KIN 1304- Chapter 2: Infectious Diseases

Despite progress in the global fight against HIV, an estimated 37.9 million people were infected as of the end of 2018. More than half of those people are in what region?

sub-Saharan Africa

It is essential that gonorrhea is treated with two antibiotics rather than just one.

true

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be life-threatening if untreated.

true

True or false: The CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 be tested at least once.

true

The set of precautions that are designed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne infections and that include precautions such as the use of gloves and other protective wear are called ___ precautions.

universal

With early treatment, and an undetectable viral load, the risk of spreading HIV is ___

very low, possibly even zero

Some of the smaller and most numerous pathogens, consisting of a genome and a cased and being unable to reproduce on their own, are known as ___

viruses

helper T cells

works to activate T cells

Who is at highest risk for gonorrheal infection?

young men

Who of the following is at the greatest risk for chlamydia?

young women

True or false: Antiviral medications can help reduce risk of transmission for some viral STIs.

True

True or false: The body's immune system is a complex of cells, chemicals, and processes.

True

True or false: Bacterial vaginosis is a sexually transmitted infection.

false

complex set of cells, chemicals, and processes that protects the body against pathogens when they succeed in entering the body is known as the ___ system

immune

The flu shot is designed to trigger a response from the immune system and is a form of ___

immunization

An infection is caused by a ___

microorganism

Which of the following are methods of transmission of HIV?

sexual contact and inoculation into the blood

Widespread vaccination shrinks the reservoir of infectious agents, protecting the community through ___ immunity.

"herd"

When can the mother-to-child, or vertical, transmission of HIV occur?

during pregnancy, during deliver, and during breast-feeding

There is no currently recognized post exposure prophylaxis treatment for HIV.

false

What are symptoms of the acute infection that many people experience 4 to 6 weeks after their initial exposure to HIV?

fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes

Dermatophytes are a group of ___ that commonly infect the skin, hair, or nails.

fungi

Single-celled or multi celled organisms that include yeasts and molds are classified as ___

fungi

In terms of controllable risk factors, which of the following have a positive impact on reducing your risk of infection?

getting enough sleep, eating a balanced diet, and keeping vaccinations up to date

Parasitic worms that live on or in a host are known as ____

helminths

What is the cause of AIDs?

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Once you have survived a pathogenic infection, you often require ____, which protects you from future infection by the same pathogen.

immunity

The process of exposing the immune system to part of an infectious agent to trigger an immune response that will be remembered by the immune system during subsequent exposures is known as ___

immunization

What is the most second most common method of HIV transmission in the U.S.?

injection drug use

Some ___ become memory cells when exposed to an infection agent and, if they encounter the same antigen in the future, they can respond quickly to destroy the invader before it causes illness.

T cells and B cells

What happens during an allergic response?

The body mounts on a full-blown immune response and it identifies a harmless foreign substance as an infectious agent

What is the primary cause of the common symptoms of AIDs?

a weakened immune system allows opportunistic infections

A condition in which the immune system attacks the body is referred to as a(n) ___ disease.

autoimmune

A condition in which the immune system attacks its own body is known as ___

autoimmune disease

Which of the following are portals of entry for pathogens?

insect bites, cut on the skin, and inhalation of respiratory droplets

Which of the following are true regarding methods of transmission for HIV?

intimate contact and found in an infected person's blood

Which of the following statement are true about bacterial vaginosis?

it is an alteration of the normal vaginal flora and symptoms include vaginal discharge

The cell that attacks and destroys foreign cells and body cells that have been compromised by a virus or have become cancerous is known as the ___

killer T cell

The white blood cells of the acquired immune system that circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system and that consist of T cells and B cells are known as ___

lymphocytes

The white blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream and lymphatic system are called ___

lymphocytes

Which of the following are common symptoms of AIDs?

memory loss, rapid weight loss, night sweats

According to the CDC, who should be regularly tested for HIV?

men who have sex with men, intravenous drug users, and anyone getting tested for other STIs

The collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human ___

microbiome

Tiny hairlike structures that protect the lungs by the rhythmically pushing foreign particles up and out of the lungs are called ___

cilia

Which of the following are controllable risk factors for infection?

diet and hygiene

Why do health experts prefer the term sexually transmitted infection instead of sexually transmitted disease?

diseases are infections that have symptoms, and sexually transmitted infections often have no symptoms

Which of the following statements about autoimmune diseases are correct?

more common in women than in men and causes damage to body cells and tissues

Which of the following are true regarding chlamydia?

most commonly reported bacteria STI and rates of infection are increasing in the U.S.

Which of the following are the cells of the innate immune system?

neutrophils and macrophages, and natural killer cells

In a person with AIDs, Kaposi's aroma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia are examples of common ___ infections.

opportunistic

Which of the following are ways HPV can be transmitted?

oral, penetrative anal/vaginal sex

___ is a bacterial infection of the uterus, Fallopian tubes, or ovaries.

pelvic inflammatory disease

The ___ of infection is the process by which an infectious agent passes from one organism to another.

chain

The bacterium Escherichia coli inhabits ___

the large intestine

In what year did the rate new HIV infections (worldwide) peak?

1997

For post exposure prophylaxis to be effective, medication must be started within ___ hours of exposure and taken for 28 days.

72

Taking a two drug cocktail daily as a pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV can reduce the risk of infection for intravenous drug users by __

74%

Which of the following occur during the primary infection phase of HIV?

HIV mutates and replicates quickly and the immune system unleashes a rapid response

Which of the following are classified as parasites?

Helminths

Which of the following are true about infections?

They are caused by microorganisms and are considered an illness if they interfere with your lifestyle.

A pathogen passes from one organism to another via the chain of infection.

True

The two subdivisions of the immune system are the innate system and the ___ immune system, which is a specialized response system.

acquired

Which of the following are the two subdivisions of the immune system?

acquired and innate

The body's ability to mobilize the cellular memory of an attack by a pathogen to throw off subsequent attacks is called ___

acquired immunity

What does the acronym AIDs signify?

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A marker on an invading microorganism that triggers the immune response is called ___

an antigen

which of the following sexual behaviors are associated with the transmission of HIV?

anal, oral, and penile-vaginal sex

A life-threatening systemic allergic response that requires immediate medical attention is known as ___

anaphylactic shock

gonorrhea is treated by ___

antibiotics

Proteins produced by lymphocytes that can bind to specific antigens and destroy them are called a(n) ___

antibodies

killer T cells

attack cells that are infected or cancerous

Which of the following populations has the greater rate of syphilis infection?

black people

The set of precautions that are designed to prevent the transmission of ___ infections are known as universal precautions

bloodborne

What is the principle way that people who use injected drugs can reduce their risk of being infected by HIV?

by using sterile needles

strains of the human papillomavirus that are associated with cervical ___ are called high-risk strains and include HPV-16 and HPV-18.

cancer

Which of the following groups are at relatively high risk of infection for gonorrhea?

persons who have exchanged sex for money or dugs, persons with a history of gonorrhea episodes, and women under 25 who have had more than two sex partners in a year

Proteinacious infectious particles that are thought to be responsible for a class of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalitis are called ___

prions

The pathogens responsible for mad cow disease are the least understood of the infectious agents and are known as ___

prions

Which of the following are signs of acute inflammatory response?

redness and swelling

A natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives is called a(n) ___

reservoir

The ___ is the natural environment, in soil or water or within organisms, where a pathogen lives.

reservoir

Drug cocktails are used in the treatment of HIV to combat ___

resistant strains

Which of the following are autoimmune diseases?

rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis

Bacteria are classified based on which of the following shapes?

rodlike, spherical, and spiral

Which of the following are typical symptoms of allergic reaction to pollen or animal dander?

runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing

What is the primary exposure risk for the majority of HIV infection cases in the U.S.?

sexual contact

Infections that are spread from one person to another predominantly through sexual contact are ___

sexually transmitted infections

Bacteria are ___ -celled organisms that can be found in almost all environments.

single

Which of the following acts as physical barriers to pathogens?

skin, mucous membranes, and hair

suppressor T cells

slows down the immune response after a threat has been dealt with

Which of the following are portals of exit for pathogens?

sneezing, insect bites, and blood

Which of the following are true about viruses?

some of the smaller pathogens and are among the most numerous of pathogens

Which of the following statements are true about viral STDs?

symptoms of STIs can be treated, viral STDs cannot be cured, and vaccines are an option in some cases

Which of the following statements are true of the acquired immune system?

the important white blood cells of the acquired immune system are lymphocytes and it develops as you are exposed to potential infections and vaccinations

What is primary purpose of drug cocktails in treating HIV?

to combat drug-resistant strains

Which of the two functions of vaccination?

to protect the individual and community

In the U.S., what has reduced the transmission of HIV from an HIV-infected mother to her child?

treating the mother with antiretroviral medications during pregnancy

A person who is frequently in high-risk situations for exposure to HIV, taking a daily cocktail of two medications can significantly reduce your risk of acquiring HIV infection.

true

Antiviral medications can suppress replication of HIV to the point where there is no detectable virus circulating in a person's bloodstream.

true

Current rates of syphilis infection are far higher among men than women.

true