KHP 2211 Test 2 - Learning Curves Chp 3, 6, C

Mechanical digestion begins in the: a) esophagus. b) mouth. c) small intestine. d) stomach.

b) mouth

Probiotics are found in: a) applesauce. b) oatmeal. c) eggs. d) yogurt.

d) yogurt

What percentage of the population is affected by celiac disease? a) 1 percent b) 10 percent c) 25 percent d) 50 percent

a) 1 percent

A man who weighs 176 lb and has the average intake of protein for men in the United States will consume about _____ grams more protein than his protein RDA. a) 36 b) 30 c) 28 d) 44

a) 36 Men eat and average 100g of protein a day. 176lb / 2.2kg/lb = 80kg 80kg x 0.8g/kg = 64g 100g-64g=36g

At a healthy weight of 176 lb, Brian meets his RDA for protein by eating _____ grams of protein. a) 64 b) 176 c) 100 d) 80

a) 64 176lb / 2.2kg/lb = 80kg 80kg x 0.8g/kg = 64g

What distinguishes one protein from another? a) Each protein has a unique sequence and type of amino acids. b) Animal proteins have amino acids that contain an amino group. c) Short-chain proteins are synthesized by linking amino acids with peptide bonds. d) Plant proteins have amino acids with the same side chain.

a) Each protein has a unique sequence and type of amino acids.

_____ is a term used to describe the contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. a) Motility b) Gastritis c) Inflammation d) Emulsification

a) Motility

The process by which nutrients are removed from the gastrointestinal tract to enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system is called: a) absorption b) ingestion c) excretion d) digestion

a) absorption

The process by which nutrients are removed from the lumen of the GI tract is called: a) absorption. b) ingestion. c) excretion. d) digestion.

a) absorption

To reduce her risk of cancer, Margaret limits her: a) consumption of alcoholic drinks. b) physical activity. c) consumption of fruits and vegetables. d) consumption of plant proteins.

a) consumption of alcoholic drinks

What type of fatty acid is essentially absent in vegetarian diets? a) eicosapentaenoic acid b) linolenic acid c) oleic acid d) linoleic acid

a) eicosapentaenoic acid

People who ate a Mediterranean diet and consumed olive oil had a reduced risk of _____ problems when compared with those who ate a low-fat diet. a) heart b) brain c) kidney d) gastrointestinal tract

a) heart

Research suggests that moderate amounts of dark chocolate may have beneficial effects on: a) insulin resistance. b) weight loss. c) bone health. d) cancer prevention.

a) insulin resistance.

To reduce the risk of cancer, Joyce: a) maintains a healthy body weight. b) consumes fat-free sugary drinks. c) consumes processed meat. d) takes high-dose nutrient supplements.

a) maintains a healthy body weight.

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene is a: a) mutation. b) tumor. c) malignant cell. d) cancer.

a) mutation

To reduce the level of fat in his blood, Juan includes prebiotics such as _____ in his diet. a) oatmeal and barley b) tuna and salmon c) eggs d) cheese

a) oatmeal and barley

The newly discovered savory flavor in foods is called: a) umami. b) sweet. c) bitter. d) sour.

a) umami

_____ is a fluid required for lipid digestion and absorption. a) Water b) Bile c) Chyme d) Saliva

b) Bile

_____ is a viscous solution that lubricates and protects the gastrointestinal tract. a) Protease b) Mucus c) Bile d) Hydrochloric acid

b) Mucus

Which statement is true regarding supplements and cancer risk? a) Nutrients from supplements are better absorbed b) Nutrients from food are more effective than supplements in reducing risk of cancer. c) High-dose supplements cause DNA mutation. d) High-dose supplements contribute to obesity.

b) Nutrients from food are more effective than supplements in reducing risk of cancer.

Which statement about the protein intake in the United States is true? a) The average protein intake is 10% of total calories. b) Protein intakes are above the RDA for most people in the United States. c) The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein is 10% to 15% of total calories. d) Men consume about 70 grams of protein daily.

b) Protein intakes are above the RDA for most people in the United States.

_____ involves muscle contractions in the small intestine that mix its contents with digestive juices. a) Peristalsis b) Segmentation c) Chewing d) Excretion

b) Segmentation

What type(s) of transport mechanism(s) can transport substances against a concentration gradient? a) simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion b) active transport c) facilitated diffusion and active transport d) simple diffusion

b) active transport

What type of fatty acid is essentially absent in vegetarian diets? a) linolenic acid b) eicosapentaenoic acid c) oleic acid d) linoleic acid

b) eicosapentaenoic acid

Jorge suffers from acid reflux so food and stomach acid are occasionally regurgitated back into his: a) large intestine b) esophagus. c) mouth d) small intestine

b) esophagus

If there were no bacteria in the GI tract, which of these symptoms would never be experienced? a) diarrhea b) gas c) inflammatory bowel disease d) constipation

b) gas

Jose includes high-fiber foods in his diet because they: a) are calorie free. b) help him feel full longer. c) promote rapid stomach emptying. d) relax the stomach contractions.

b) help him feel full longer

The first stage in the process of digestion is: a) absorption. b) ingestion. c) secretion. d) excretion.

b) ingestion

All of the following would be likely to increase urea production EXCEPT: a) an increase in protein breakdown with no change in synthesis. b) initiation of a weight-lifting program. c) someone who is experiencing a decrease in total body protein mass. d) low intake of carbohydrates.

b) initiation of a weight-lifting program.

Which organ of the GI tract absorbs water and some minerals? a) mouth b) large intestine c) stomach d) small intestine

b) large intestine

An increase in ammonia along with low levels of urea in blood would MOST likely indicate: a) kidney failure. b) liver disease. c) increased protein breakdown. d) muscle wasting.

b) liver disease.

Studies show that vegetarians have: a) lower high-density lipoprotein levels. b) lower low-density lipoprotein levels. c) higher total blood cholesterol. d) higher blood pressure levels.

b) lower low-density lipoprotein levels.

Which of the following foods would contain essentially no phytochemicals? a) potatoes b) milk c) raspberries d) whole-wheat bread

b) milk (phytochemicals are only in plants)

One of the Mediterranean diet study groups was given olive oil to encourage participants' consumption of _____ fat. a) saturated b) monounsaturated c) trans d) polyunsaturated fat

b) monounsaturated

A(n) _____ is a self-contained group of tissues that performs a specific function in the body. a) organelle b) organ c) tissue d) organ system

b) organ

Maria is preparing lunch for her friend with celiac disease. A dish that her friend can safely eat is: a) macaroni and cheese. b) rice and beans. c) Southwest barley soup. d) pastrami on rye bread.

b) rice and beans

Chewing mixes food with: a) bile. b) saliva. c) gastric juice. d) protease.

b) saliva

The concept of complementary proteins means that you select proteins that: a) have similar amino acid distributions or proportions. b) together provide adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids. c) have very different distributions of amino acids. d) will not interfere with each other during digestion and absorption.

b) together provide adequate amounts of all the essential amino acids.

Carlos avoids _____ on the ingredient list of packaged foods because he has celiac disease. a) soy, peanuts, and lactose b) wheat, rye, and barley c) starch d) corn flour, rice flour, and almond flour

b) wheat, rye, and barley

The time it takes for food to travel through the gastrointestinal tract varies between _____ hours. a) 48 and 72 b) 18 and 36 c) 24 and 72 d) 36 and 48

c) 24 and 72

Which of these values is closest to the protein RDA for an adult athlete who weighs 132 lb? a) 44 grams b) 56 grams c) 48 grams d) 72 grams

c) 48 grams 132lb / *2.2lb/kg* = 60kg 60kg x *0.8g/kg* = 48g

_____ occurs when mutated cells acquire additional mutations that allow the cancer cells to migrate to, and invade, other tissues. a) Initiation b) Promotion c) Metastasis d) Progression

c) Metastasis

Why is vitamin B 12 intake a concern for individuals on a vegan diet? a) Vegan diets reduce vitamin B12 absorption. b) Whole grains and legumes are good sources of vitamin B12. c) Vegan diets eliminate all foods of animal origin. d) Milk products are good sources of vitamin B12.

c) Vegan diets eliminate all foods of animal origin.

Consumption of moldy grains, legumes, and other foods should be avoided because some molds produce: a) zeaxanthin. b) alpha-linolenic acid. c) aflatoxins. d) polyphenols.

c) aflatoxins (linked to increased risk of cancer)

Enzymes located on the brush border complete the digestion of: a) minerals b) vitamins c) carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids d) fiber

c) carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

A common symptom of ulcerative colitis is: a) constipation. b) hemorrhoids. c) diarrhea. d) gallstones.

c) diarrhea

Cells that absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract are of what tissue type? a) nervous tissue b) muscle tissue c) epithelial tissue d) connective tissue

c) epithelial tissue

Complete proteins provide all of the: a) amino acids used for protein synthesis. b) essential amino acids needed for protein synthesis. c) essential amino acids in the ideal proportions. d) amino acids in the ideal proportions.

c) essential amino acids in the ideal proportions

Proteins called ______ are chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream and have a regulatory function. a) enzymes b) transporters c) hormones d) amino acids

c) hormones

Which chemicals regulate motility and appetite? a) mucus b) enzymes c) hormones d) bile acids

c) hormones

Achieving an adequate intake of which nutrient may pose a challenge for individuals who consume few animal products? a) vitamin A b) potassium c) iron d) vitamin C

c) iron

One accessory organ that supports digestion is the: a) small intestine. b) stomach. c) liver. d) mouth.

c) liver

What organ produces nonenzymatic substances that are necessary for the digestion of lipids? a) gallbladder b) pancreas c) liver d) small intestine

c) liver

The physical breakdown of foods into small particles is called: a) transportation. b) absorption. c) mechanical digestion. d) chemical digestion.

c) mechanical digestion

The three _____ layers in the stomach enable this organ to engage in powerful contractions. a) fat b) gastric juice c) muscle d) mucus

c) muscle

An organ that produces digestive enzymes and releases bicarbonate is the: a) gallbladder. b) liver. c) pancreas. d) large intestine.

c) pancreas

The mechanical digestion process that moves the contents through the GI tract is called: a) regurgitation b) churning c) peristalsis d) segmentation

c) peristalsis

The amylase enzyme breaks down starch because the enzyme: a) digests all carbohydrate foods. b) works only in the saliva. c) reacts only with specific compounds that can bind at its active site. d) absorbs sugar molecules.

c) reacts only with specific compounds that can bind at its active site.

Which food will significantly improve iron absorption from plant sources? a) nuts b) legumes c) red peppers d) green tea

c) red peppers

A possible mechanism of action of polyphenols in cancer prevention is their ability to: a) lengthen the lifespan of cancer cells. b) promote migration of mutated cells. c) trigger cell death in cancer cells. d) protect DNA from mutation.

c) trigger cell death in cancer cells.

Strict vegans may need to take a supplement for which nutrient? a) protein b) vitamin C c) vitamin B12 d) sodium

c) vitamin B12

Which of these phytochemicals has been shown to be important for eye health? a) curcumin b) anthocyanins c) zeaxanthin d) resveratrol

c) zeaxanthin

What level of alcohol consumption is LEAST likely to increase the risk of cancer? a) fewer than 7 drinks per week b) fewer than 4 drinks per week c) fewer than 2 drinks per week d) 0 drinks per week

d) 0 drinks per week

The iron RDA for women is 18 mg per day. How much iron is recommended for a woman who adheres to a vegan diet? a) 23.4 mg/day b) 27 mg/day c) 28.8 mg/day d) 32.4 mg/day

d) 32.4 mg/day 80% higher for vegans

_____ have anti-inflammatory effects, and may reverse, suppress, or prevent the development of cancer. a) Minerals b) Omega-6 fatty acids c) Amino acids d) Polyphenols

d) Polyphenols (rich in coffee, tea, and red wine)

If the breakdown of body proteins is reused to produce new proteins, why do we need to eat protein? a) Some proteins require additional amino acids. b) Some amino acids are excreted in the urine. c) Essential amino acids must be obtained from food. d) Some amino acids are metabolized.

d) Some amino acids are metabolized

What is a primary feature of segmentation contractions? a) They occur in the mouth. b) They are wavelike. c) They break chemical bonds. d) They primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles.

d) They primarily involve the contraction of circular muscles.

Enzymes react with specific compounds that: a) transport nutrients across cell membrane. b) concentrate the nutrients for absorption. c) emulsify the fat. d) bind at their active site.

d) bind at their active site.

The Spanish research participants who ate the Mediterranean-like diet were told to: a) engage in regular physical activity. b) reduce their caloric intake. c) consume less olive oil. d) eat more nuts.

d) eat more nuts.

Current research suggests that vegetarian teens consume more _____ than nonvegetarians. a) sweets b) salty foods c) saturated fat d) fiber

d) fiber

Marta is a lactovegetarian. Which food could she eat? a) tuna salad b) ham sandwich c) bacon omelet d) fruit and yogurt

d) fruit and yogurt

Which factor of a plant-based diet is thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and overall mortality? a) increased intake of saturated fat b) reduced intake of total fat c) decreased intake of antioxidants with plant-based diets d) increased intake of phytochemicals

d) increased intake of phytochemicals

The recommended intake for what nutrient is higher in those individuals following a vegan diet? a) vitamin B b) vitamin D c) calcium d) iron

d) iron

When Jenna takes calcium supplements, she avoids taking them with: a) riboflavin. b) vitamin D. c) vitamin C. d) iron

d) iron

The _____ produces bile that is required for fat digestion. a) pancreas b) stomach c) gallbladder d) liver

d) liver

In general, individuals eating plant-based diets may experience reduced mortality because of their: a) higher intake of processed meats. b) lower intake of dietary fiber. c) lower intake of monounsaturated fat. d) lower body weight.

d) lower body weight.

Half of the fat intake in the Mediterranean diet comes from: a) saturated fat. b) trans fat. c) animal fat. d) monounsaturated fat.

d) monounsaturated fat.

You can recognize digestive enzymes by their: a) size. b) locations. c) pH levels. d) names.

d) names (often refers to what it digests)

The majority of dietary phytochemicals are part of what class of chemical compounds? a) lignans b) antioxidants c) carotenoids d) polyphenols

d) polyphenols

The overconsumption of energy-dense foods such as sugar-sweetened soft drinks likely increases the risk of cancer because these foods: a) counteract antioxidants. b) contain substances that cause mutations. c) contain toxins. d) promote weight gain and increased body fat.

d) promote weight gain and increased body fat.

Tumors are considered benign when they do not progress beyond what stage of cancer development? a) progression b) initiation c) metastasis d) promotion

d) promotion

Infant breastfeeding is encouraged for reducing cancer risk because breastfeeding: a) lowers the risk of mothers developing ovarian cancer. b) provides cancer-protective hormones. c) prevents oxidation of cells. d) reduces the risk of childhood obesity. e) prevents cell mutations.

d) reduces the risk of childhood obesity.

The primary site where absorption occurs is the: a) stomach. b) pancreas. c) large intestine. d) small intestine.

d) small intestine (has a brush border)

A plant food that contains all essential amino acids in the ideal proportion is: a) milk. b) corn. c) rice. d) soybean.

d) soybean.

What vitamin in a vegan diet is found only in fortified foods? a) iron b) riboflavin c) zinc d) vitamin B12

d) vitamin B12