KIN 101 - Exam 2
Newton's First Law
: Body at rest will remain at rest and in motion will remain in motion until acted on by outside force *Once an object is in motion, it takes less force to maintain its speed and direction- Momentum *The heavier the object and the faster it's moving, the more force it takes to overcome its inertia
What are the Mechanics of Human Movement ?
Static and Dynamics
Velocity
the speed and direction of body in motion *M/S
Early period of motor development: 1880-1940
- 1927- Thorndike's law of effect * rewarding responses strengthen learning behaviors Area's of motor learning 1. Knowledge of results(knowing if done right or wrong 2. distribution of practices ( Practice/rest ratio 3. Transfer of training(applying running in soccer) 4. Retention(learning/remembering) 5. individual differences
Which of the following would increase the density of the lifestyle filter in Gallahue's Overturned Hourglass of Life model?
- Being physically active - Managing stress through meditation and exercise
What are the areas of study of motor development ?
- Influence of age on acquisition of motor skills -Development of theories to serve us frame works
Motor learning
- changes in performance: indicates learning - simple skills to highly complex skills - is influenced by feedback, practice, & individual differences
Present (1970 - now)
- development use of theories/model Specific -1971 - Adams: closed loop theory : feedback updates cognitive aspects of movement to improve movement - 1975 - Schmidt : Schema Theory - M0vement patters are generalizable to other settings. Recently - Kelso : Dynamic systems theory - Neuromuscular system role in selecting movements.
Motor development
- ongoing interaction between cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains throughout the lifespan - age-related changes to motor behavior and motor performance
What is motor development and it's goal?
- origins and changes in movement behavior throughout life span Goal: to understand how learning and control of motor skills change across the life span.
Motor control
- process underlying the learning and performance of motor skills - coordination of movement by the nervous and muscular system
For each skill, indicate whether it would be considered an Open Skill or a Closed Skill: Hitting a golf ball off a tee: Defending an attacker in soccer: Gymnastics vault: Batting in baseball: Receiving a pass in football:
-Closed -Open -closed -open -open
Stages of learning
-Cognitive - understands nature/ goal of the activity -associative- Refining the skill/mastering timing - Autonomous - Preforming skills consistently with few errors
What are two filters that slow the rate of sand pouring out in the hourglass model?
-Heredity: Inherited predisposition(longevity v heart disease)(Greatest contributor) -Life style: Physical Fitness, nutritional status, physical activity, stress resistance, spiritual well being
Absorption of force
-Impact of force should be gradually -Spread over as large of an area as possible
What are performance Characteristics of Learning.
-Improvement-Performance improves over time -Consistency - Skill performance becomes consistent -Stability- Less affected by internal/external conditions - persistence - Preformeance last over a long period of time - Adaptability - Modification of skill to changing conditions - Generalizability- Skills applied to other things - Reduction in attention - less concentration on how to preform a skill.
What us the Dynamic Systems model of kicking a soccer ball ?
-Individual * Motivation *Experience *coordination -Task * Kicking for distance *kicking for accuracy *Kicking against a goalie -Environment * size of the ball * distance * stationary or moving
What can the levers help produce?
-Levers can help produce either strength/speed or range of motion *Depends on the length of the force arm and distance from the fulcrum to force *Class 1 = Strength or speed *Class 2 = Strength *Class 3 = Range of motion and speed
leverage ratio
-Levers give mechanical advantage by producing speed or force -Body is a system of levers *Fulcrum - axis of rotation *Force arm - distance from fulcrum to force *Weight/resistance arm - distance from fulcrum to weight
What are the biological aspects of Human movement ?
-Never--> Muscle--> Bone
What are the key principles of Force
-Production -Application -Absorption
3 stages of motor behavior selection
-Stimulus identification -Response selection - Response Programming. *experts usually don't need the second step
Force
-The effect one body has on another -Always present when motion occurs -Can have force with no motion; cannot have motion without force
Which of the following should be taken into account when determining whether to teach a skill using the "whole" method or the "part" method?
-The organization of the skill -The level of experience of the learner -The skill of the learner -The complexity of the skill
qualitative analysis
-Visual evaluation of movement *Can provide rich detail about specific movements/aspects of movements *Used commonly by practitioners
Middle period (1940-1970)
-WWII Pilot Training --> application -1940-Craik : Information processing in the brain -1960 - Franklin Henry: cognitive activity in motor learning - Father of motor behavior
What is motor learning and it's goal ?
-acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience Goal: To understand how motor skills are learned
What is the importance of motor competence ?
-foundation for development of sport skills & lifetime physical activities & participation * poorly developed motor skills can be a barrier to develop more advanced skills * can prevent development of self deficiency & decrease participation of Physical activities later in life
What is motor control and it's goal?
-neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements Goal: To understand how motor skills are controlled
What are the Mechanical principles of biomechanics ?
Stability, Motion, Leverage , Force
Factors that influence learning
-readiness- Physiological & psychological factors influence ability/willingness to learn -motivation - condition within an individual that initiates an activity directed toward a goal: Internal/external -reinforcement - using events. actions and behaviors to increase a reoccurrence of a response: positive/negative -individual differences- background, physical ability, learning style, personality, has implications for the selection of teaching of activities/skills
Force concepts
1, More muscles = greater force produced 2. More elasticity in muscle = more force produced 3. Moving - push or pull objects through the center in direction to be moved 4. Kicking, hitting, throwing - apply force in sequence 5. Implements - extend completely when making contact with object 6. Receiving force - use largest possible area to absorb force 7. Spread absorption of force as long as possible by 'giving' at joints involved
Visual Evaluation of movement
1. Observe from the correct vantage point 2. Observe several attempts before offering suggestions 3. Use whole-part-whole method for observation *Observe total movement *Observe movement of body parts (sequence/timing, range of motion, etc.) * Observe whole body again focusing on coordination and sequencing of movements 4. If using an implement or object, focus on action of implement or object 5. Evaluate overall effectiveness of the movement 6. Use a performance checklist to ensure critical elements are evaluated
Skill development is studied through ?
1. development sequences approach 2. Dynamic systems model
Motor learning concepts
1.structure of practice sessions to promote optimal conditions for learning 2. help learners understand skill or task 3. consider nature of the skill or task when designing practice(closed/Open) 4.teach by whole or part method 5. whether speed or accuracy is emphasized in teaching 6. transfer of learning can facilitate in acquisition of motor skills 7. feedback plays a role in learning 8. learners may experience plateaus in learning 9. promote development of self analysis, including use of technology 10. influence of leadership on how much learning will take place
What are the 3 principles in sports Stability
1: The lower the center of gravity is to the base of support, the greater the stability *When you need to be stable, get lower 2: The nearer the center of gravity is to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body *Keep weight centered over base of support to maintain stability *In certain situations, shifting weight can aid performance 3: The wider the base of support is, the greater the stability *Widening stance or using hands and feet to widen base *Consider direction of force
What is the development sequences approach ?
3 stages of skill development 1. Initial : movement, rotation, rhythm & coordination issues/beginning efforts 2. Elementary: different aspects of skill can begin to be learning & greater control of skill but not consistent 3. Proficient: Efficient performance & increased coordination & control
What's the information Processing Model ?
4 components: Input -->decision making--> Output -->>feedback
Which of the following would NOT be an example of an area of study in Motor Behavior? A. Response of the hamstring muscle to repeated contraction B. Effectiveness of two different rest-practice ratios C. Study of reaction time among sprinters D. Exploration of motor problems in the forearms of stroke survivors
A. Response of the hamstring muscle to repeated contraction
Which of the following are crucial in the Dynamical Systems Model? Select all that apply. A. The individual B. The environment C. The input D. The feedback E. The task
A. The individual B. The environment E. The task
angular velocity
Angle that is rotated in a given unit of time *RPM
Application of Force
Apply force through center of mass in direction object should travel -When throwing: *Speed of hand at time of release *Lengthen arm, step in direction of throw, shift weight, using legs, then rotating -Distance *Pull of gravity and air resistance *Angle of release and force applied -Direction *Point of release *Hand should travel in straightest line possible toward target
Which of the following characteristics can be used to assess whether or not learning has taken place? Select all that apply. A. Motivation B. Readiness C. Consistency D. Improvement E. Adaptability F. Stability G. Reinforcement
C. Consistency D. Improvement E. Adaptability F. Stability
Energy
Capacity of a body to perform work * Kinetic Potential
Equipment design of biomechanics
Change in equipment to change/improve preformance
Newton's Second Law
Change in velocity of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to the object's mass *The heavier the object, the more force needed to change its acceleration *Increase in acceleration is proportional to amount of force applied
What are the 3 class of levers
Class 1: Fulcrum between force and resistance Class 2: Resistance between force and fulcrum Class 3: Force between resistance and fulcrum *found mostly in the body
What is closed and open system ?
Closed- Stable, predictable, self paced *diving * bowling Open - variable, unpredictable, externally paced *defending * offending in a game
Match each stage of learning with the appropriate description of skill performance. Cognitive Associative Autonomous
Cognitive - In learning tennis, the person asks how the game is scored and when practicing, goes back and forth between hitting the ball over the net, into the net, or missing the ball entirely Associative In learning the breaststroke for swimming, the person is able to produce the appropriate movement with their arms and legs, but the timing of the actions isn't fully coordinated Autonomous In learning to swing a baseball bat, the person is able to coordinate upper and lower body without much mental effort and makes contact with the ball on most attempts
BioMechanics Analysis
Computers Motion capture Videography Anthropometry Timing devices Electrogoniometry Electromyography (EMG) Dynamography Telemetry
performance fabrics
Fabrics made for sport improvement *reduce water/air resistance *"technology Doping"
Match the stages of learning with the order in which they occur. Cognitive Associative Autonomous
First -Cognitive Second- Associative Third- Autonomous
Newton's Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction *When one object moves, another object moves too, in the opposite direction *When you push something, it pushes back
Work
Force applied through a distance and in direction of the force *Force*distance
Gravity
Force that pulls all objects toward center of the earth
______ is known as the father of motor behavior. Scott Kelso Fergus Craik Edward Thorndike Franklin Henry
Franklin Henry
What's the Dynamic systems model ?
Human movement is the result of interaction between 3 systems -individual/organism -Environment -Task
What is Motion
Implies movement -Equilibrium of body must be destroyed or upset -Forces acting on body become unbalanced *Newton's Laws *Human body usually employs combination of linear and rotary motion *Rotary action of legs propels body in a linear direction
According to the Developmental Systems Approach, which sequence represents the stages a learner passes through when learning a skill?
Initial, emerging elementary, proficient
What's the purpose of the length of the Force arm and resistance arm.
Length of the force arm and resistance arm can be manipulated to increase force, range of motion, or *increase force, make force arm as long as possible *To increase range of motion and speed, make resistance arm as long as possible
What are some fundamental motor skills.
Locomotor-Walking, Running, Jumping, & Sliding Nonlocomotor -Bending, Stretching, Pushing, & Twisting Manipulative- Throwing, Catching, Striking, & Kicking
Historic of Motor development
Mature period- Underlying biological processes governing maturation/Sequencing of normal motor development starting in the infants-Rate varied but same sequence Normative/descriptive period- Describing the motor performance of children/Children's acquisition of skills and impact of growth/Perceptual-motor development: Combination of motor skills and sensory information Process-oriented period: Processes underlying the development of motor skills across the lifespan/ How cognitive factors influence children's motor skill/Lifespan motor development
Which of the following areas is specifically focused on the influence of feedback, practice, and individual differences? Motor Learning Motor Control Motor Development
Motor Learning
Match each area of Motor Behavior with its description. Motor Learning Motor Control Motor Development
Motor Learning - Acquisition of motor skills as a result of practice and experience Motor Control - Neurophysiological and behavioral processes affecting the control of skilled movements Motor Development - Origins of and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan
Rotary Motion
Movement about a center of rotation, or axis *In humans, often converted into linear motion
Linear Motion
Movement in a straight line from one point to another
Quantitative Analysis
Numerical information about movement -joint angles, force generated, speed of movement *Often used in research *Becoming more common in clinical diagnoses, treatment, rehabilitation *Technological advances increase availability
What is the process & product Approach ?
Process: How the movement was preformed *Did the child step toward the target with the opposite foot when throwing overhead? Product : Outcome of the movement * Did the child throw the ball to the desired target area?
Two physical therapists are working with a stroke patient. One focuses on whether or not the patient walked from one point to another, while the other therapist focuses on whether or not the patient fully lifted their foot off the ground versus shuffling. The first therapist is using a ______ approach while the second therapist is using a _____ approach.
Product; Process
Phases of Motor development
Reflexive movements * involuntary, reflexes (Utero - 2) Rudimentary movements (voluntary, rolling/crawling) Fundamental movement (ages 2-7, manipulates body through actions influenced by environment, running/jumping/throwing)' *Initial, elementary, proficient Specialized movement starting at 7 yrs old Application of movement at 14+ yrs *specialized skills developed/refined & combined
Friction
Results when surfaces move past each other
According to Gallahue's Hourglass Model of Development, heredity is the largest contributor during which phase?
Rudimentary/Reflexive Movement Phase
Which of the following are crucial in the Dynamical Systems Model?
The individual The environment The task
angular acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity *RPM^2
Torque
Twisting, turning, rotary force to produce angular acceleration
What are the terms associated with Kinematics?
Velocity, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, angular acceleration
Power
Work accomplished in a given time
What is biomechanics?
application of mechanical principles to understand movements & actions of the human body and sport implements
What is stability?
body's ability to return to equilibrium after being displaced *Static - center of gravity is stable (e.g., sitting in a chair) -Dynamic - center of gravity is in motion (e.g., cartwheel)
Speed
change in distance over time
Accerleration
change in velocity over time *M/S^2
What is a force?
changes the motion of an object
Concussion Research
concussion identification/prevention *helmet design/screening control
What is kinematics?
description of motion *time, space, direction etc.
What is dynamics ?
factors associated with moving systems and can be divided into kinetics and kinematics
What is statics?
factors associated with non-moving or nearly non-moving systems(stability/balance)
motor behavior
learning or acquisition of skills across the life span
3 areas of motor behavior
motor learning, motor control, motor development
Production of force
n the body, force is produced by muscles -Stronger muscles = more force -To maximize results, force must be applied *In same direction *In proper sequence -Force also helps us propel objects
Gallahue's hourglass model
reflexive, rudimentary, fundamental, specialized *Sand stuff of life *tips over/poors out --> Aging * influence by social and cultural factors
What is kinetics?
study of forces that cause motion *Gravity, muscles, friction, etc
What is development biomechanics
study of movement patters and how they change over a life span
what is biomechanics of exercise ?
study of proper technique for safety and maximum benefit
what is clinical biomechanics
study to prevent injury & disease that result in movement disorders
pressure
the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface *the lower the surface area the greater the pressure *the greater the surface area the lower the pressure
What is mass?
the amount of matter possessed by an object
What are Motor Learning Models ?
theories explain processes by which motor skills are learned and controlled. They lead to models to illustrate how learning occurs& serve as frameworks for professionals to design/implement learning experiences
