Kin 2500 - ex.2, CH.7

How many facial bones are there?

14

Sternum

• Also known as the breast bone • Is a flat bone that forms the anterior midline of the thoracic wall is the widest and most superior portion of the sternum. • The manubrium is the widest and most superior portion of the sternum o Two clavicular notches articulate the sternum with the left and right clavicles. o The shallow indention between the two notches is the suprasternal notch (aka jugular notch) • The body is the longest part of the sternum and forms its bulk. • The body and the manubrium articulate at the sternal angle • The xiphoid process is the inferior tip of the body. The function is for muscle attachment

Thoracic Cage

• Consists of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, the ribs laterally, and the sternum anteriorly. • Acts as a protective framework around the heart, lungs, trachea, and esophagus.

. Ethmoid Bone

• Forms the anteriormedial floor of the cranium (this is called the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone). the roof of the nasal cavity, part of the medial wall of each orbit, and part of the nasal septum • This bone is positioned where in the skull? In between orbits • This bone helps with what? Filtering air • The superior part of the ethmoid bone exhibits a thin elevation called the crista galli. This is a point of attachment for the falx cerebri a membranous sheet that helps support the brain. • The inferior, midline projection of the ethmoid bone is called the perpendicular plate and forms the superior part of the nasal septum.

Temporal Bone forms what?

• Forms the inferolateral walls of the skull and part of the middle cranial fossa - paired

Sacrum

• The apex of the sacrum is a narrow, pointed portion of the bone that project inferiorly. • The bone's broad superior surface forms the base • It is composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae. • The medial sacral crest is formed by the fusion of upper spinous processes • The lateral sacral crest is formed by the fusion of transverse processes • The sacral hiatus is the gap that opens up at the end of the sacral canal.

Ribs

• The ribs are elongated, curved, flattened bones that originate on or between the thoracic vertebrae and end in the anterior wall of the thorax. • The angle of the rib indicates the site where the tubular shaft begins curving anteriorly toward the sternum. A prominent coastal roof along its inferior internal border marks the path of nerves and blood vessels. • The vertebral end of the rib typically articulations with the vertebral column at the head (capitulum) • The articular surfaces of the head are divided into the superior and inferior facets by an interarticular crest. • The tubercle of the ribs has an articular process for the costal facet on the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae. • The neck of the rib lies between the head and the tubercle.

Sphenoid Bone does what?

• Unites many cranial and facial bones and articulates with almost every other bone in the skull. • Medially it has a thick body that contains the sphenoid sinuses • Laterally, it extends to form the lesser and greater wings. This helps form part of the orbit • The sella turcia is a bony enclose that houses the pituitary gland • The pterygoid processes are vertical projections that begin at the boundary between the greater and lesser wings. Provides the attachment surface for muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate.

How many bones make up the zygomatic and what is its unique features

2, Upper and lateral part of the face, forms the cheek

The vertebral arch is composed of ___ pedicles and __ laminae.

2,2

How many vertebrae are there (in an adult)?

26

Coccyx

4 small coccygeal vertebrae fused together

how many sutres border the parietal bone and what are they called?

4, Sagittal, squamous, coronal, and lamboidal

How many cranial bones are there and what do they form?

8, cranial cavity

How many vertebrae in each section?

Cervical: 7, thoracic: 12, lumbar: 5, sacrum: 1 (5 fused), coccyx: 1 (4 fused)

How many bones make up the inferior nasal conchae bone and what is its unique features

Curve bone that protects the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

The frontal bone forms which facial icons?

Forehead, superior part of eye sockets, and much of the anterior cranial floor

How many bones make up the lacrimal bone and what is its unique features

Forms anterior portion of medial wall of the orbit

Parietal Bone forms what?

Forms most of the lateral and superior walls of the skull - paired

How many bones make up the palatine bone and what is its unique features

Forms posterior edge of the hard palate, small part of the nasal cavity, and orbital walls

How many bones make up the maxillae bone and what is its unique features

Forms the anterior part of face, the upper jaw and part of the hard palate, as well as parts of the orbit and nasal cavity

How many bones make up the nasal bone and what is its unique features

Forms the anterior superior part of septum

How many bones make up the volmer bone and what is its unique features

Forms the interior posterior parts of the nasal septum. It meets the perpeicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the nasal septum

Occipital Bone forms what?

Forms the posterior infertior part of the skull; including most posterior fossa. It forms the base of the skull

Frontal Bone forms what?

Forms the superior and anterior parts of the skull, part of the anterior cranial fossa, and the orbit.

How many bones make up the mandible bone and what is its unique features

Largest and strongest bone in face, forms the lower jaw: mental foramen, alveolar process, and mandibular foramen

The axial skeleton is composed of the bones ___.

along the central axis of the body

Each vertebrae has ____ on both its superior and inferior surfaces that project from the junction between the pedicles and the laminae.

articular processes

Another name for C1 is?

atlas o Articulates with the occipital condyles o Allows for the "yes" movement of the head

The skeletal system is made up of the __ and the ___

axial, appendicular

Another name for C2 is?

axis o Articulates with C1 via the dens o Allows for the "no" movement of the head

• The anterior region of each vertebra is a rounded or cylindrical ____ which is the weight bearing structure of almost all vertebrae.

body

coronal sutre

extends across the superior surface of the skill along the coronal plane. - o It represents that articulation between the anterior frontal bone and the most posterior part of the parietal bone

The sagittal sutre

extends between the superior midlines of the coronal and lamboid sutures. It is in the midline of the cranium. o Articulating with the right and left parietal bone

The lamboidal sutre

extends like an arc across the posterior surface of the skull o Articulating with the parietal bone and occipital bone

Selected features of the occipital bone

o A large circular opening called the foramen Magnum helps form the base of the skull. This is the largest formamen in the body. o The inferior and superior nuchal lines are used for attachment of the neck ligaments and muscles. o The occipital condiyles articulate with the first cervical atlas. o The ligamentum nuchae extends from the external occipital protuberance to 7th cervical vertebrae (C7) and has the function of supporting the head.

Selected features of the frontal bone

o Orbital part: form roof of each orbit o Zygomatic process: lateral of each orbit. Articulate with the fronta process of the zygomatic bone o Supraorbital foramen: midpoint of each superorbital margin, which makes up the superior border of the orbit.

True Ribs

o Ribs 1-7 o They are true ribs because: at the anterior wall, the true ribs connect individually to the sternum by separate cartilaginous connections called coastal cartilage

Floating Ribs

o Ribs 11-12 o They are floating ribs because why? They have no connection to the sternum

False Ribs

o Ribs 8-10 o They are false ribs because why? Does not join sternum directly, but they are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage o The costal cartilage of 8-10 fuse to the costal cartilage and thus indirectly articulate with the sternum.

Selected Features of the Temporal bone?

o petrous: protects sensory structures of the inner ear (hearing and equilibrium) o mastoid process: attachment site of some neck muscles to extend and rotate the head o zygomatic process: articulate with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch by uniting with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone o styloid process: attachment site for the hyoid bone's ligaments and muscles

The squamous sutre

on each side of the skull articulates the temporal bone and the parietal bone on that side. o Articulating with the temporal and parietal bone

A ____ projects posteriorly from the left and right laminae.

spinous process

The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones of ___

the appendages as well as the bones that hold the limbs of the trunk of the body

The roof of the skull is composed of?

the frontal, parietal, and occipital

The base of the skull is composed of?

the occipital, ethmoid, sphemoid, and temporal bones

Thorax

thoracic cage, sternum, ribs, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

Lateral projects on both sides of the vertebral arch are called ___

transverse processes

Posteriorly to the body is the vertebral arch. Together the arch and the body enclose a circular opening called the ____ which forms the vertebral canal when vertebrae are stacked on one another and contains the spinal cord.

vertebral formaen

Hyoid Bone

• A slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and larynx. Consists of two horn like processes. • What bones does it articulate with? Nothing. The only bone that uses muscles and ligaments for attachment.