Khan APUSH Per 9
employment across sectors in the united states, 1980 to 2010 -Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics *Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the data in the graph?**
Employment in manufacturing and good-producing industries declined, whereas employment in the service sector increased.
military expenditure by country The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments?
Increased US military spending was a significant factor that brought about the end of the Cold War.
employment across sectors in the united states, 1980 to 2010 -Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the change shown in the graph?
Technological innovations replaced labor in the good-producing and manufacturing industries.
"Having won the Cold War, it was by no means inevitable that the US would maintain its global engagement. Some argued that the US, and others had paid a high price for American involvement around the world. It would be prudent to retreat if not into isolationism then to a more modest role. These voices struggled for a hearing in both parties. Those that did argue for a change, as Pat Buchanan, were roundly defeated at the ballot box. Although the Cold War consensus fueled by the Soviet threat was not replaced by a comparable policy or ideological framework, the majority view was that America had widespread global interests and the US should maintain its global engagement. The mainstream debate after the Cold War was thus limited to the size and nature of American engagement, not the engagement itself." -Source: Fraser Cameron, political scientist, US Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff? 2006 Which of the following is one important continuity in American foreign policy throughout the late twentieth century?
The United States had a significant influence on global politics and remained a superpower.
patriot act The image most directly illustrates a United States policy that emphasized which of the following?
improving security by increasing the government's power of surveillance
military expenditure by country Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1970 to 1990 shown in the graph?
involvement in the Cold War
union membership, 1983-2015 One major change in American labor from 1983 to 2015 was that:
labor union membership declined.
"By reducing federal tax rates where they discourage individual initiative—especially personal income taxes—we can restore incentives, invite greater economic growth and at the same time help give us better government instead of bigger government." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the:
role of the government to solve social and economic problems.
"In an ironic sense Karl Marx was right. We are witnessing today a great revolutionary crisis, a crisis where the demands of the economic order are conflicting directly with those of the political order. But the crisis is happening not in the free, non-Marxist West but in the home of Marxism-Leninism, the Soviet Union. It is the Soviet Union that runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens." -Source: President Reagan, Speech to the House of Commons, 1982 Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage have directly contributed to which of the following US actions?
the allocation of funds to foreign forces fighting communist governments in their countries
"In an ironic sense Karl Marx was right. We are witnessing today a great revolutionary crisis, a crisis where the demands of the economic order are conflicting directly with those of the political order. But the crisis is happening not in the free, non-Marxist West but in the home of Marxism-Leninism, the Soviet Union. It is the Soviet Union that runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens." -Source: President Reagan, Speech to the House of Commons, 1982 Which of the following issues of the period was Reagan most likely concerned with in the excerpt?
the influence of communism
"Reagan personified the Sunbelt's role in the transformation of American politics at the end of the twentieth century. More to the point, Reagan's presidency, but especially his campaign for the presidency, articulated a hopeful and appealing vision for America — one ostensibly rooted in a reverence for the nation's revolutionary past, but one that was actually more powerfully organized around the ideals of the postwar Sunbelt. During the 1980s, with Reagan as their popular figurehead, Sunbelt conservatives finally seized control of the national Republican party." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 Which of the following most directly led to the changes described in the excerpt?
the migration of millions of people to the South and West
patriot act Source: Michael Sauers, Flickr Creative Commons The image was created most directly in response to which of the following?
the passage of a law that increased surveillance powers for law enforcement and intelligence agencies
"Moscow immediately noted Reagan's pledge to assist anti-Soviet rebels in the Third World. The Soviet leaders countered the US initiative by prodding the radical governments in Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua and Afghanistan to launch military offensives against the US-supported rebels. . . . "Committed to the orthodox tit-for-tat logic of the Cold War, the Reagan administration responded by upping the ante. It sought once more to augment US assistance to the Angolan, Cambodian, Nicaraguan and Afghan rebel movements. The proponents of the Reagan Doctrine began to pressure more moderate members and groups in the administration to supply the rebels with more money and better arms." -Source: Torbjorn L. Knutsen, historian, "The Reagan Doctrine and the Lessons from the Afghan War," 1992 Which of the following earlier US actions was most similar to the actions described in the excerpt?
the support offered by the federal government under the Marshall Plan
Technology adoption in the US house holds The overall trend from 1998 to 2010 depicted on the graph led most directly to which of the following developments?
Americans had increased access to information due to technological innovations.
technology adoption in us households The overall trend from 1998 to 2010 depicted on the graph led most directly to which of the following developments?
Americans had increased access to information due to technological innovations.
Immigration to the United States by Region, 1960 to 1999 -Source: Department of Homeland Security Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table?
Asian and Latin American immigration increased dramatically from 1960 to 1999.
immigration to the united states by region, 1960 to 1999 -Source: Department of Homeland Security Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table? Choose 1 answer:
Asian and Latin American immigration increased dramatically from 1960 to 1999.
technology adoption in us households Which of the following was an important direct effect on American society of the developments depicted in the graph?
Daily life transformed and new social behaviors emerged.
technology adoption us households Which of the following was an important direct effect on American society of the developments depicted in the graph?
Daily life transformed and new social behaviors emerged.
immigrant labor force participation for individuals 16 and older -Source: Elizabeth Grieco, "The Foreign Born in the U.S. Labor Force: Numbers and Trends," Migration Policy Institute, 2004 The graph most strongly supports which of the following arguments?
Immigrants supplied the economy with a significant number of laborers.
technology adoption in US households Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in technology adoption depicted in the graph?
Technological innovations became entrenched in daily American life.
technology adoption in us households Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in technology adoption depicted in the graph?
Technological innovations became entrenched in daily American life.
Employment across sectors in the United States, 1980 to 2010 -Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the change shown in the graph?
Technological innovations replaced labor in the good-producing and manufacturing industries.
military expenditure by country Which of the following statements best explains the change over time in military spending from 1980 to 1990 for the United States depicted in the graph?
The Reagan administration believed in "peace through strength" and undertook an arms buildup.
"The Sunbelt boom of the late 1970s paralleled the popularization of country music and auto racing; the expansion and relocation of professional sports franchises into the region; and even the country's mythical love affair with the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys, dubbed 'America's Team' in 1976. In sum, the Sunbelt became fashionable in the 1970s." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that migration to the Sunbelt had on the United States?
The Sunbelt region influenced America's cultural identity.
"American decline is real, though the apocalyptic version of it reflects the familiar ruling-class perception that anything short of total control amounts to total disaster. Despite the piteous laments, the United States remains the world's dominant power by a large margin, with no competitor in sight, and not only in the military dimension, in which, of course, the United States reigns supreme." -Source: Noam Chomsky, historian, "Who Rules the World?" 2016 Which of the following statements best describes the author's argument in the passage?
The United States continued to dominate as a global superpower despite economic and foreign policy challenges.
"American decline is real, though the apocalyptic version of it reflects the familiar ruling-class perception that anything short of total control amounts to total disaster. Despite the piteous laments, the United States remains the world's dominant power by a large margin, with no competitor in sight, and not only in the military dimension, in which, of course, the United States reigns supreme." -Source: Noam Chomsky, historian, "Who Rules the World?" 2016 According to the passage, which of the following is one important continuity in the status of the United States from 1990 to 2019?
The United States remained the world's leading superpower.
immigration to the united states by region, 1960 to 1999 -Source: Department of Homeland Security Which of the following statements best describes the change over time in immigration depicted in the graph?
The number of immigrants from Asian and Latin American countries increased.
"Having won the Cold War, it was by no means inevitable that the US would maintain its global engagement. Some argued that the US, and others had paid a high price for American involvement around the world. It would be prudent to retreat if not into isolationism then to a more modest role. These voices struggled for a hearing in both parties. Those that did argue for a change, as Pat Buchanan, were roundly defeated at the ballot box. Although the Cold War consensus fueled by the Soviet threat was not replaced by a comparable policy or ideological framework, the majority view was that America had widespread global interests and the US should maintain its global engagement. The mainstream debate after the Cold War was thus limited to the size and nature of American engagement, not the engagement itself." -Source: Fraser Cameron, political scientist, US Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff? 2006 According to the passage, which of the following best explains the most important effect that the end of the Cold War had on members of the American public?
They began to debate the appropriate level of American involvement in the affairs of other nations.
real wage growth for US earners, 1979 to 2013 -Source: Economic Policy Institute Which of the following statements best explains the overall trend shown in the table?
Wages for very high wage earners increased, whereas wages for middle and low wage earners stagnated.
"On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars—but for the past 136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war—but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks—but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a single day—and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack. . . ." "We will direct every resource at our command—every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war—to the disruption and to the defeat of the global terror network." -Source: President George W. Bush, "Address to Congress after the Attacks on September 11," 2001 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
a calculated set of attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
patriot act Source: Michael Sauers, Flickr Creative Commons The policy suggested in the image was most directly a response to which of the following?
a set of terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon
"The defense policy of the United States is based on a simple premise: The United States does not start fights. We will never be an aggressor. We maintain our strength in order to deter and defend against aggression — to preserve freedom and peace. "Since the dawn of the atomic age, we've sought to reduce the risk of war by maintaining a strong deterrent and by seeking genuine arms control. 'Deterrence' means simply this: making sure any adversary who thinks about attacking the United States, or our allies, or our vital interests, concludes that the risks to him outweigh any potential gains. Once he understands that, he won't attack. We maintain the peace through our strength; weakness only invites aggression." -Source: President Ronald Reagan, "Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security," 1983 Which of the following earlier trends emerged from sentiments similar to those Reagan expressed in the excerpt?
an arms race in the 1950s
"Achievements of the computer revolution thus far extend from the first commercial mainframe, the Univac I introduced in 1954, to the iPhone 6, introduced in September 2014. The rapid development of computing has brought together not just new ideas but ultimately a complete change in how people communicate and obtain information. . . . "The computing revolution has brought a new level of convenience, connectivity, and collaboration to at least 80 percent of the population. A farmer who has a smartphone today has better and faster access to a wide variety of information than a university professor did only two decades ago." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016 Which of the following economic shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?
economic productivity increased
"We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the states and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizenship and government. We can make government again responsive to people not only by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly." -Source: President Ronald Reagan, in a speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference, 1981 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the views expressed in the excerpt?
elderly men in the Sunbelt
"We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the states and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizenship and government. We can make government again responsive to people not only by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly." -Source: President Ronald Reagan, in a speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference, 1981 The policies described in the excerpt contributed most directly to debates in the United States about the:
end of government social programs like Medicare.
"Achievements of the computer revolution thus far extend from the first commercial mainframe, the Univac I introduced in 1954, to the iPhone 6, introduced in September 2014. The rapid development of computing has brought together not just new ideas but ultimately a complete change in how people communicate and obtain information. . . . "The computing revolution has brought a new level of convenience, connectivity, and collaboration to at least 80 percent of the population. A farmer who has a smartphone today has better and faster access to a wide variety of information than a university professor did only two decades ago." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016 The pattern described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?
increased American participation in the worldwide market with the adoption of new technology
"Seven years ago, we made the single biggest investment in clean energy in our history. Here are the results. In fields from Iowa to Texas, wind power is now cheaper than dirtier, conventional power. On rooftops from Arizona to New York, solar is saving Americans tens of millions of dollars a year on their energy bills, and employs more Americans than coal — in jobs that pay better than average. We're taking steps to give homeowners the freedom to generate and store their own energy. . . . Meanwhile, we've cut our imports of foreign oil by nearly sixty percent, and cut carbon pollution more than any other country on Earth." -Source: President Barack Obama, State of the Union address, 2016 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Obama's views as expressed in this excerpt?
members of the Green Party
immigration to the united states by region, 1960 to 1999 -Source: Department of Homeland Security Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in immigration after 1960 shown on the graph?
new immigrants influenced and changed American culture
"Seven years ago, we made the single biggest investment in clean energy in our history. Here are the results. In fields from Iowa to Texas, wind power is now cheaper than dirtier, conventional power. On rooftops from Arizona to New York, solar is saving Americans tens of millions of dollars a year on their energy bills, and employs more Americans than coal — in jobs that pay better than average. We're taking steps to give homeowners the freedom to generate and store their own energy. . . . Meanwhile, we've cut our imports of foreign oil by nearly sixty percent, and cut carbon pollution more than any other country on Earth." -Source: President Barack Obama, State of the Union address, 2016 The excerpt most directly reflects the United States's efforts to do which of the following?
reduce American dependence on fossil fuels
"Reagan personified the Sunbelt's role in the transformation of American politics at the end of the twentieth century. More to the point, Reagan's presidency, but especially his campaign for the presidency, articulated a hopeful and appealing vision for America — one ostensibly rooted in a reverence for the nation's revolutionary past, but one that was actually more powerfully organized around the ideals of the postwar Sunbelt. During the 1980s, with Reagan as their popular figurehead, Sunbelt conservatives finally seized control of the national Republican party." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 One major change in the US from 1970 to 1990 was the Republican Party's:
shift towards a more conservative ideology within the Republican Party.
"Having won the Cold War, it was by no means inevitable that the US would maintain its global engagement. Some argued that the US, and others had paid a high price for American involvement around the world. It would be prudent to retreat if not into isolationism then to a more modest role. These voices struggled for a hearing in both parties. Those that did argue for a change, as Pat Buchanan, were roundly defeated at the ballot box. Although the Cold War consensus fueled by the Soviet threat was not replaced by a comparable policy or ideological framework, the majority view was that America had widespread global interests and the US should maintain its global engagement. The mainstream debate after the Cold War was thus limited to the size and nature of American engagement, not the engagement itself." -Source: Fraser Cameron, political scientist, US Foreign Policy After the Cold War: Global Hegemon or Reluctant Sheriff? 2006 Which of the following earlier developments had an effect most similar to that described in the excerpt?
the Allied victory in World War II in the 1940s
"American decline is real, though the apocalyptic version of it reflects the familiar ruling-class perception that anything short of total control amounts to total disaster. Despite the piteous laments, the United States remains the world's dominant power by a large margin, with no competitor in sight, and not only in the military dimension, in which, of course, the United States reigns supreme." -Source: Noam Chomsky, historian, "Who Rules the World?" 2016 Which of the following most likely contributed to the rise in belief of the "American decline" referred to in the excerpt?
the Great Recession of 2008, a period of global financial crisis that affected the American economy
"On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars—but for the past 136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war—but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks—but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a single day—and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack. . . ." "We will direct every resource at our command—every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war—to the disruption and to the defeat of the global terror network." -Source: President George W. Bush, "Address to Congress after the Attacks on September 11," 2001 The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following political changes?
the United States launched military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq
"Achievements of the computer revolution thus far extend from the first commercial mainframe, the Univac I introduced in 1954, to the iPhone 6, introduced in September 2014. The rapid development of computing has brought together not just new ideas but ultimately a complete change in how people communicate and obtain information. . . . "The computing revolution has brought a new level of convenience, connectivity, and collaboration to at least 80 percent of the population. A farmer who has a smartphone today has better and faster access to a wide variety of information than a university professor did only two decades ago." -Source: Robert J. Gordon, economist, The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living since the Civil War, 2016 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
the advancement in digital communications following several technological innovations
"The defense policy of the United States is based on a simple premise: The United States does not start fights. We will never be an aggressor. We maintain our strength in order to deter and defend against aggression — to preserve freedom and peace. "Since the dawn of the atomic age, we've sought to reduce the risk of war by maintaining a strong deterrent and by seeking genuine arms control. 'Deterrence' means simply this: making sure any adversary who thinks about attacking the United States, or our allies, or our vital interests, concludes that the risks to him outweigh any potential gains. Once he understands that, he won't attack. We maintain the peace through our strength; weakness only invites aggression." -Source: President Ronald Reagan, "Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security," 1983 Reagan's account in the excerpt above most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent years?
the buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons
Real wage growth for US earners, 1979 to 2013 -Source: Economic Policy Institute Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in wages after 1979 shown on the graph?
the concentration of wealth
real wage growth for us earners, 1979 to 2013 -Source: Economic Policy Institute Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in wages after 1979 shown on the graph?
the concentration of wealth
"Seven years ago, we made the single biggest investment in clean energy in our history. Here are the results. In fields from Iowa to Texas, wind power is now cheaper than dirtier, conventional power. On rooftops from Arizona to New York, solar is saving Americans tens of millions of dollars a year on their energy bills, and employs more Americans than coal — in jobs that pay better than average. We're taking steps to give homeowners the freedom to generate and store their own energy. . . . Meanwhile, we've cut our imports of foreign oil by nearly sixty percent, and cut carbon pollution more than any other country on Earth." -Source: President Barack Obama, State of the Union address, 2016 The ideas in the excerpt about energy have the most in common with ideas associated with which of the following?
the conservation movement in the 1900s
"It is no accident that this unmatched potential for progress and prosperity exists in three countries with such long-standing heritages of free government. A developing closeness among Canada, Mexico, and the United States-a North American accord-would permit achievement of that potential in each country beyond that which I believe any of them-strong as they are-could accomplish in the absence of such cooperation." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
the creation of free trade agreements with several countries to spur economic growth
"The Sunbelt boom of the late 1970s paralleled the popularization of country music and auto racing; the expansion and relocation of professional sports franchises into the region; and even the country's mythical love affair with the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys, dubbed 'America's Team' in 1976. In sum, the Sunbelt became fashionable in the 1970s." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments?
the cultural influence of the southern and western regions
"On September the 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. Americans have known wars—but for the past 136 years, they have been wars on foreign soil, except for one Sunday in 1941. Americans have known the casualties of war—but not at the center of a great city on a peaceful morning. Americans have known surprise attacks—but never before on thousands of civilians. All of this was brought upon us in a single day—and night fell on a different world, a world where freedom itself is under attack. . . ." "We will direct every resource at our command—every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war—to the disruption and to the defeat of the global terror network." -Source: President George W. Bush, "Address to Congress after the Attacks on September 11," 2001 The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?
the declaration of a War on Terror
"By reducing federal tax rates where they discourage individual initiative—especially personal income taxes—we can restore incentives, invite greater economic growth and at the same time help give us better government instead of bigger government." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 Reagan's account in the excerpt above most directly encouraged which of the following changes in subsequent years?
the deregulation of several industries
"It is no accident that this unmatched potential for progress and prosperity exists in three countries with such long-standing heritages of free government. A developing closeness among Canada, Mexico, and the United States-a North American accord-would permit achievement of that potential in each country beyond that which I believe any of them-strong as they are-could accomplish in the absence of such cooperation." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 The ideas in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?
the development of a free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States
immigration to the united states by region, 1960 to 1999 -Source: Department of Homeland Security Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1960 to 1999 shown in the graph?
the elimination of immigration quotas set decades earlier
"By reducing federal tax rates where they discourage individual initiative—especially personal income taxes—we can restore incentives, invite greater economic growth and at the same time help give us better government instead of bigger government." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to which of the following?
the enactment of significant tax cuts for individuals
Source 1: "But when all we do to make a citizen is to say, 'If you have been here illegally for a certain period of time, we will grandfather you in, we will give you amnesty,' that does not establish a very high standard for the integrity of this precious right of citizenship." -Source: Senator William Armstrong (R-CO), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 Source 2: "I also believe legalization is essential in order to regularize the status of those aliens who have built up equities in this country and who have contributed for years toward our economic and social well-being. . . . I wish to emphasize that with a 1982 date, we are talking about aliens who have been in this country almost five years — who have roots and families here—and who should be made a part of American society." -Source: Representative Peter Rodino (D-NJ), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 Debates over the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986 in the excerpts most directly contributed to which of the following later characteristics of the United States government?
the enforcement of strict immigration laws and the deportation of undocumented immigrants
"It is no accident that this unmatched potential for progress and prosperity exists in three countries with such long-standing heritages of free government. A developing closeness among Canada, Mexico, and the United States-a North American accord-would permit achievement of that potential in each country beyond that which I believe any of them-strong as they are-could accomplish in the absence of such cooperation." -Source: Ronald Reagan, at his announcement for Presidential Candidacy, 1979 The excerpt is best understood as a response to which of the following historical developments?
the globalization of the American economy
Source 1: "But when all we do to make a citizen is to say, 'If you have been here illegally for a certain period of time, we will grandfather you in, we will give you amnesty,' that does not establish a very high standard for the integrity of this precious right of citizenship." -Source: Senator William Armstrong (R-CO), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 Source 2: "I also believe legalization is essential in order to regularize the status of those aliens who have built up equities in this country and who have contributed for years toward our economic and social well-being. . . . I wish to emphasize that with a 1982 date, we are talking about aliens who have been in this country almost five years — who have roots and families here—and who should be made a part of American society." -Source: Representative Peter Rodino (D-NJ), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 In 1986, Congressman Rodino disagreed with Senator Armstrong in that Rodino believed that:
the government should ease the path to citizenship for people who have lived in the United States for an extended period.
real wage growth for us earners, 1979 to 2013 -Source: Economic Policy Institute The major trend depicted in the graph most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States?
the growing economic inequality between very high wage earners and the working class
immigrant labor force participation for individuals 16 and older -Source: Elizabeth Grieco, "The Foreign Born in the U.S. Labor Force: Numbers and Trends," Migration Policy Institute, 2004 Which of the following best explains the overall demographic trend shown in the chart?
the growth in the number of immigrants working in American industry
Source 1: "But when all we do to make a citizen is to say, 'If you have been here illegally for a certain period of time, we will grandfather you in, we will give you amnesty,' that does not establish a very high standard for the integrity of this precious right of citizenship." -Source: Senator William Armstrong (R-CO), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 Source 2: "I also believe legalization is essential in order to regularize the status of those aliens who have built up equities in this country and who have contributed for years toward our economic and social well-being. . . . I wish to emphasize that with a 1982 date, we are talking about aliens who have been in this country almost five years — who have roots and families here—and who should be made a part of American society." -Source: Representative Peter Rodino (D-NJ), on the Immigration Control and Reform Act of 1986, Congressional Record, 1986 The authors' remarks in the two excerpts most directly reflected which of the following developments during the late twentieth century?
the increase in intense political debates over immigration policy
"We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the states and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizenship and government. We can make government again responsive to people not only by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly." -Source: President Ronald Reagan, in a speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference, 1981 The ideas about the size of government expressed here are most similar to ideas about the proper size of government in what other period?
the period from after World War I through the 1920s
"Reagan personified the Sunbelt's role in the transformation of American politics at the end of the twentieth century. More to the point, Reagan's presidency, but especially his campaign for the presidency, articulated a hopeful and appealing vision for America — one ostensibly rooted in a reverence for the nation's revolutionary past, but one that was actually more powerfully organized around the ideals of the postwar Sunbelt. During the 1980s, with Reagan as their popular figurehead, Sunbelt conservatives finally seized control of the national Republican party." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments in the late twentieth century?
the political influence of southern and western states
"The Sunbelt boom of the late 1970s paralleled the popularization of country music and auto racing; the expansion and relocation of professional sports franchises into the region; and even the country's mythical love affair with the National Football League's Dallas Cowboys, dubbed 'America's Team' in 1976. In sum, the Sunbelt became fashionable in the 1970s." -Source: Sean P. Cunningham, historian, American Politics in the Postwar Sunbelt: Conservative Growth in a Battleground Region, 2014 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the late twentieth century?
the population shift after people migrated to southern and western states
"Moscow immediately noted Reagan's pledge to assist anti-Soviet rebels in the Third World. The Soviet leaders countered the US initiative by prodding the radical governments in Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua and Afghanistan to launch military offensives against the US-supported rebels. . . . "Committed to the orthodox tit-for-tat logic of the Cold War, the Reagan administration responded by upping the ante. It sought once more to augment US assistance to the Angolan, Cambodian, Nicaraguan and Afghan rebel movements. The proponents of the Reagan Doctrine began to pressure more moderate members and groups in the administration to supply the rebels with more money and better arms." -Source: Torbjorn L. Knutsen, historian, "The Reagan Doctrine and the Lessons from the Afghan War," 1992 The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments in the 1980s?
the use of limited military intervention to oppose communism