a fundamental break in U.S. history, a drastic change in basic attitudes and institutions that define the roles of citizen and state. . . [T]he public mind was affected as much as the economy, with the people turning to the government for security. . . "The terror of the Great Crash has been the failure to explain it. People were left with the feeling that massive economic contractions could occur at any moment, without warning, without cause. That fear has been exploited ever since as the major justification for virtually unlimited federal intervention in economic affairs." -Source: Alan Reynolds, economist, "Fifty Years Later: What Do We Know About the Great Crash?" National Review, 1979 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the Great Depression had on society?

It led to calls for the federal government to have a more active role in regulating the economy.

" Until May 1940, most Americans had viewed the war in Europe as if it were a movie— a drama that, while interesting to watch, had nothing to do with their own lives . . . By the time of Pearl Harbor, attitudes toward entering the war had shifted dramatically. According to polls, a substantial majority of the U.S. population now regarding 'defeating Nazism' as 'the biggest job facing their country'; a similar majority preferred U.S. entry into the war to a German victory over Britain." -Source: Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941, 2013 Which of the following statements best describes the author's argument about public opinion before the attack on Pearl Harbor?

It shifted towards supporting the United States entering World War II.

midway tide-stick -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "Well, well! Seems to be a slight shifting of the Japanese current!," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1942 The image most strongly supports which of the following arguments about the Battle of Midway?

It was a turning point for the Allies in the Pacific.

step by step -Source: Sidney Joseph Greene, "Step by step," Wikimedia Commons, 1919 Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about labor activism?

Labor activism was led by Communists who wanted to destroy capitalism.

"What harm have we suffered? The only harm I know of that the United States has suffered from foreign immigration has come not because we have failed to close our doors in the face of all foreign nations, but because we have not been discriminating enough and careful enough as to whom we admitted. "But because we have not been brave enough is no reason why we should now shut the door entirely, for that is what the bill in effect is intended to do. Admission ought to be a matter of selection and the selection ought to be made on the other side of the water and not here at our ports. If we have failed to take proper precautions in the past we ought to take them now and not resort to this method of practically total exclusion." -Source: Senator James A. Reed, Congressional Record, May 3, 1921 The excerpt most strongly supports which of the following statements about life in the United States in 1921?

Nativist campaigns against ethnic groups were growing.

". . . Could we not have employment and food to eat. . . Why does Every Thing have Exceptional Value. Except the Human being— why are we reduced to poverty and starving and anxiety and Sorrow So quickly under your administration as Chief Executor Can not you find a quicker way of Executing us than to Starve us to death. . . how can we be Law abiding citizens and educate our children and be Happy Content with nothing to do nothing to eat. When your System has Every Thing under control and cant [sic] use It. nor will you give any thing [sic] a way [sic]. Why take more than you need, why make Laws and allow industry to take It all." -Source: Author unknown from Vinland, NJ, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 Situations such as those described in the excerpt were most directly addressed by which of the following?

New Deal programs

washington star Description: Franklin Roosevelt, dressed as a doctor, talks to the man with the words, "U.S. Constitution" written on his chest. In the background, a nurse with "Supreme Court" written on her smock watches their conversation with a disgruntled face. There is also a medical bag that has "New Deal Remedies" printed on the front of it. FDR says, "There's nothing the matter with you — Your nurse is not giving you proper treatment!" -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1937 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

President Roosevelt attempted to change the composition of the Supreme Court.

new deal lexicon -Source: Vaughn Shoemaker, "Alphabet Agencies", Wikimedia Commons 1935 The image most strongly supports which of the following arguments about Roosevelt's actions during the Great Depression?

Roosevelt aimed to solve the economic crisis by creating several programs to offer immediate relief to Americans.

holding his end up -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1899 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

obtaining territory to build the power of the United States

". . . [I]t must be admitted that American Negroes have been a race more in name than in fact, or to be exact, more in sentiment than in experience. The chief bond between them has been that of a common condition rather than a common consciousness; a problem in common rather than a life in common. In Harlem, Negro life is seizing upon its first chances for group expression and self-determination. It is— or promises at least to be— a race capital. That is why our comparison is taken with those nascent centers of folk-expression and self-determination which are playing a creative part in the world to-day." -Source: Alain Locke, "The New Negro," 1925 Which of the following statements best summarizes Locke's argument?

The African American race lacked a cultural connection before 1920 but developed one through the creation of literature and art in New York.

"Blacksmithing is my trade. And it has always given colour to my view of things. For example, when I was very young, I saw some of the evils in the conditions of life and I wanted to fix them. I couldn't. There were no tools. We had tools to do almost anything within the shop, beautiful tools, wonderful. And so in other trades, arts and professions; in everything but government. In government, the common trade of all men and the basis of all social life, men worked still with old tools, with old laws, with constitutions and charters which hindered more than they helped. Men suffered from this. There were lawyers enough; many of our ablest men were lawyers. Why didn't some of them invent legislative implements to help the people govern themselves? Why had we no tool makers for democracy?" -Source: William Simon U'Ren, in American Magazine, Volume 65, 1908 Which of the following historical political parties would be most likely to oppose the views expressed in the excerpt?

The Federalists

the old man of the sea -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "The Old Man of the Sea," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

The Neutrality Act is causing the Allies to lose World War II.

the descent of modernists -Source: E.J. Pace, "The Descent of the Modernists," Wikimedia Commons, 1922 Which of the following events would serve as the best example of a conflict between modernists and traditionalists?

The Scopes Trial

some promise! -Source: "Some Promise," Wikimedia Commons 1917 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

The United States declared war on Germany, entering World War I.

some promises! -Source: "Some Promise," Wikimedia Commons 1917 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

The United States declared war on Germany, entering World War I.

"Given the extraordinarily favorable economic and strategical position which the United States thus occupied, its post-1945 outward thrust could come as no surprise to those familiar with the history of international politics. With the traditional Great Powers fading away, it steadily moved into the vacuum which their going created; having become number one, it could no longer contain itself within its own shores, or even its own hemisphere. To be sure, the war itself had been the primary cause of this projection outward of American power and influence. . ." -Source: Paul Kennedy, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, 1987 According to the passage, which of the following was the most significant impact of the result of World War II?

The United States emerged as the most powerful nation.

the american war-dog -Source: Oscar Cesare, "The American War-Dog," Wikimedia Commons, 1916 Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the image about US involvement in World War I?

The United States government was following a foreign policy of isolationism and refused to intervene in World War I.

school begins Caption: "Uncle Sam (in his new class in Civilization)— Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!" -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "School Begins," Wikimedia Commons, 1899 The image most closely reflects which of the following popular beliefs in the United States in the early-twentieth-century?

The United States has a duty to educate and "Christianize" the people living in the former Spanish colonies and Hawaii.

close the gate -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1919 Which of the following statements is the most accurate interpretation of the political cartoon?

The United States needs to limit immigration because immigrants are dangerous to America's way of life.

school begins Caption: "Uncle Sam (in his new class in Civilization)— Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!" -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "School Begins," Wikimedia Commons, 1899 Which of the following changes to the United States during the late nineteenth-century most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?

The United States started annexing overseas territories to increase trade with East Asia and Latin America.

imperialism Source: Wikimedia Commons Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

The United States' attempts at imperialism is going to harm the United States because the Philippines does not want to be controlled.

stay on the job finish the job -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1944 The image most strongly supports which of the following arguments about domestic life during World War II?

The United States' homefront changed to support the war effort by mobilizing a number of Americans to fill jobs in crucial wartime industries.

"Blacksmithing is my trade. And it has always given colour to my view of things. For example, when I was very young, I saw some of the evils in the conditions of life and I wanted to fix them. I couldn't. There were no tools. We had tools to do almost anything within the shop, beautiful tools, wonderful. And so in other trades, arts and professions; in everything but government. In government, the common trade of all men and the basis of all social life, men worked still with old tools, with old laws, with constitutions and charters which hindered more than they helped. Men suffered from this. There were lawyers enough; many of our ablest men were lawyers. Why didn't some of them invent legislative implements to help the people govern themselves? Why had we no tool makers for democracy?" -Source: William Simon U'Ren, in American Magazine, Volume 65, 1908 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument in the excerpt above?

The current system of government does not allow for broad political participation.

"S.J. (Interviewer): Could you tell me a little bit about the dust storms? "Criswell: Our cotton would be about five or six inches tall and it looked like a fire had gone over that field of cotton. It would just kill it and then in a few days it would be dead. . . I've seen it take out a whole big field of cotton just like that. We lived on the sandy land. The storms would start up in Kansas or somewhere. These local sand storms could sometimes could ruin your crop. . . They'd come just like a big old black cloud and they soon covered everything. . . A lot of the crops that were older it would just damage. You couldn't start over again. If the cotton was small enough you could start over again. It would just damage it so it wouldn't grow right." Source: Vera Ruth Woodwall Criswell, Interview from the California Odyssey archive, 1981 Which of the following United States government actions most directly resulted from the conditions described in the excerpt?

The government instituted a program to deport people of Mexican descent.

" Until May 1940, most Americans had viewed the war in Europe as if it were a movie— a drama that, while interesting to watch, had nothing to do with their own lives . . . By the time of Pearl Harbor, attitudes toward entering the war had shifted dramatically. According to polls, a substantial majority of the U.S. population now regarding 'defeating Nazism' as 'the biggest job facing their country'; a similar majority preferred U.S. entry into the war to a German victory over Britain." -Source: Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941, 2013 The conflict described in the excerpt is most similar to a conflict in what other period?

The period from the 1910s to World War I

population in urban and rural territory, 1930 to 1960 -Source: US Census Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in population in urban and rural areas depicted in the table?

The population in urban areas increased at a faster rate than the population in rural areas.

women's occupations, 1900 to 1920 The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments?

Women were restricted to certain jobs that made less money, required fewer skills, and had a lower status.

womens occupations, 1900 to 1920 The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments?

Women were restricted to certain jobs that made less money, required fewer skills, and had a lower status.

NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE. "George Bryson, the Journal's special reporter at Havana, writes that it is the secret opinion of many people in Havana that the war ship Maine was destroyed by a mine and 258 men were killed on purpose by the Spanish. This is the opinion of several American naval authorities. The Spaniards, it is believed, arranged to have the Maine drop anchor over a harbor mine. Wires connected the mine to the magazine of the ship. If this is true, the brutal nature of the Spaniards will be shown by the fact that they waited to explode the mine until all the men had gone to sleep. Spanish officials are protesting too much that they did not do it. Our government has ordered an investigation. This newspaper has sent divers to Havana to report on the condition of the wreck. This newspaper is also offering a $50,000 reward for exclusive evidence that will convict whoever is responsible. " -Source: New York Journal and Advertiser, 1898 The tactics used by this excerpt best serve as an example of which of the following?

Yellow journalism

blueprint for victory -Source: Wikimedia Commons, between 1941 and 1945 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

a feminist movement in the 1960s that fought for women's right to work

step by step -Source: Sidney Joseph Greene, "Step by step," Wikimedia Commons, 1919 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

a series of organized strikes across the country

imperialism Source: Wikimedia Commons The perspective in the image best illustrates which of the following changes in United States' foreign policy in the early twentieth century?

a transition from an isolationist foreign policy to an interventionist foreign policy

"If we enter the war today in order to save the British Empire, we will be involved in war for the rest of our lives. If the English Channel is our frontier, and this is our war, then we will have to defend it for years to come, for it is not a strong defensive position under the conditions of modern air warfare. In fact, to defend the Channel, we will have frequently to be undertaking military operations on the Continent of Europe. This war is not our war. We did not start it." -Source: Senator Robert A. Taft, "Statement on Lend-Lease," The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1939-1944, February 26, 1941 Which of the following best describes the key concern that the author addresses in the excerpt?

demands for the United States to send aid to Allied countries who were fighting the Axis powers

"[Critical participation] believes that to fail to protest the wrongs done Negroes as we fight this war is to participate in a crime, not only against Negroes, but against all true anti-Fascists. To fight against defects in our prosecution of the war is regarded as a responsibility. To remain silent simply because friends commit these wrongs is no less dangerous than if Negroes should actively aid the enemy." -Source: Editor of * The Negro Quarterly,* 1943 Based on the excerpt, the author would most likely support which of the following?

desegregating the military

a lesson for anti-expansionists Caption: "Showing how Uncle Sam has been an expansionist first, last, and all the time." -Source: "Lesson for anti-expansionists," Judge Magazine, Wikimedia Commons 1899 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

expanding American territorial holdings

"Dear Sir: "I am persuaded to write you, concerning aid to unemployment. I hope this movement will be speeded up so people in Pottstown will feel and know the results before Cold weather comes upon us, the struggling starving working class under nourished [sic] Men[,] women, and children. It really is alarming that this so called [sic] prosperous Nation that we must suffer on [account] of a few men seeking power and rule and have laws pass to suit themselves. . . I am one of the men out of work but the rich dont [sic] care so long as they have full and plenty. . . "I hope relief will be coming soon and some action not Just paper talk." -Source: Author unknown from Pottstown, PA, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 The excerpt reflects many Americans' belief at the time that the federal government was:

failing to address the immediate effects of the Great Depression.

"[General Marshall] foresaw a cycle of shortages; that of the moment was the supply shortage, in which the scarcity of supplies hindered mobilization, but he now became convinced that the bottleneck of the future would be that of manpower. He also considered the fact that war had become a complicated business which needed many civilian techniques, and that many of these were almost completely in the control of women. General Marshall asked me why we should try to train men in a specialty such as typing or telephone work which in civilian life has been taken over completely by women; this, he felt, was uneconomical and a waste of time which we didn't have." -Source: Interview with Colonel John H. Hilldring, United States Army in World War II Special Studies The Women's Army Corps, 1946 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how World War II expanded opportunities for women to serve

"But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities, as well as its privileges, and, in time of war, the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger." -Source: Associate Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, the opinion of the Court, 1944 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how the United States government's power to restrict certain civil liberties is greatly expanded during wartime

womans holy war -Source: Wikimedia Commons The image most closely reflects which of the following developments in the political climate in the United States?

increased participation of women so that they can advocate for moral reform

" In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-everywhere in the world "The third is freedom from want-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants — everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear-which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world. "That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb." Source: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union Address, 1941 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

intervention in European, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries to stop the spread of Communism

". . . Could we not have employment and food to eat. . . Why does Every Thing have Exceptional Value. Except the Human being— why are we reduced to poverty and starving and anxiety and Sorrow So quickly under your administration as Chief Executor Can not you find a quicker way of Executing us than to Starve us to death. . . how can we be Law abiding citizens and educate our children and be Happy Content with nothing to do nothing to eat. When your System has Every Thing under control and cant [sic] use It. nor will you give any thing [sic] a way [sic]. Why take more than you need, why make Laws and allow industry to take It all." -Source: Author unknown from Vinland, NJ, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly encouraged which of the following changes in the 1930s?

introduction of laws and programs to help offer relief to citizens affected by the Great Depression

the american war-dog -Source: Oscar Cesare, "The American War-Dog," Wikimedia Commons, 1916 During the early twentieth century, politicians, such as the one depicted in the image, most likely would have opposed which of the following?

involvement in an international conflict without a direct threat

"Our objective was not relief, but to revive agriculture, industry, and trade so that stricken countries might be self-supporting. The countries of our immediate concern were those of the free world. The free areas of Europe and Asia could not function vigorously and healthily unless Germany and Japan could play a strong, productive role. General Marshall had concluded after weeks in Moscow and European recovery could not await 'compromise through exhaustion' and must proceed without four-power agreement." -Source: Dean Acheson, former Secretary of State, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, 1969 The excerpt best reflects which of the following developments in United States foreign policy?

offering financial and military support for democratic countries

spanish misrule -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "The duty of the hour -- to save her not only from Spain but from a worse fate," Wikimedia Commons, 1898 The cartoon was intended to do which of the following?

persuade the United States to fight the Spanish on behalf of the Cubans

"Given the extraordinarily favorable economic and strategical position which the United States thus occupied, its post-1945 outward thrust could come as no surprise to those familiar with the history of international politics. With the traditional Great Powers fading away, it steadily moved into the vacuum which their going created; having become number one, it could no longer contain itself within its own shores, or even its own hemisphere. To be sure, the war itself had been the primary cause of this projection outward of American power and influence. . ." -Source: Paul Kennedy, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, 1987 *Which of the following most directly contributed to "the traditional Great Powers fading away" referenced in the excerpt?**

physical devastation and loss of life following World War II

womans holy war -Source: Wikimedia Commons The poster was intended to do which of the following?

promote the Temperance movement

us lend lease -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "It's truly encouraging how much of this stuff drifts into British ports" Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

providing aid to Allied countries to support the defense of the United States

"Sir: . . . Doubtless you have learned of the great exodus of our people to the north and west from this and other states. I wish to say that we are forced to go when one thinks of a grown man wages is only fifty to seventy cents per day for all grades of work. He is compelled to go where there is better wages and sociable conditions, believe me. When I say that [at] many places here in this state the only thing the black man gets is a peck of meal and from three to four lbs. of bacon per week, and he is treated as a slave." -From Emmett J. Scott, ed. "Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918," Journal of Negro History 4, 1919 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

push factors for African-American migration

the gap in the bridge -Source: Leonard Raven-Hill, "The Gap in the Bridge," Wikimedia Commons 1919 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

refusing to enter into any alliances with other countries while at peace

"The war produced a redistribution of power more sweeping than in any previous period of history. Among the leading nations in the multipolar prewar international system, Japan, Italy, and Germany were defeated and occupied. Exhausted and nearly bankrupt, once-dominant Britain was reduced to a second-rank power. Defeated at the outset of the war and liberated by its allies. France suffered even greater loss of status and power. The Eurocentric world largely through a process of self-destruction came to an inglorious end. A new bipolar system replaced the old. Only the United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war capable of wielding significant influence beyond their borders." -Source: George C. Herring, historian, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776, 2008 Which of the following events could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt?

the Potsdam conference

mexican immigration from 1930 to 1945 -Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789 to 1945, 1949 The migrants represented by the graph most typically settled in which of the following regions of the United States?

the West and Southwest

"The year 1870 represented modern America at dawn. Over the subsequent six decades, every aspect of life experienced a revolution. By 1929, urban America was electrified and almost every urban dwelling was networked, connected to the outside world with electricity, natural gas, telephone, clean running water, and sewers. By 1929, the horse had almost vanished from urban streets, and the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households reached 90 percent. By 1929, the household could enjoy entertainment options that were beyond the 1870 imagination, including phonograph music, radio, and motion pictures exhibited in ornate movie palaces." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: the U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 Which of the following earlier trends was most similar to the pattern described in the excerpt?

the appearance of steam power and interchangeable parts in the early 1800s

"Meat scraps were also found being shoveled into receptacles from dirty floors where they were left to lie until again shoveled into barrels or into machines for chopping. These floors, it must be noted, were in most cases damp and soggy, in dark, ill-ventilated rooms, and the employees in utter ignorance of cleanliness or danger to health, expectorated at will upon them. In a word, we saw meat shoveled from filthy wooden floors, piled on tables rarely washed, pushed from room to room in rotten box carts, in all of which processes it was in the way of gathering dirt, splinters, floor filth, and the expectoration of tuberculosis and other diseased workers." -Source: "The Neill-Reynolds Report," 1906 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly encourage which of the following changes in subsequent years?

the expansion of federal power to monitor and regulate the food industry

the gap in the bridge -Source: Leonard Raven-Hill, "The Gap in the Bridge," Wikimedia Commons 1919 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

the failed ratification of the Treaty of Versailles

"The year 1870 represented modern America at dawn. Over the subsequent six decades, every aspect of life experienced a revolution. By 1929, urban America was electrified and almost every urban dwelling was networked, connected to the outside world with electricity, natural gas, telephone, clean running water, and sewers. By 1929, the horse had almost vanished from urban streets, and the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households reached 90 percent. By 1929, the household could enjoy entertainment options that were beyond the 1870 imagination, including phonograph music, radio, and motion pictures exhibited in ornate movie palaces." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: the U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

the improvement in manufacturing techniques

stay on the job finish the job -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1944 Which of the following most directly led to the circumstances illustrated by the billboard?

the increase in military production to support the Allies

who'll stand by him -Source: Udo J. Keppler, "Who'll stand by him?" Library of Congress, 1909 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

the rapid pace and wasteful practices of the lumber industry

who'll stand by him -Source: Udo J. Keppler, "Who'll stand by him?" Library of Congress, 1909 The ideas expressed through the image reveal that in 1909, which of the following was most true of the United States?

the rise of a conservation movement that shifted the priorities of the federal government

"The first modern mass medium, radio made America into a land of listeners, entertaining and educating, angering and delighting, and joining every age and class into a common culture. . . Radio created national crazes across America, taught Americans new ways to talk and think, and sold them products they never knew they needed. Radio brought them the world." -Source: Tom Lewis, historian, "'A Godlike Presence': The Impact of Radio on the 1920s and 1930s," 1992 The developments described in the excerpt best illustrate which of the following?

the spread of a national culture

midway tide-stick -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "Well, well! Seems to be a slight shifting of the Japanese current!," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1942 Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

the start of the United States' "island-hopping" campaign in the Pacific

united states population, 1890-1920 -Source: Census Bureau Which of the following best describes the overall demographic trend shown in the graph?

the urbanization of the United States

"The Model T was the car of the century, transforming motoring for millions. Its cheapness and flexibility meant that the car became less of a symbol of wealth and leisure than an affordable adjunct to the everyday life of even the humblest worker. And the key to its cheapness was its revolutionary production method." -Source: Steven Parissien, historian, The Life of the Automobile: The Complete History of the Motor Car, 2013 Which of the following best describes what the author meant by "revolutionary production method?"

the use of an assembly line in manufacturing

"[Critical participation] believes that to fail to protest the wrongs done Negroes as we fight this war is to participate in a crime, not only against Negroes, but against all true anti-Fascists. To fight against defects in our prosecution of the war is regarded as a responsibility. To remain silent simply because friends commit these wrongs is no less dangerous than if Negroes should actively aid the enemy." -Source: Editor of * The Negro Quarterly,* 1943 Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

the widespread segregation across the United States under Jim Crow laws

"Sir: . . . Doubtless you have learned of the great exodus of our people to the north and west from this and other states. I wish to say that we are forced to go when one thinks of a grown man wages is only fifty to seventy cents per day for all grades of work. He is compelled to go where there is better wages and sociable conditions, believe me. When I say that [at] many places here in this state the only thing the black man gets is a peck of meal and from three to four lbs. of bacon per week, and he is treated as a slave." -From Emmett J. Scott, ed. "Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918," Journal of Negro History 4, 1919 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the Great Migration

close the gate -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1919 The policy suggested by the image was most directly a response to which of the following?

an influx of immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe

Republic of santo domingo -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1906 The image most directly reflects which of the following popular beliefs of the early twentieth century?

The United States was responsible for protecting Latin America from European interference and colonization.

Note: The three men sitting down are Senators Lodge, Borah, and Johnson. The woman standing up has the word peace written on her apron. -Rollin Kirby, Library of Congress,1919-1920 Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

By refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, Congress ensured that the world would not find peace in the aftermath of the war.

new deal lexicon -Source: Vaughn Shoemaker, "Alphabet Agencies", Wikimedia Commons 1935 The image most directly illustrates a United States domestic policy that emphasized which of the following?

creating programs, agencies, and laws that aimed to ease the conditions of the Great Depression

Population in urban and rural territory, 1930 to 1960 -Source: US Census The major trend depicted in the table most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the mid-twentieth century?

Americans moved to cities to find jobs.

imperialism Source: Wikimedia Commons The message portrayed by the artist of this cartoon had most in common with the ideas of which of the following groups?

Anti-imperialists

a lesson for anti-expansionists Caption: "Showing how Uncle Sam has been an expansionist first, last, and all the time." -Source: "Lesson for anti-expansionists," Judge Magazine, Wikimedia Commons 1899 Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

As the United States has continued to expand, it has become more powerful.

who'll stand by him -Source: Udo J. Keppler, "Who'll stand by him?" Library of Congress, 1909 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support the sentiment of the image?

Conservationists

"S.J. (Interviewer): Could you tell me a little bit about the dust storms? "Criswell: Our cotton would be about five or six inches tall and it looked like a fire had gone over that field of cotton. It would just kill it and then in a few days it would be dead. . . I've seen it take out a whole big field of cotton just like that. We lived on the sandy land. The storms would start up in Kansas or somewhere. These local sand storms could sometimes could ruin your crop. . . They'd come just like a big old black cloud and they soon covered everything. . . A lot of the crops that were older it would just damage. You couldn't start over again. If the cotton was small enough you could start over again. It would just damage it so it wouldn't grow right." Source: Vera Ruth Woodwall Criswell, Interview from the California Odyssey archive, 1981 The phenomena described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1930s?

Dust Bowl

"The first modern mass medium, radio made America into a land of listeners, entertaining and educating, angering and delighting, and joining every age and class into a common culture. . . Radio created national crazes across America, taught Americans new ways to talk and think, and sold them products they never knew they needed. Radio brought them the world." -Source: Tom Lewis, historian, "'A Godlike Presence': The Impact of Radio on the 1920s and 1930s," 1992 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the radio had on American society?

It connected households across the states and formed a national culture.

"The Model T was the car of the century, transforming motoring for millions. Its cheapness and flexibility meant that the car became less of a symbol of wealth and leisure than an affordable adjunct to the everyday life of even the humblest worker. And the key to its cheapness was its revolutionary production method." -Source: Steven Parissien, historian, The Life of the Automobile: The Complete History of the Motor Car, 2013 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the Model T had on American society?

It led to greater personal mobility.

"The war produced a redistribution of power more sweeping than in any previous period of history. Among the leading nations in the multipolar prewar international system, Japan, Italy, and Germany were defeated and occupied. Exhausted and nearly bankrupt, once-dominant Britain was reduced to a second-rank power. Defeated at the outset of the war and liberated by its allies. France suffered even greater loss of status and power. The Eurocentric world largely through a process of self-destruction came to an inglorious end. A new bipolar system replaced the old. Only the United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war capable of wielding significant influence beyond their borders." -Source: George C. Herring, historian, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776, 2008 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that World War II had on the United States?

It led to the emergence of the United States as a world power.

The descent of the modernists -Source: E.J. Pace, "The Descent of the Modernists," Wikimedia Commons, 1922 Which of the following statements best describes the perspective expressed in the image about modernism?

It was a threat to Christianity.

step by step -Source: Sidney Joseph Greene, "Step by step," Wikimedia Commons, 1919 Which of the following statements is the most accurate interpretation of the political cartoon?

Labor union protests will lead to a communist revolution in the United States.

the descent of the modernists -Source: E.J. Pace, "The Descent of the Modernists," Wikimedia Commons, 1922 Which of the following best describes the message in the political cartoon?

Modernists, who valued science over religion, would eventually abandon any religious ties.

united states population, 1890-1920 -Source: Census Bureau The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the 1920s?

More Americans relocated to major cities.

"The Great Crash of October 1929 marked a fundamental break in U.S. history, a drastic change in basic attitudes and institutions that define the roles of citizen and state. . . [T]he public mind was affected as much as the economy, with the people turning to the government for security. . . "The terror of the Great Crash has been the failure to explain it. People were left with the feeling that massive economic contractions could occur at any moment, without warning, without cause. That fear has been exploited ever since as the major justification for virtually unlimited federal intervention in economic affairs." -Source: Alan Reynolds, economist, "Fifty Years Later: What Do We Know About the Great Crash?" National Review, 1979 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument about life after the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

People were concerned about another Great Depression and gave the federal government more power to regulate the economy.

"But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities, as well as its privileges, and, in time of war, the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger." -Source: Associate Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, the opinion of the Court, 1944 The federal government established its legal authority to address threats considered a clear and present danger during which of the following earlier periods?

Schenck v. United States (1919)

What the united States had fought for -Source: John T. McCutcheon, "What the United States has Fought For," Wikimedia Commons, 1914 The message portrayed by the artist of this cartoon had most in common with which of the following ideas?

Social Darwinism

NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE. "George Bryson, the Journal's special reporter at Havana, writes that it is the secret opinion of many people in Havana that the war ship Maine was destroyed by a mine and 258 men were killed on purpose by the Spanish. This is the opinion of several American naval authorities. The Spaniards, it is believed, arranged to have the Maine drop anchor over a harbor mine. Wires connected the mine to the magazine of the ship. If this is true, the brutal nature of the Spaniards will be shown by the fact that they waited to explode the mine until all the men had gone to sleep. Spanish officials are protesting too much that they did not do it. Our government has ordered an investigation. This newspaper has sent divers to Havana to report on the condition of the wreck. This newspaper is also offering a $50,000 reward for exclusive evidence that will convict whoever is responsible. " -Source: New York Journal and Advertiser, 1898 The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

Spanish-American War

". . . [I]t must be admitted that American Negroes have been a race more in name than in fact, or to be exact, more in sentiment than in experience. The chief bond between them has been that of a common condition rather than a common consciousness; a problem in common rather than a life in common. In Harlem, Negro life is seizing upon its first chances for group expression and self-determination. It is— or promises at least to be— a race capital. That is why our comparison is taken with those nascent centers of folk-expression and self-determination which are playing a creative part in the world to-day." -Source: Alain Locke, "The New Negro," 1925 The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments?

The Harlem Renaissance

US lend lease -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "It's truly encouraging how much of this stuff drifts into British ports" Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 Which of the following statements is the most accurate interpretation of the political cartoon?

The Lend-Lease Act was a way for the United States to support the Allies without entering the war.

the new deal lexicon -Source: Vaughn Shoemaker, "Alphabet Agencies", Wikimedia Commons 1935 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

The New Deal

holding his end up -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1899 The image most strongly supports which of the following arguments about the Spanish-American War?

The Spanish-American War helped to solidify the United States as a burgeoning world power.

washington star Description: Franklin Roosevelt, dressed as a doctor, talks to the man with the words, "U.S. Constitution" written on his chest. In the background, a nurse with "Supreme Court" written on her smock watches their conversation with a disgruntled face. There is also a medical bag that has "New Deal Remedies" printed on the front of it. FDR says, "There's nothing the matter with you — Your nurse is not giving you proper treatment!" -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1937 Which of the following statements is the most accurate interpretation of the political cartoon?

The Supreme Court was impeding economic recovery by overturning New Deal programs.

the gap in the bridge -Source: Leonard Raven-Hill, "The Gap in the Bridge," Wikimedia Commons 1919 Which of the following statements best summarizes the message of the political cartoon?

The United States government's failure to join the League of Nations has set the organization up to fail.

what the united states has fought for -Source: John T. McCutcheon, "What the United States has Fought For," Wikimedia Commons, 1914 The image most directly reflects which of the following popular beliefs of the early twentieth century?

The United States has a duty to educate and spread Christianity to the former Spanish colonies and Hawaii.

womens occupations, 1900 to 1920 Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in women's occupations depicted in the graph?

Women transitioned from primarily blue-collar work to white-collar and low-skilled work by 1920

"[General Marshall] foresaw a cycle of shortages; that of the moment was the supply shortage, in which the scarcity of supplies hindered mobilization, but he now became convinced that the bottleneck of the future would be that of manpower. He also considered the fact that war had become a complicated business which needed many civilian techniques, and that many of these were almost completely in the control of women. General Marshall asked me why we should try to train men in a specialty such as typing or telephone work which in civilian life has been taken over completely by women; this, he felt, was uneconomical and a waste of time which we didn't have." -Source: Interview with Colonel John H. Hilldring, United States Army in World War II Special Studies The Women's Army Corps, 1946 Which of the following was the most direct effect of conditions such as those described in the excerpt?

Women's socioeconomic situations improved as they earned wages.

Some promise! -Source: "Some Promise," Wikimedia Commons 1917 The developments referenced by the image most directly contributed to United States involvement in which international conflict?

World War I

Midway tide-stick -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "Well, well! Seems to be a slight shifting of the Japanese current!," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1942 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

a major air assault by the United States on the Imperial Japanese Navy

US lend lease dunk -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "It's truly encouraging how much of this stuff drifts into British ports" Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

a new piece of legislation that allowed the United States to send aid to any of its allies

"If we enter the war today in order to save the British Empire, we will be involved in war for the rest of our lives. If the English Channel is our frontier, and this is our war, then we will have to defend it for years to come, for it is not a strong defensive position under the conditions of modern air warfare. In fact, to defend the Channel, we will have frequently to be undertaking military operations on the Continent of Europe. This war is not our war. We did not start it." -Source: Senator Robert A. Taft, "Statement on Lend-Lease," The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1939-1944, February 26, 1941 The author's reference to "this war is not our war" most directly reflects which of the following policy changes?

a policy that sent aid to Britain as their victory would also defend the United States from the Axis powers

"Some historians have pictured the New Deal as the latest round in . . . the 'ceaseless conflict between man and the dollar.' But the distinctive feature of the political revolution which Franklin D. Roosevelt began and Truman inherited lies not in its resemblance to the political wars of Andrew Jackson or Thomas Jefferson, but in its abrupt break with the continuity of the past. If, as Charles A. Beard contended, the Civil War was the 'Second American Revolution,' the toppling of the dominance held by the Republicans for nearly three-fourths of a century can be considered as the Third American Revolution." -Source: Samuel Lubell, journalist, The Future of American Politics, 1952 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

an economic crisis that led to many hardships, including mass unemployment

". . . Could we not have employment and food to eat. . . Why does Every Thing have Exceptional Value. Except the Human being— why are we reduced to poverty and starving and anxiety and Sorrow So quickly under your administration as Chief Executor Can not you find a quicker way of Executing us than to Starve us to death. . . how can we be Law abiding citizens and educate our children and be Happy Content with nothing to do nothing to eat. When your System has Every Thing under control and cant [sic] use It. nor will you give any thing [sic] a way [sic]. Why take more than you need, why make Laws and allow industry to take It all." -Source: Author unknown from Vinland, NJ, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 The author's ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly in response to which of the following developments in the United States?

an episode of market instability that led to massive unemployment

the old man of the sea -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "The Old Man of the Sea," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 The policy suggested in the image was most directly a response to which of the following?

concerns about American involvement in international conflicts

"[Critical participation] believes that to fail to protest the wrongs done Negroes as we fight this war is to participate in a crime, not only against Negroes, but against all true anti-Fascists. To fight against defects in our prosecution of the war is regarded as a responsibility. To remain silent simply because friends commit these wrongs is no less dangerous than if Negroes should actively aid the enemy." -Source: Editor of * The Negro Quarterly,* 1943 Arguments similar to those expressed in the excerpt were later employed to justify which of the following?

desegregation of the American military by executive order

"The year 1870 represented modern America at dawn. Over the subsequent six decades, every aspect of life experienced a revolution. By 1929, urban America was electrified and almost every urban dwelling was networked, connected to the outside world with electricity, natural gas, telephone, clean running water, and sewers. By 1929, the horse had almost vanished from urban streets, and the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households reached 90 percent. By 1929, the household could enjoy entertainment options that were beyond the 1870 imagination, including phonograph music, radio, and motion pictures exhibited in ornate movie palaces." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: the U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important direct effect that the industrial revolution had on society?

higher standards of living

"Dear Sir: "I am persuaded to write you, concerning aid to unemployment. I hope this movement will be speeded up so people in Pottstown will feel and know the results before Cold weather comes upon us, the struggling starving working class under nourished [sic] Men[,] women, and children. It really is alarming that this so called [sic] prosperous Nation that we must suffer on [account] of a few men seeking power and rule and have laws pass to suit themselves. . . I am one of the men out of work but the rich dont [sic] care so long as they have full and plenty. . . "I hope relief will be coming soon and some action not Just paper talk." -Source: Author unknown from Pottstown, PA, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

how American views changed to call for the federal government to solve economic problems

blueprint for victory -Source: Wikimedia Commons, between 1941 and 1945 The poster is best seen as evidence for which of the following?

how women became a primary labor force during World War II, subverting traditional gender roles

"Blacksmithing is my trade. And it has always given colour to my view of things. For example, when I was very young, I saw some of the evils in the conditions of life and I wanted to fix them. I couldn't. There were no tools. We had tools to do almost anything within the shop, beautiful tools, wonderful. And so in other trades, arts and professions; in everything but government. In government, the common trade of all men and the basis of all social life, men worked still with old tools, with old laws, with constitutions and charters which hindered more than they helped. Men suffered from this. There were lawyers enough; many of our ablest men were lawyers. Why didn't some of them invent legislative implements to help the people govern themselves? Why had we no tool makers for democracy?" -Source: William Simon U'Ren, in American Magazine, Volume 65, 1908 Which of the following developments best represents a logical extension of the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

implementation of the initiative, referendum, and recall in some states

women's occupations, 1900 to 1920 The overall trend from 1900 to 1920 depicted on the chart resulted from which of the following?

increased demand for cheap labor to support the war effort during World War I

spanish misrule -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "The duty of the hour -- to save her not only from Spain but from a worse fate," Wikimedia Commons, 1898 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

intervening in Latin American affairs after potential misgovernment by European powers

" Until May 1940, most Americans had viewed the war in Europe as if it were a movie— a drama that, while interesting to watch, had nothing to do with their own lives . . . By the time of Pearl Harbor, attitudes toward entering the war had shifted dramatically. According to polls, a substantial majority of the U.S. population now regarding 'defeating Nazism' as 'the biggest job facing their country'; a similar majority preferred U.S. entry into the war to a German victory over Britain." -Source: Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's Fight Over World War II, 1939-1941, 2013 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

invasions carried out by German and Japanese forces into neighboring countries

"What harm have we suffered? The only harm I know of that the United States has suffered from foreign immigration has come not because we have failed to close our doors in the face of all foreign nations, but because we have not been discriminating enough and careful enough as to whom we admitted. "But because we have not been brave enough is no reason why we should now shut the door entirely, for that is what the bill in effect is intended to do. Admission ought to be a matter of selection and the selection ought to be made on the other side of the water and not here at our ports. If we have failed to take proper precautions in the past we ought to take them now and not resort to this method of practically total exclusion." -Source: Senator James A. Reed, Congressional Record, May 3, 1921 Which of the following groups of people would have been most likely to oppose the author's views in the excerpt?

isolationists

population in urban and rural territory, 1930 to 1960 -Source: US Census Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1930 to 1950 shown in the table?

need for war production during World War II, opening urban economic opportunities

republic of santo domingo -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1906 The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized which of the following?

opposition to European intervention in the Western hemisphere

clase the gate -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1919 The sentiments expressed in the image helped prompt Congress to take which of the following actions in the 1920s?

pass the Immigration Act of 1924

the old man of the sea -Source: Theodor "Dr. Seuss" Geisel, "The Old Man of the Sea," Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego, 1941 The sentiments expressed in the image helped prompt Congress to take which of the following actions?

pass the Lend-Lease Act

NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE. "George Bryson, the Journal's special reporter at Havana, writes that it is the secret opinion of many people in Havana that the war ship Maine was destroyed by a mine and 258 men were killed on purpose by the Spanish. This is the opinion of several American naval authorities. The Spaniards, it is believed, arranged to have the Maine drop anchor over a harbor mine. Wires connected the mine to the magazine of the ship. If this is true, the brutal nature of the Spaniards will be shown by the fact that they waited to explode the mine until all the men had gone to sleep. Spanish officials are protesting too much that they did not do it. Our government has ordered an investigation. This newspaper has sent divers to Havana to report on the condition of the wreck. This newspaper is also offering a $50,000 reward for exclusive evidence that will convict whoever is responsible. " -Source: New York Journal and Advertiser, 1898 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?

public support for the United States to declare war on the Spanish

womans holy war -Source: Wikimedia Commons Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the image?

ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment

"Some historians have pictured the New Deal as the latest round in . . . the 'ceaseless conflict between man and the dollar.' But the distinctive feature of the political revolution which Franklin D. Roosevelt began and Truman inherited lies not in its resemblance to the political wars of Andrew Jackson or Thomas Jefferson, but in its abrupt break with the continuity of the past. If, as Charles A. Beard contended, the Civil War was the 'Second American Revolution,' the toppling of the dominance held by the Republicans for nearly three-fourths of a century can be considered as the Third American Revolution." -Source: Samuel Lubell, journalist, The Future of American Politics, 1952 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1930s?

realignment of the Democratic Party

the american war-dog -Source: Oscar Cesare, "The American War-Dog," Wikimedia Commons, 1916 The image most directly illustrates that in 1916, United States foreign policy emphasized which of the following?

remaining neutral in times of international conflict

" In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-everywhere in the world "The third is freedom from want-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants — everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear-which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world. "That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb." Source: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union Address, 1941 Which of the following most immediately increased enthusiasm in the United States for the ideas outlined in the excerpt?

reports on wartime atrocities committed by Germany and Japan

"S.J. (Interviewer): Could you tell me a little bit about the dust storms? "Criswell: Our cotton would be about five or six inches tall and it looked like a fire had gone over that field of cotton. It would just kill it and then in a few days it would be dead. . . I've seen it take out a whole big field of cotton just like that. We lived on the sandy land. The storms would start up in Kansas or somewhere. These local sand storms could sometimes could ruin your crop. . . They'd come just like a big old black cloud and they soon covered everything. . . A lot of the crops that were older it would just damage. You couldn't start over again. If the cotton was small enough you could start over again. It would just damage it so it wouldn't grow right." Source: Vera Ruth Woodwall Criswell, Interview from the California Odyssey archive, 1981 Which of the following was the most immediate impact of conditions such as those described in the excerpt?

rise in internal migration from the plains to western states

Spanish misrule -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "The duty of the hour -- to save her not only from Spain but from a worse fate," Wikimedia Commons, 1898 Which of the following United States actions taken after the Spanish-American War most directly reflects a continuation of the concerns expressed in the image?

suppressing a Filipino rebellion against increased control by a foreign government

Washington star Description: Franklin Roosevelt, dressed as a doctor, talks to the man with the words, "U.S. Constitution" written on his chest. In the background, a nurse with "Supreme Court" written on her smock watches their conversation with a disgruntled face. There is also a medical bag that has "New Deal Remedies" printed on the front of it. FDR says, "There's nothing the matter with you — Your nurse is not giving you proper treatment!" Which of the following developments is the most direct cause of the perspective expressed in the image?

the Supreme Court ruling that New Deal laws were an unconstitutional use of federal power

" In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. "The first is freedom of speech and expression-everywhere in the world. "The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way-everywhere in the world "The third is freedom from want-which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants — everywhere in the world. "The fourth is freedom from fear-which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor-anywhere in the world. "That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb." Source: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, State of the Union Address, 1941 The address excerpted most directly reflected a growing belief after 1941 that:

the United States was fighting against fascism and militarism.

republic of santo domingo -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1906 The situation shown in the image depicts which of the following trends in the early twentieth century?

the United States' efforts to act as an international police force in the Western Hemisphere to defend Latin America from European powers

some promise! -Source: "Some Promise," Wikimedia Commons 1917 Which of the following events is this image most directly referencing?

the Zimmerman Telegram

a lesson for anti-expansionists Caption: "Showing how Uncle Sam has been an expansionist first, last, and all the time." -Source: "Lesson for anti-expansionists," Judge Magazine, Wikimedia Commons 1899 The message portrayed in the political cartoon has the most in common with which of the following developments in other periods in United States history?

the acquisition of territory in the early to mid-nineteenth century under the belief that it was America's God-given right to expand

"Given the extraordinarily favorable economic and strategical position which the United States thus occupied, its post-1945 outward thrust could come as no surprise to those familiar with the history of international politics. With the traditional Great Powers fading away, it steadily moved into the vacuum which their going created; having become number one, it could no longer contain itself within its own shores, or even its own hemisphere. To be sure, the war itself had been the primary cause of this projection outward of American power and influence. . ." -Source: Paul Kennedy, historian, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, 1987 Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the excerpt that the United States "could no longer contain itself within its own shores" of the period?

the chartering of the United Nations

"[General Marshall] foresaw a cycle of shortages; that of the moment was the supply shortage, in which the scarcity of supplies hindered mobilization, but he now became convinced that the bottleneck of the future would be that of manpower. He also considered the fact that war had become a complicated business which needed many civilian techniques, and that many of these were almost completely in the control of women. General Marshall asked me why we should try to train men in a specialty such as typing or telephone work which in civilian life has been taken over completely by women; this, he felt, was uneconomical and a waste of time which we didn't have." -Source: Interview with Colonel John H. Hilldring, United States Army in World War II Special Studies The Women's Army Corps, 1946 Colonel Hilldring's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the mid-twentieth century?

the creation of employment opportunities for women in the military

Note: The three men sitting down are Senators Lodge, Borah, and Johnson. The woman standing up has the word peace written on her apron. -Rollin Kirby, Library of Congress,1919-1920 During the 1920s, politicians, such as the ones depicted in the image, most likely would have opposed which of the following?

the creation of peacetime alliances with other countries

"The successful termination of the war against our present enemies will find a world profoundly changed in respect of relative national military strengths, a change more comparable indeed with that occasioned by the fall of Rome than with any other change occurring during the succeeding fifteen hundred years. . . After the defeat of Japan, the United States and the Soviet Union will be the only military powers of the first magnitude. This is due in each case to a combination of geographical position and extent, and vast munitioning potential." -Source: U.S. military staff to the Secretary of State, 1944 The staff's reference to "munitioning potential" most directly reflects which of the following developments?

the creation of powerful and more destructive weapons

Mexican immigration from 1930 to 1945 -Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789 to 1945, 1949 Which of the following best explains the changes in the population of Mexican immigrants from 1935 to 1945?

the creation of the Bracero program

"Dear Sir: "I am persuaded to write you, concerning aid to unemployment. I hope this movement will be speeded up so people in Pottstown will feel and know the results before Cold weather comes upon us, the struggling starving working class under nourished [sic] Men[,] women, and children. It really is alarming that this so called [sic] prosperous Nation that we must suffer on [account] of a few men seeking power and rule and have laws pass to suit themselves. . . I am one of the men out of work but the rich dont [sic] care so long as they have full and plenty. . . "I hope relief will be coming soon and some action not Just paper talk." -Source: Author unknown from Pottstown, PA, Letter to Herbert Hoover, Down and Out in the Great Depression: Letters from the Forgotten Man, 1930 The author's account in the excerpt above most directly reflects which of the following changes in the 1930s?

the election of Franklin Roosevelt over Herbert Hoover

"The successful termination of the war against our present enemies will find a world profoundly changed in respect of relative national military strengths, a change more comparable indeed with that occasioned by the fall of Rome than with any other change occurring during the succeeding fifteen hundred years. . . After the defeat of Japan, the United States and the Soviet Union will be the only military powers of the first magnitude. This is due in each case to a combination of geographical position and extent, and vast munitioning potential." -Source: U.S. military staff to the Secretary of State, 1944 The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following trends during the 1940s?

the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as global superpowers

"The successful termination of the war against our present enemies will find a world profoundly changed in respect of relative national military strengths, a change more comparable indeed with that occasioned by the fall of Rome than with any other change occurring during the succeeding fifteen hundred years. . . After the defeat of Japan, the United States and the Soviet Union will be the only military powers of the first magnitude. This is due in each case to a combination of geographical position and extent, and vast munitioning potential." -Source: U.S. military staff to the Secretary of State, 1944 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the end of World War II

holding his end up -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1899 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

the end of the Spanish-American War

Note: The three men sitting down are Senators Lodge, Borah, and Johnson. The woman standing up has the word peace written on her apron. -Rollin Kirby, Library of Congress,1919-1920 The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?

the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations

"Blacksmithing is my trade. And it has always given colour to my view of things. For example, when I was very young, I saw some of the evils in the conditions of life and I wanted to fix them. I couldn't. There were no tools. We had tools to do almost anything within the shop, beautiful tools, wonderful. And so in other trades, arts and professions; in everything but government. In government, the common trade of all men and the basis of all social life, men worked still with old tools, with old laws, with constitutions and charters which hindered more than they helped. Men suffered from this. There were lawyers enough; many of our ablest men were lawyers. Why didn't some of them invent legislative implements to help the people govern themselves? Why had we no tool makers for democracy?" -Source: William Simon U'Ren, in American Magazine, Volume 65, 1908 Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1908 with the ideas that the author expressed in the excerpt?

the implementation of a direct election for Senate positions

"The first modern mass medium, radio made America into a land of listeners, entertaining and educating, angering and delighting, and joining every age and class into a common culture. . . Radio created national crazes across America, taught Americans new ways to talk and think, and sold them products they never knew they needed. Radio brought them the world." -Source: Tom Lewis, historian, "'A Godlike Presence': The Impact of Radio on the 1920s and 1930s," 1992 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt?

the improvements in production techniques

"But hardships are part of war, and war is an aggregation of hardships. All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities, as well as its privileges, and, in time of war, the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direst emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when, under conditions of modern warfare, our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger." -Source: Associate Justice Hugo Black, Korematsu v. United States, the opinion of the Court, 1944 The Korematsu case emerged most directly from the context of which of the following?

the internment of Japanese-Americans after an organized attack of a military base in Hawaii

"If we enter the war today in order to save the British Empire, we will be involved in war for the rest of our lives. If the English Channel is our frontier, and this is our war, then we will have to defend it for years to come, for it is not a strong defensive position under the conditions of modern air warfare. In fact, to defend the Channel, we will have frequently to be undertaking military operations on the Continent of Europe. This war is not our war. We did not start it." -Source: Senator Robert A. Taft, "Statement on Lend-Lease," The Papers of Robert A. Taft: 1939-1944, February 26, 1941 A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

the isolationist argument against US intervention

"Meat scraps were also found being shoveled into receptacles from dirty floors where they were left to lie until again shoveled into barrels or into machines for chopping. These floors, it must be noted, were in most cases damp and soggy, in dark, ill-ventilated rooms, and the employees in utter ignorance of cleanliness or danger to health, expectorated at will upon them. In a word, we saw meat shoveled from filthy wooden floors, piled on tables rarely washed, pushed from room to room in rotten box carts, in all of which processes it was in the way of gathering dirt, splinters, floor filth, and the expectoration of tuberculosis and other diseased workers." -Source: "The Neill-Reynolds Report," 1906 Which of the following developments contributed most directly to the conditions described in the excerpt?

the lack of federal regulations during the Gilded Age

stay on the job finish the job -Source: Wikimedia Commons, 1944 This poster most directly reflects which of the following domestic changes in the United States in the 1940s?

the mass mobilization of American society to support the war effort

"The war produced a redistribution of power more sweeping than in any previous period of history. Among the leading nations in the multipolar prewar international system, Japan, Italy, and Germany were defeated and occupied. Exhausted and nearly bankrupt, once-dominant Britain was reduced to a second-rank power. Defeated at the outset of the war and liberated by its allies. France suffered even greater loss of status and power. The Eurocentric world largely through a process of self-destruction came to an inglorious end. A new bipolar system replaced the old. Only the United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war capable of wielding significant influence beyond their borders." -Source: George C. Herring, historian, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776, 2008 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?

the massive destruction in Europe and Asia following World War II

"Sir: . . . Doubtless you have learned of the great exodus of our people to the north and west from this and other states. I wish to say that we are forced to go when one thinks of a grown man wages is only fifty to seventy cents per day for all grades of work. He is compelled to go where there is better wages and sociable conditions, believe me. When I say that [at] many places here in this state the only thing the black man gets is a peck of meal and from three to four lbs. of bacon per week, and he is treated as a slave." -From Emmett J. Scott, ed. "Letters of Negro Migrants of 1916-1918," Journal of Negro History 4, 1919 The author's remarks in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following developments during the early twentieth century?

the massive migration of African Americans from the South to the North

mexican immigration from 1930 to 1945 -Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1789 to 1945, 1949 Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1935 to 1945 as shown in the graph?

the need for low-cost labor to meet war production goals

"The Great Crash of October 1929 marked a fundamental break in U.S. history, a drastic change in basic attitudes and institutions that define the roles of citizen and state. . . [T]he public mind was affected as much as the economy, with the people turning to the government for security. . . "The terror of the Great Crash has been the failure to explain it. People were left with the feeling that massive economic contractions could occur at any moment, without warning, without cause. That fear has been exploited ever since as the major justification for virtually unlimited federal intervention in economic affairs." -Source: Alan Reynolds, economist, "Fifty Years Later: What Do We Know About the Great Crash?" National Review, 1979 Which of the following would best serve as an example of how the government intervened in economic affairs during the Great Depression?

the passage of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff

"What harm have we suffered? The only harm I know of that the United States has suffered from foreign immigration has come not because we have failed to close our doors in the face of all foreign nations, but because we have not been discriminating enough and careful enough as to whom we admitted. "But because we have not been brave enough is no reason why we should now shut the door entirely, for that is what the bill in effect is intended to do. Admission ought to be a matter of selection and the selection ought to be made on the other side of the water and not here at our ports. If we have failed to take proper precautions in the past we ought to take them now and not resort to this method of practically total exclusion." -Source: Senator James A. Reed, Congressional Record, May 3, 1921 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?

the proposal of the Emergency Quota Act

"Meat scraps were also found being shoveled into receptacles from dirty floors where they were left to lie until again shoveled into barrels or into machines for chopping. These floors, it must be noted, were in most cases damp and soggy, in dark, ill-ventilated rooms, and the employees in utter ignorance of cleanliness or danger to health, expectorated at will upon them. In a word, we saw meat shoveled from filthy wooden floors, piled on tables rarely washed, pushed from room to room in rotten box carts, in all of which processes it was in the way of gathering dirt, splinters, floor filth, and the expectoration of tuberculosis and other diseased workers." -Source: "The Neill-Reynolds Report," 1906 Which of the following events most directly caused the president to order the investigation reported on in the excerpt?

the publication of The Jungle

school begins Caption: "Uncle Sam (in his new class in Civilization)— Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!" -Source: Louis Dalrymple, "School Begins," Wikimedia Commons, 1899 Which of the following developments is the most direct cause of the development expressed in the image?

the ratification of the Treaty of Paris in 1898

". . . [I]t must be admitted that American Negroes have been a race more in name than in fact, or to be exact, more in sentiment than in experience. The chief bond between them has been that of a common condition rather than a common consciousness; a problem in common rather than a life in common. In Harlem, Negro life is seizing upon its first chances for group expression and self-determination. It is— or promises at least to be— a race capital. That is why our comparison is taken with those nascent centers of folk-expression and self-determination which are playing a creative part in the world to-day." -Source: Alain Locke, "The New Negro," 1925 The reference to "group expression" in the excerpt most directly refers to which of the following developments in African-American life in the 1920s?

the rise in authors and artists who sought to portray culture

"The Model T was the car of the century, transforming motoring for millions. Its cheapness and flexibility meant that the car became less of a symbol of wealth and leisure than an affordable adjunct to the everyday life of even the humblest worker. And the key to its cheapness was its revolutionary production method." -Source: Steven Parissien, historian, The Life of the Automobile: The Complete History of the Motor Car, 2013 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the 1920s?

the rise in consumerism

"The year 1870 represented modern America at dawn. Over the subsequent six decades, every aspect of life experienced a revolution. By 1929, urban America was electrified and almost every urban dwelling was networked, connected to the outside world with electricity, natural gas, telephone, clean running water, and sewers. By 1929, the horse had almost vanished from urban streets, and the ratio of motor vehicles to the number of households reached 90 percent. By 1929, the household could enjoy entertainment options that were beyond the 1870 imagination, including phonograph music, radio, and motion pictures exhibited in ornate movie palaces." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: the U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War, 2016 The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?

the rise of consumer culture

united states population, 1890-1920 -Source: Census Bureau Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1890 to 1920 shown in the graph?

the rise of war production needs during World War I

"The first modern mass medium, radio made America into a land of listeners, entertaining and educating, angering and delighting, and joining every age and class into a common culture. . . . Radio created national crazes across America, taught Americans new ways to talk and think, and sold them products they never knew they needed. Radio brought them the world." -Source: Tom Lewis, historian, "'A Godlike Presence': The Impact of Radio on the 1920s and 1930s," 1992 The effects of radio described in the excerpt is most similar to the effects caused by which of the following improvements?

the widespread adoption of the television in the mid-twentieth century

blueprint for victory -Source: Wikimedia Commons, between 1941 and 1945 Which of the following best describes the purpose of this poster?

to encourage women to support the war effort with their labor

"Our objective was not relief, but to revive agriculture, industry, and trade so that stricken countries might be self-supporting. The countries of our immediate concern were those of the free world. The free areas of Europe and Asia could not function vigorously and healthily unless Germany and Japan could play a strong, productive role. General Marshall had concluded after weeks in Moscow and European recovery could not await 'compromise through exhaustion' and must proceed without four-power agreement." -Source: Dean Acheson, former Secretary of State, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, 1969 The patterns described in the excerpt most directly foreshadowed which of the following developments?

transition to an internationalist foreign policy