KIN 2501: Exam 2

People migrated to the US in sear of the "_________ ________"

"good life"

The Reconstruction Era- Civil War to Early 1900s consisted of: (6)

*1. Reconstruction*-physically & socially *2. Technology*- electricity, telephone, printing press, radio, moving pictures *3. Relocation of American Indian population* *4. Legislated schooling* *5. Increased demand for teachers* *6. Focus/purpose of college education changed*- job training: teachers, engineers, technical needs

*Ty Cobb* -Nickname? -What intimidating style of play did he define? -What was he known for? -Was he the best of the worst of the Dead Ball Era?

-"Georgia Peach" -rough and tumble style -one of the meanest players -best of dead ball era

*Sport from 1860 to Early 1900s- Baseball after the Civil War:* -Baseball was played all over US. Becomes a game of the people and called the "_____________" -How does the style of play change? -Competitive teams form the basis of what in the US? What was the downside to this?

-"National Pastime" -From having fun playing a game, recreation - to emphasize winning, even if it meant cheating, bending the rules, trickery, verbal intimidation -basis of professional team sport in the US, but a negative perception of sport professionals still existed

What was taught at Franklin's academy? (3)

-*Lifelong practical skills*: skills you needed to know outside of work and school (for ex: today we'd need to know how to change a tire or unclog a drain) -*Academic subjects* -*Physical activity*: swimming, running, leaping, wrestling

Early Development in Organized Sport Resulted in: -Expansion of _________ and industrialization of the ______ -Decline of _________ Orthodoxy -English ________ sport movement -Contributions of powerful individuals. In 1891 __________ by James Naismith. In 1895 _________ by William Morgan.

-,America; US -Puritan -amateur -Basketball; Volleyball

Quick Rule Changes in Basketball: -1893: What was allowed? -1896: What was allowed? -1897: How many players on a team?

-1893: pivot allowed -1896: dribble allowed -1897: 5, instead of 9 players

Beginning of Modern Olympics included: (3)

-1st Modern Olympics in 1896 -1st marathon -Jim Thorpe-Wa-Tho-Huk translated to "bright path." (One of the best college athletes instrumental in modern olympics)

*Denton True "Cy" Young* -Pitched for how many teams? -In 1956, which annual award was created and those who receive it are voted the most effective pitcher in each of the two leagues? -How did he get his nickname?

-5 different teams -Today called Cy Young Award -From "cyclone" because the guy who was his catcher said that when he warmed up with him the speed of his fast ball was like a cyclone, so Cy is short for that

Rules of baseball included: -How many players on the field? -The based were how many feet apart? -The game consisted of how many counts (outs) with a change after how many outs? -The ball must be pitched for the what?

-9 players -bases 90 ft apart -21 counts with change after 3 outs -Ball must be "pitched for the bat"

______________________ attended Yale and studied religion to become a minister. He excelled in basketball and football there. After Yale, where did he go to coach? Which university later recruited him to coach there as they didn't have a football team and wanted to, so he ended up running a team there?

-Amos Alonzo Stagg -YMCA in Springfield, MA -University of Chicago

What were some popular activities in taverns and inns? (6)

-Animal baiting (turkey shoots) -Cockfighting -Billiards -Darts -Dice -Betting

*Sport becomes a larger part of American life, but at a racially segregated level:* -__________ proliferates the US after the Civil War then we see beginning to become professional -__________ is invented and drives college athletics -__________ is invented, then becomes professional -__________ is imported and becomes international -The Modern _________ begin -_________ was big and __________ was well-established but not completely organized -South Carolina had _________ -We see some sports starting off as what and then becoming what? -By the turn of the century, sport is played by: (4)

-Baseball -Football -Basketball -Tennis -Modern Olympics -Horseracing; Boxing -Golf courses -Start recreational then professional -Kids, adults, college students, professionals

In baseball today the umpires are in the home plates, but back then the umpires were set where? If the ball was hit between the 2nd and 3rd line it was considered a _____ The ball was either caught in the ______ or first ________ At the time, the baseball was pitched _________

-Behind a table -foul -air; first bounce -underhand

By 1840, which 5 cities were recognized as the commercial and social centers?

-Boston -New York -Philadelphia -Baltimore -Charleston

Some of the sporting activities they had in New York/New Amsterdam were: (5) However, these games were mostly for which class?

-Bowling (or Ninepins) -Tennis -Cricket -Horse racing -Ice Skating These were for the upper class.

*2. Muscular Christianity emerges as first "fitness rationale"* -________ ________ took up exercise because a physician recommended it for health problems, and it changed her life. She was a teacher at colleges for women (female seminaries). -She taught her students calisthenics, but it was more on the _______ side than the ______ side. -She promoted exercise for who and going against the norm? -She believed in "_______ ______," one of the first fitness philosophies, which connected exercise to religious responsibility; it's something you should do as your duty to Christianity

-Catherine Beecher -Swedish; German -women -"Muscular Christianity"

*1. German immigrants take the lead- gymnastics in colleges and public gymnasiums:* -Who was a follower of Jahn and a friend of Beck's? -He was hired to teach German where? -He introduced German gymnastics to the university and opened what? -Which city opens the first public gymnasium and hired _____ to run it?

-Charles Follen -Harvard -opened Turnplatz -Boston; Follen

*Battle of the Systems:* -______ _______ (who?): New gymnastics -_________: German system -_________: Swedish system -_________: Amherst College -____________: Harvard-Hemenway gymnasium -_____________: Muscular Christianity

-Dio Lewis -Jahn -Pehr Ling -Edward Hitchcock -Dudley Sargent -Luther Gulick

Early education began in the 1600s and included: (3)

-Elementary education -Secondary education -Higher education

Native Americans also did other activities: (3)

-Fishing -Canoeing -Ritualistic dances

What were some popular activities in Virginia? (5)

-Fox hunting -Horse racing -Golf -Lawn bowling -Dancing

After his loss to Cribb, what did Molineux do? After Molineux lost the rematch on September 28th 1811, he began to travel where? How, where, and when did Molineux die?

-He asked for a rematch, blaming his loss on the weather and told him that he hoped the color of his skin wouldn't cause any prejudice and unallow him to have a rematch -Traveled through the british isles -Died penniless, alcoholic, and despondent in Ireland on 1818.

What's the most important thing about Amos? He introduced the following: 1. What kind of equipment did he introduce for practice? 2. What did players play to practice for the season? 3. What did he do to the jerseys? 4. What did he have players do in terms of where they lived? 5. What type of a coach was he? 6. He put the ________ in _________, like a tailback or running back, so anyone in motion before the ball is snapped couldn't do what? 7. What play did he invent where you hid the ball? 8. What play did he invent where you hold the ball up so no one could get it?

-He was an innovator. 1. tackling dummies 2. players played scrimmage games 3. numbers on jerseys 4. had players live in dorm on campus 5. offensive-minded coach 6. Put man in motion; anyone in motion before the ball is snapped can't cross the line of scrimmage 7. Hiding the ball under the jersey play 8. Statue of liberty play (These plays are not used anymore; used to work back then)

How long did boxing matches last? Matches between slaves were arranged why whom? What was the purpose of boxing?

-However many rounds it takes for someone to give up -Matches arranged between slaves by owners -Entertainment

Who invented basketball in 1891? He was a PE instructor at which school Springfield, MA? What were the first baskets used in basketball?

-James Naismith -YMCA Training School -Peach baskets

James Naismith (inventor of basketball), left and went to _________ and become a basketball coach. However, what was he disappointed about? Who was basketball named after?

-Kansas; he was disappointed over how the game was evolving from being focused on physical activity to competition James Naismith

PRIOR to the Civil War, Baseball: -Known where? -Played by whom?

-Known mostly in New England -Played by "gentlemen"

There were 2 leagues one for blacks and one for whites, what were they?

-Major League -Negro League

Southern colonies included: (3)

-Maryland -Virginia -South Carolina

By the late 1800s, football spread throughout the US, where specifically? (9)

-Michigan -Illinois -Chicago -California -Texas A&M -LSU -Tulane -Ole Miss -HBCUs

The Native Americans had foot races which served as what? (4)

-Motivation -Pride -Preparation for battle -Physical fitness

With regard to the attitude that the colonists had toward sport, -Were the attitudes towards sport the same everywhere? -What had an impact on attitudes towards sport?

-No, their attitudes toward sport depended upon which region of Europe they were from -Religion had a profound impact on the attitudes the colonists had toward sport

Horse racing became more popular in the South, so which factors came into play?

-Rich horse owners -Importing, breeding, training of horses for racing -Most trainers and jockeys were slaves

*1. German immigrants take the lead-the start of school PE* -In 1823, which schools was established in Northampton, MA? -This was a ________-based rationale -Who was hired here to teach Latin and gymnastics?

-Round Hill School -fitness-based -Charles Beck

In Massachusetts, for a while which sporting activities were prohibited? (6)

-Sledding -Football -Dancing -Swimming -Ninepins -Shuffleboard

DURING the Civil War, Baseball: -Played by whom? -Purpose?

-Soldier in both the Union and Confederate Armies (they play some form of baseball) -It was a spontaneous game to pass time and some documented games between companies/regiments

As a result of the Civil War, Baseball: -Was spread where? -Was spread to be played by whom? -Became recognized as what?

-Spread across the country -Spread to be played by all social classes (not just "gentlemen" or upper class) -"The National Pastime"

Despite the perception of pro baseball as rough, crooked, played by "non-gentlemen," What was built to add permanence to the game? How were they initially and then afterwards?

-Stadiums were built and thousands attended -At first stadiums were wooden then changed to steal

Back then what were some societal views for women?

-Supposed to only be wives and mothers- changes in late 60s and early 70s -Clothing was restrictive (played golf and tennis comfortably, but basketball not so much with skirts)

In Massachusetts, for the Pilgrims, what their primary motivator for physical activity? What were some things they would do?

-Survival during cold harsh winters was the primary motivator. -They would chop wood and make sure they had enough water and food by hunting.

Pennsylvania welcomes settlers from several European countries, including: (5)

-Sweden -Germany -France -Scotland -Ireland

Some major themes of sport and physical activity in modern america include: (6)

-The good life -Contributions of other countries -Perceived value guiding daily lives -Social organization -Technology/industrial revolution -Changing concept of sport & physical education

______ ___________ was born a slave in 1784, and won his freedom by fighting in 1809 at the age of 25, which was only possible if he won his matches. He left for _________ and under _________'s tutelage began serious training. At the time, there was more opportunity for boxers to go here and pursue boxing seriously. -The ________ fighters often used adopted _______ names, so if they lost, they would not be embarrassed by being beaten by an African American. -In 1810, Molineux fought _____ ______, which at the time, his opponent was the World Heavyweight Title holder billed as the fifth of the century. -More than __________ fans attended this match -In the _____th round, Molineux caught his opponent with a hard right and his opponent cried a ________, his aide jumped into the ring (which was a violation of rules) and accused Molineux of what? -The time keeper kept yelling time, but the umpire did what for Molineux's opponent? His opponent went on to win ____ rounds later, so a total of _____ rounds. -What happened to Molineaux in the 31st round?

-Tom Molineux -England; Richmond's -British; false names -Tom Cribb -20,000 British fans -28th; foul; hiding weights in his hands -They waived the rules and allowed 2 mins to recover; 16 rounds later; total 44 rounds -He flattened Cribb trying to get out of his way, but he stumbled and hit his head causing a fractured skull

Who are two outstanding baseball players?

-Ty Cobb -Denton True "Cy" Young

What were some rules put into play to govern college athletics? (4)

-University/faculty now controls athletics rather than alumni -College teams were not allowed to compete against professionals -4 years of eligibility to play/coach -Academic standards to play

How was basketball and volleyball easily spread? (3)

-Visitors to YMCA Training School -YMCA Newsletter -YMCA graduates

In 1752, the most important horse race of the colonial era took place. -It was set up by a Virginia plantation owner who loved to gamble and show off his wealth. What's his name? -He issued a challenge and offered ______________ as a purse, which was roughly the cost of furnishing a mansion or purchasing 12 slaves. -The race was won by "_______," a horse purchased from English royalty and later considered a ringer. Many of her offspring became great champions, and for the next ______ years bloodlines that could be traced to her were noteworthy. She became a lineage of sorts for horses.

-William Byrd -500 Spanish pistoles -"Selima;" 50 years

*Walter Camp- Father of American Football* -Walter was a player and later became a coach in 1876 at which ivy league school? -He reduced the number of players from _____ to ____ -Created the ______ of __________: if the ball goes out of bounds it's put in play by using a scrum. There wasn't a definite marker for the yards, so he came up with this. If the line of scrimmage was the 40 yd line and then it went out of bounds, the 40 yard line was still the line of scrimmage. -Today you have ___ tries to move at ____ yards, and at first it was ____ yards. -He started marking what? And started wearing what? -Allowed tackling where? -What did he do that legitimized college football?

-Yale -25 to 11 -line of scrimmage -4 tries; 10 yards; 5 yards at first -field; helments -below the waist -Selected an all American team (all star team)-he put all the stars of other teams into one team

Basketball Rules Included: -Could the ball be thrown in any direction? -Was moving allowed once you held the ball? -Was pushing, holding, etc. of other players allowed? -How was a ball out of bounds put into play? -A game was how long?

-Yes -No -No -By the first player to get it (so like a free for all) -Two 15-min. periods

What does YMCA stand for? How was basketball invented?

-Young Men's Christian Association -Students were bored of calisthenics (jumping jacks and such), they couldn't' play baseball indoors or football because of the weather, so James Naismith wanted to invent a game that kept his students in shape and was inclusive to everyone (so no limit in number of people)

Baseball becomes popular in the NY area (teams formed in the area) as a what for who? In 1858, games between "all start" teams in, which admission was charged, was another thing that _________ the sport. What did the Knickerbockers do with the meeting they hosted with all the teams in the area? Teams were mainly composed of white collar worker such as: (3) Who's team was the first to wear uniforms? In 1860: first __________ pitch

-as an "adult recreational sport for gentlemen" (so before it became professional it was recreational) -legitimized -With all the teams they created a baseball league -policemen, firemen, clergy men -Alexander's Knickerbockers team -upperhand

Early forms of baseball were played by adults and kids, what were some different names for the game? In 1791 a law in Pittsfield, MA prohibited baseball within how many yards of the town hall? Directions & descriptions of baseball (referred to as base or goal ball in the piece) caused it to be legitimized, in which 1839 book? Evidence of varied forms of baseball were played throughout which two areas?

-base or goal ball, rounders, and townball -80 yards -"The Boys and Girls Books of Sports" -The east and frontier

*2. Muscular Christianity emerges as first "fitness rationale" - YMCA* -YMCAs now open in _______ -Who did they appeal to through sport and exercise? -What was their motto? -Through exercise and sport, those they appealed to learned what?

-cities -youth -Mind, body, and spirit -values and heard the Christian word

*The American System* -__________, _________, and ________ events -The quest for what? -_______ right > ________ rights -Required what? -What grew out of the need for more programs? -What did President Theodore Roosevelt do?

-economic, technological, sociological -the good life -civil; human -physical education -community sports program -got colleges together to reduce violence, he also got national parks as he was the only one to stress that we need to preserve our land

*Physical Activity Programs in Schools:* -By 1900 public institutions for who were established? -German immigrants -> Turnverein -> _________ (who?) -_______ (who?) -> Harvard -> first gym -_______ (who?) -> Round Hill school -_______ (who?) -> Boston Gymnasium & first swimming pool

-for boys and girls -Jahn -Charles Follen -Charles Beck -Francis Lieber

In the early 1800s, the beginning of organized sport in the US began with horse racing: -Horse racing was popular in ____________ cities -What made the sport controversial and resulted in its ban in many northern cities? -Which states banned it? -What's the home state for horse races?

-popular in established cities -the sport itself wasn't controversial but gambling was -NY and NJ -Kentucky (Derby)

One thing Harvard did when they formed their committee they looked into: (4)

-property damage they did to the school to control destroying the campus -gambling -control eligibility to play and academic standards -injuries

As football spreads, coaches are now going to be hired. So now we have committees that oversee athletics and now they're also going to see the need for an administration department to oversee: (3)

-the management of the games -the set up of schedules -the purchase of equipment

Rules for Fouls in Basketball: -If a team got 3 consecutive fouls what would happen? -If a player got 2 fouls what would happen to that player?

-the other team got a point -the player is taken out of the game and is not allowed back in until someone scored (which at the time took a while)

Characteristics of the Dead Ball Era: (7)

1. *Speed*- hit the ball as hard they could and and ran as fast as they could 2. *Base stealing* 3. *Singles hitting*- dominated by players who hit these 4. *Soft dark-colored ball*- No home runs due to this 5. *Arguments*- still not well governed 6. *Brawls*- "" 7. *Gambling*

Football Rules Committee's Solution to Reduce Injuries: (3)

1. 1906 meeting 2. Amos Alonzo Stagg 3. Forward pass

How would free African Americans now fit into US society? (4)

1. Educational system 2. Jim Crow Laws 3. Plessy vs Ferguson 4. Impact of separate but equal on education

Football drives college sports to organize 3 ways:

1. Faculty committees formed to oversee athletics 2. League of IV (1st college athletic conference) 3. Rules to govern college athletics

The Beginnings of Sport and Fitness in the US: (3)

1. German immigrants take the lead 2. Muscular Christianity emerges as first "fitness rationale" 3. Physicians lead college PE programs

List serious sports that were reserved for the upper class and were considered expensive: (7)

1. Horseracing 2. Boxing 3. Rowing 4. Yacht racing 5. Baseball 6. Track & Field (previously called Athletics) 7. Football

Sport at the College Level included: (5)

1. Intercollegiate contests 2. Variety of sports 3. Student initiated 4. Violence (style of play) 5. Beginnings of NCAA (1895)

Separation of the race becomes part of American sport, and some African American athletes that stood out were: (3)

1. Issac Murphy 2. Marshal "Major" Taylor 3. Moses "Fleetwood" Walker

In Massachusetts the Pilgrims believed in the Puritan Work Ethic, what did this idea consist of? (6)

1. No play on Sunday, it's strictly devoted to religion 2. Discipline 3. Moral character was at the highest esteem 4. Everything you do is for religion 5. They thought of sport as simple 6. They didn't want "idle hands" so they focused on work

By 1840, there were ____ million immigrants from where? (4)

12 million -Ireland -Germany -Sweden -Africa

By 1840, _______ towns had more than ________ people, and _____ states belonged to the union.

133; 2500; 26

College football play in the first _____ years were localized in private New England colleges

20 years

In 1859, the 1st college baseball game was played, what was the score? So what path did baseball evolve through?

73-72 recreational -> professional -> college

In 1619 who provided labor for Virginia?

African slaves

Baseball becomes a sport through who's team called Knickerbockers in 1842? He and his friends established rules for play and moved their field where? They begin play as an "_______ _____"--He and his friends recognized the first organized game of baseball.

Alexander Cartwright's To the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, NJ "organized club"

We have different baseball leagues today because of the which association formed in 1882? What's something different btwn the National (NL) and American Leagues present then and now? What was things this league did differently? (4) Why was there friction between leagues? This led to what?

American Association of Baseball Clubs (competition of the NL) Diff styles. Lowered ticket prices, sold alcohol, rougher play, signed NL players AL signed NL team players to their team; led to regulations

________ _______ ________ was a director of the school of gymnastics. Organized and hosted "Boston Conference on Physical Training" convention to discuss different approaches for PE and debate the philosophies because everyone was doing something different and she believed we all had to work on the same page.

Amy Morris Homans

Were slave jockeys and trainers treated well? What happened with African American involvement in horse races later on?

Apparently yes because they were the ones taking care of the horses Later on they were banned from participating in horse racing and whites took over, eventually they were allowed again

During the Dead Ball Era, we see baseball change a lot when who comes along?

Babe Ruth

What are 2 sports of American Origin?

Basketball Volleyball

Why were sports in college considered extracurricular?

Because it was thought that there wasn't any purpose within the university for college athletics

Why was sport in college student initiated?

Because the faculty wanted nothing to do with it

The first academy was founded by _______ ____________ in 1749.

Ben Franklin

______ __________ was really into swimming and wrote a book called __________ ____________ _________. Through this book he legitimized the importance of usefulness of this sport and nowadays people still use the techniques he wrote about.

Ben Franklin; Swimming Rendered Easy

_______ ___________ believed in keeping children _________ and in _________ the youth

Ben Franklin; healthy; educating

The first public school for children was:

Boston Latin School in New England (I'm not sure??)

In around 1900, volleyball was introduced in ___________, in ________ by US Army, in _________ by Japanese grads of the YMCA Training School.

Canada; Cuba; Japan

What path does football evolve through? Why did football have such as hard time becoming professional?

College -> Professional because of the society's view on professionalism

This caused colleges to change, how?

College education changed, many were religious colleges or liberal arts, now they offered electives or degrees rather than just training schools like YMCA

Which of the following is true? Throughout the 19th century Select one: a. Americans became less resistant to the idea that adults could use their "spare time" for recreational play and sport b. America experienced a cultural revolution and sport changed along with everything else c. the rise of Muscular Christianity was a positive force in the development of sport and physical education d. all of the above

D. all of the above

__________ _________ designed strength training equipment (pulleys) and founded "Harvard Fatigue Lab." Considered "Father of Exercise Physiology," as he was forward thinking in what cell do when they're under stress/exercise He had his own private PE school known as Sargent Normal School in Boston He was known for writing exercise prescriptions for students, where he would take each student and write a specific fitness plan for them to train

Dudley Sargent

The first PE leaders/thinker to emerge: (3)

Dudley Sargent William Anderson Amy Morris Homans

New York/New Amsterdam were led by the ________ and the ___________ and because they were led by different colonists there were different cultures getting mixed together.

Dutch; Germans

Where was the first organized baseball game held?

Elysian Fields

Taverns and Inns were the American version of __________ pubs, _____________ beer halls, and _____________ inns (like a bed and breakfast).

English pubs; German beer halls; European inns

From the American Revolution to the War of 1812 to the Civil War (1800-1860) was the Era of ________ __________, in which what happened? (list 7)

Era of Good Feelings: 1. Establishment of govt. 2. Louisiana purchase 3. Immigration 4. Migration west 5. Telegraph, railroads, steamboats 6. Baseball 7. Development of slavery controversy

In basketball, they nailed wooden crate onto the wall but what did they do that made the game go very slow? Why were basketball players referred to as "cagers"?

Every time someone threw the ball into the basket someone had to go get the ball because they didn't cut the bottom of the crate. At the time there were nets that separated the court made them look like they were in a cage. The net prevented the ball from going out of bounds because at the time if it went out of bounds the ball was a free for all

TRUE OR FALSE: Marshall W. "Major" Taylor was the first African American in baseball.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Sport in the south during the 17th century was no different than anywhere else in America

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The "father of American football" was Amos Alonzo Stagg.

False

TRUE OR FALSE: The ball game, cricket was more popular in America than it was in England.

False

In College football, the _______ _______ was the triangle formation in which they had all the big guys at the front and then the runner in the middle back, so the bigger guys would plow people runner would get through no problem.

Flying Wedge

The 1906 meeting allowed for the ________ _______ to bring the ball away from the center of the field and not have everyone in the same location in order to reduce injuries. However this was not used very much, why?

Forward pass because the ball was fatter, so it was harder to hold and throw. It was riskier play to throw it than run

Modern tennis began where?

France

What did the French call tennis and where did they play it? What 2 names did the English call tennis and where did they play it?What did they do to the court dimensions?

French called it "tenez" and played indoors on clay English called it "real tennis" or "court tennis" and brought it outdoors on grass and changed the court dimensions

It was really popular when Harvard would play Yale, but some of the games were known as blood baths due to the violence of the game. Which was one of the famous blood baths?

Hammond Yard Blood Bath

___________ racing became popular, in which the horse were trotting. Horse racing became so popular that what happened in Washington DC?

Harness In Washington DC, a track for horse racing was built

Which college was a part of higher education during the early beginnings of education in the 1600s?

Harvard College

The first big rivalry in college football was between which 2 schools?

Harvard and Yale

In 1852, the first rowing intercollegiate contest was against which two ivy league schools?

Harvard vs. Yale

________ _______ was 7/8th white and 1/8th black. He sat in the whites only car and was convicted for breaking the Jim Crow law in NOLA. He had a $_____ fine and ______ day jail time. His case went into the Surpreme Court, which was famously known as ________ vs. _________, from which the separate but equal legislation came about.

Homer Plessy; $25 and 20 day; Plessy vs Ferguson

How did technology become a vehicle for sport, particularly the radio?

In the golden ages people would listen to sport in the radio, this technology brought sport to the people and their homes

________ _________ was a jockey who won the Kentucky Derby a couple of times. He was forced out of being a jockey and competing in the Derby as black jockeys were no longer allowed.

Issac Murphy

How was tennis scored in the beginning? What did the baseline look like? What did the net look like? What happened to the scoring? What did they add?

It was scored like badminton. Baselines were wide; net came in a little bit and had an hourglass shape. Eventually the scoring was changed; they added tiebreakers and women were playing.

Is this (large-scale spectator athletics) something the colleges wanted?

It was student controlled, but now the colleges begin to notice large crowds of people coming into campus, so it wasn't so much they didn't want it, it was more about the fact that they weren't sure what to do/handl it

________ ________ saw a tennis match and came home and built a court in his own home. He also organized the first tennis tournament at his own home and was considered the "Father of American Tennis"

James Dwight

____________ was a character in a menstrual show in the reconstruction era in which the actor would do black face, dance and portray black people in a stereotypical way.

Jim Crow

Who was instrumental in the dance movement?

Margaret H'Doubler

_________ ________ ________ was the first superstar of cycling. His parents were descended from slaves; his father was employed by wealthy and prominent white family as their coachman. He had the good fortune of being educated in the family's home and became friend's with the family's son, with whom he performed stunts on his bike. At age _____ he was hired to perform stunts in front of a bike store to lure customers. He got his nickname __________ because he wore a solder's uniform at his job. At age ____ he moved from Indianapolis to Massachusetts due to racism, but the _________________ (LAW) enacted a "whites only" rule membership.

Marshall "Major" Taylor 14; 17; League of American Wheelmen (LAW)

_______ _______: had strong emphasis on health for female students, in her daily routine every morning for students they had to do calisthenics and walk.

Mary Leon

Eventually, __________ _____________ brought tennis to America in 1874. She was a NY socialite, and while on vacation in Bermuda (English colony), she saw British officers playing tennis. When she came back she introduced the game in the Staten Island Club of NY.

Mary Outerbridge

*1. German immigrants take the lead- the emergence of "Turner Societies"* -German immigrants in _________ and _________ bring gymnastics/volksturnen to the US and form exercise groups

Massachusetts and New York

What was volleyball initially called? Net measured: ___ ft. _____ in. Was there a limit on players? Was there a limit on the number of hits before the ball crossed the net? Each game had how many innings? What did each inning mean? Did they limit the number of innings? How does it compare to today's version of the game?

Minonette (or mintonette) 6'6'' net No No Game = 9 innings; each inning = 3 serves by each team Yes. Now you serve until you side out

_________ ___________ played for the Toledo Blue Stockings and they were supposed to play the Chicago White Stockings and the most popular player refused to play them because he was in the team; eventually the team played against them.

Moses Fleetwood

In 1863, who ran from 1st to 2nd base without waiting for the batter to get a hit (first to steal a base)?

Ned Cuthbert

Private college in _____ ______ and two men change the game of football

New England

Were their many rules in college football regarding who could play or coach? Because of violence what happens?

No, there were few rules We see a need for more rules

"Major's" success as an African American athlete offended whites, so what would these whites do during races against? What did "Major" do about it? What was the downside of his strategy?

Opponents would intentionally wreck him, so his theory was "when I race I jump out in front and I'm gonna stay out in front." This strategy helped him win a lot of races, but the downside of it was that it didn't allow him the chance to draft so he used a lot of energy from beginning to end of the race whereas other contestants choose to save their energy in the beginning.

People in Pennsylvania were very _________-loving, so they did not want conflict with others and were never involved in battles. They engaged in activities such as: (4)

Peace-loving -Ice skating -Swimming -Hunting & Fishing (for survival)

How did the medical field prevent women from becoming involved in PE? What activities did women participate in despite this?

Physicians believed that exercising would reduce their chances of having children Participated in archery, croquet, and tennis

What is the pivot in basketball? This was allowed how many years after the invention of basketball?

Pivot: when you stop, keep one foot in place, and you can move the other foot in any direction in order to shoot the ball. Allowed 2 years after invention.

When the immigrants came into the New World, they found Native Americans doing what?

Playing sport

___________________: addressed injuries and deaths. Some colleges wanted to ban football but people didn't want that. He had a son or nephew who played football at an ivy league school, so he talked to them about having a group to oversee making the game safer and looking at things like player eligibility/recruiting. Called the Meeting of _______ with football in 1906. Also called ____ colleges to meet in 1910, to form the Intercollegiate Athletic Association.

President Theodore Roosevelt; Universities; 60

The 1st every college football game was between which two teams?

Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869)

What was something Amos was really good at despite the fact that it was frowned upon because it lured players away from other teams? What did he begin?

Recruiting. He began a national track and field meet, and though it had nothing to do with football, they could also play football because of their abilities in that sport so he would bring them together and recruit whoever he saw fit for his football team and get them interested in Chicago. Was essentially doing things no one else was.

The Cincinnati _____________ were the first professional team to be labelled as professional, they were the first to pay their players and players had no other job; usually players in other teams had other jobs. We popular as long as they won, and they did a lot, but once they lost what happened? They on a ___________ tour and went from city to city and played local teams for a year to two and half years.

Red Stockings; crowds stopped seeing them and they disbanded. barnstorming

Those who came to Pennsylvania were in search of what?

Religious freedom

In 1902 the _________ ________ was the first bowl game. It was held in conjunction with the rose festival in Pasadena. All floats are made with flowers. They created a game in conjunction. Two teams that played were: _________ (California team) v. ________. They decided to let it go after the first year because it was too overwhelming and didn't come back until the 1920s.

Rose Bowl; Stanford v. Michigan

Which was the first intercollegiate sport?

Rowing

As basketball became part of the YMCA, PE instructor _______ ________ from Smith College watched what they played and introduced basketball to women and was responsible for getting the first women playing basketball. She modified the rules to be more ladylike and less physical: -How many zones? Could you move to diff zones? -How many players on a team? -Was stealing allowed?

Senda Berenson -3 zones; no, you stay in your designated zone. -6 or 9 players -No stealing allowed

Back then, football was more like which two sports? How was it similar to soccer? Rugby? There were larger teams, so what was the emphasis when playing?

Soccer and rugby Soccer: the ball was round, you score on point every time ball was kicked between the score pole Rugby: carrying the ball, contact begins to change. Kicking

Originally there were a few black players in professional baseball, but what would some teams do in regards to that?

Some teams refused to play teams with black players

The development of the American ____________: -Benefited from the absence of the Puritan influence -Was facilitated by a favorable climate -The English importation of sports and games was a positive force -With a tolerant Catholic Church, it helped the growth and popularity of sports in the region.

South

__________ were the meeting, socializing, entertainment and diversion from work because often the labor was physical and most people weren't sitting behind a desk all day. These were known as the social center of towns.

Taverns

What were the first few intercollegiate sports? (3)

Tennis Golf Track and Field

Which era prior to the civil war is considered a significant time in the evolution and development of sport?

The Era of Good Feelings

What was absent from the rules in basketball? (3)

The number of players on a team What to do after a score How to start a game

In 1916 Philippines: The _____ and _______, which was an offensive strategy of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player was introduced. The Filipinos develops the "_________" or kill, and called the hitter a "__________"

The set and spike; "bombs;" "bomberino"

States passed mandatory laws that said children must go to school, the result was more schools. Many wondered how they would educate all children (white and black), so rather than integrating both races, many schools did what? Did this practice only include public facilities? In the south these practices were put into law, also known as what?

They practiced the separation of the races, so separate schools, hospitals, water fountains, etc. No, it included private ones as well, like hotels and restaurants. Jim Crow Laws

How were telegraphs used in the era of good feelings?

They were a way to info out, such as what was happening at the race tracks

New York/New Amsterdam set up a new precedent for sport, so at the time, they were recognized as what? Why? How did the race grow?

They were recognized as the center of sport. Because they were the first to do horse racing. Their governor organized the first formal horse race Then the race began to grow as they started charging for admission tickets, etc.

In 1883, the US Supreme Court prevented Jim Crow laws from taking play in public spaces, but what was the problem?

They were still legal in private areas

__________ __________ and ________ _________ were accepting of sport and physical activity.

Thomas Jefferson; Ben Franklin

The impact of this separate but equal was that colleges and high school s became separate but "equal." In 1881, black teachers were allowed to what?

To teach at white schools

_________ ____________ was a former slave and became America's first well-known pugilist

Tom Molineaux

TRUE OR FALSE: During the antebellum era, and afterwards as well, social position and social class often dictated which sports you could and could not do.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Early American football was a violent sport, which is a characteristic of the way football is played today.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Shooting matches as well as boxing were popular sports in the South

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The first collegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton.

True

TRUE OR FALSE: The majority of athletes in boxing and horse racing in the South were slaves

True

How did pitching change in baseball? Who threw the first curve ball? Did they mean to throw it that way? _____: the first to steal a base The _______: is more of a strategically placed ball to move the runners across the bases. When you hit the ball short, wasn't done; considered sissy-like

Underhand pitching to make the batter miss as well as overhand pitching begins Candy Cumming; it was meant to be an overhand pitch Bunt The bunt

Which colony was considered the leading southern colony?

Virginia

During colonial America, race tracks were built in which 3 colonies?

Virginia, South Carolina, and Maryland

Which was the 2nd sport of the YMCA? Who invented it in 1895 and who was he? Where was this YMCA located?

Volleyball William Morgan, director of YMCA Holyoke, MA

Who said that each team in the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs had to pay a membership fee? He also said that in order to play in the league you'd have to play in a city with at least _________ population, such as which 3 cities? What did he say about forfeiting and why?

W.A. Hulbert 75000; Philly, Cincinnati, and NY if you forfeit a game you're out of the league in order for players to take it seriously and "clean up" prof bball

In 1871, ______________ and ____________ helped organize the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs. Who out of these two had connections as the owner and coach of the Chicago White Stockings (The Cubs today), and helped legitimize baseball as a professional league. Why was the status of the prof. league problematic?

W.A. Hulbert and A.G. Spalding. A.G. Spalding Americans thought "why not play for money instead of the fun of it?" Feared it would replace the recreational game

_______ __________ was an officer in the British army who was credited with bringing tennis outdoors.

Walter Wingfield

__________ _________ became director of now Delphi school. Organized a meeting of college PE faculty and formed a national organization known as AAPE, which later became AAHPERD, and 2 years ago was changed to SHAPE AAPE = ? AAHPERD = ?

William Anderson AAPE: Association for Advancement of Physical Education AAHPERD: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance

Quakers, such as ___________ _________, were the society of friends

William Penn

_____________ _________ banned all games and amusements, but as Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) began to grow, sports and games became more accepted, such as ____________.

William Penn; bowling

Colleges/Universities get into the business of training teachers (either start PE programs and align with existing private "normal" schools or get teachers from other schools to train them), Which was the first school to do this? Which was another school to do this and was the girls college to Tulane University? There was a separation of __________ not just race.

YMCA Training School in Springfield, MA. Newcomb College gender (like the YWCA or Newcomb)

In Massachusetts there were absolutely no what on Sundays?

amusements

Native American also had a sacred ________ ________, since their culture was built on religious rituals. In this game they ran a 25 mile course while kicking a ball around as a religious ritual.

ball race

The teams on universities were considered campus _______, so the teams were officially run as such by students not the school itself like today

campus clubs

In English rugby how many points did you earn for carrying the ball over the goal? How many if you kick it?

carry it: 2 pts. kick it: 5 pts.

Taverns were builts in various ________ and were built about a day's ride by _____________ from each other (from _________ to _____)

cities; horseback; Canada; GA

Baseball Select one: a. has its origin during the colonial period b. did not become popular in America until the early to mid-1800s c. initially was not considered a "manly activity" because it was generally considered a game for children d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Harness racing Select one: a. was a popular sport during the 19th century b. appealed to all social classes c. was the leading spectator sport by the early 1850's Incorrect d. all of the above

d. all of the above

With regard to football, which of the following is true? Select one: a. American football gradually evolved from rugby and soccer; these two sports were played at Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Rutgers and Columbia b. Walter Camp replaced the rugby "scrummage" with the line of scrimmage c. Walter Camp determined that football would be played with 11 athletes on a team d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Very much like those who came to New York/New Amsterdam, people who went to Virginia were in search of what rather than what?

economic opportunity rather than religious freedom

In New York/New Amsterdam people had a strong __________ and _____________ values as well as _____________ and ______________.

family; community; frugality; diligence

New York (New Amsterdam) had good __________, ___________, & ___________

food; drink; gambling

European influences didn't only bring over their __________ but they also brought over ___________ and ___________

games; religion; attitudes

Back then, tennis was like which other sport in terms of being popular with the upper class?

golf

In the beginning, the idea of volleyball was to keep the ball where? If a served ball went out what would happen? What other sport was this procedure similar to? How were scores scored back then? How does this compare to today's version? Today, there's different positions, such as: A lot of the game aided with what?

in the air If a served ball went out, you got another try to get the ball into the court; similar to tennis You could only score on your serve, otherwise it was a sideout. Today, there's a point in every serve, which is now faster in terms of scoring. Liberos, middle blockers, wing spikers, defensive specialists, etc. Aided with audience entertainment

At the turn of the century, tennis would become an ____________ sport (from England to the US). _______ ________ was an American college student in Harvard who was a tennis player and was the first to organize a competition between England and US. What was the prize?

international Dwight Davis; the prize was the Davis Cup

What was the civil war to baseball?

it was a vehicle for the spread of baseball

How was the train taking over the transportation system in relation to intercollegiate sport?

it was becoming such a common method of transportation to go to the games that they sponsored the rowing constest

The most important sport for the Native Americans was similar to ____________ and was called _______________, which meant "ball games" or "game of ball"

lacrosse; baggataway

Through volleyball William Morgan wanted to create a game in which people would gather at __________ time for ___________, and they would hit a ball over a net, which at the time was primitive version of the sport we know today. Volleyball then was more of a "_________ ____" game

lunch; recreation "pick up"

Contributions of other countries make use more what?

make us more diverse and it's still seen today

In 1776 Independence Day took place, in which a _____________ act was done in order for people to take _____________ of who they are.

nationalistic; ownership

At one point some of the colonies prohibited ______________ (or bowling) because of the ____________ associated with it. In order to find a loophole or go around this law/ban, a new pin was added because there wasn't a ban against the game with 10 pins

ninepins; gambling

The people of Virginia figured out they could plant tobacco, so they embraced ________ __________ because they worked in farms

physical activity

Because New York/New Amsterdam didn't have religious prohibitions like Massachusetts, they did play games. One of the main games they played was ____________ the ___________, in which they would place a goose in the middle of the street with a rope tied around its neck and they would pull on the rope until the neck was broken. This activity was done for _______________.

pulling the goose; merriment

Tennis had been around for a while before it was popularized in America during which era?

reconstruction era

As sport developed during the nineteenth century, it was generally agreed that playful _____________ sport in the early 1800's tended toward games and less competitive activities, while the concept of ____________ sport as we know it today became more prevalent during the late 1800's

recreational; competitive

Most people coming to New York/New Amsterdam didn't come for ___________ _____________, they came for money.

religious freedom

The Pilgrims came in search of a new life into the colonies, more specifically they came in search of _________________ ______________.

religious freedom (their service was god)

Through the League of IV, they saw a need not only coming together as a _________, but coming together as a _________, so many conferences formed

school; conferences

In cities there was a huge interest in having __________; whereas in frontiers there was less development in education and more focus on __________.

schools; work

In ____________ school, it was a Latin grammar school but they would study reading and writing. They would also engage in PE activities and studied catechism, and few girls went to these schools.

secondary

The Pilgrims in Massachusetts had a strong desire to do what?

set up schools

Native American women played ___________, which was similar to _______ __________.

shynai; field hockey

In New York/New Amsterdam , they also played a game called ___________, in which a ball was thrown down an alley.

skittles

Overview of US history: The 1800s was the era of what?

the Era of Good Feeling

Overview of US history: What happened in the 1700s?

the colonies fight for independence/expansion

Overview of US history: What happened in the 1500s?

the discovery of the New World

In Massachusetts taverns were what?

the major social center

Overview of US history: What happened in the 1600s?

the settling of the New World

Those who came to New York, or New Amsterdam at the time, came with what?

they came with a strong commercial spirit--- as wealth seekers

The Quakers of Pennsylvania were what?

they were just as opposed to play games and sport as their puritan counterparts

In the era of good feelings how are immigrants settling?

they're settling in smaller communities that are centered around people like them who share their culture/values/origin, etc. (think of chinatown and little italy today)

The "work ethic" means:

to be seen working hard is a sign of one's inner moral goodness

What was the main crop in Virginia?

tobacco

A past rule for college football was if a pass didn't touch a player on either team it was a ____________, so makes it high risk for most teams. If it was an ________________ pass (drops it), it could be taken by any player an considered a __________. The _______ in baseball was considered "sissy-like" and so was the ________ ________ in football.

turnover; incomplete pass; fumble bunt; forward pass

Boxing in the early 1800s was perceived as brutal by the _________ class since boxers fought bare-knuckled and there were few rules. Boxers were known as travelling "________" Matches were staged by _______ owners. ____ ________ was an African American boxer who was granted his freedom and fought in the US and Europe. He fought British Champion, _____ ______ in 1810.

upper class "professionals" slave owners; Tom Molineux; Tom Cribb

Minonette (or mintonette) was introduced at the YMCA Training School later on in the year of 1895 and was renamed ____________.

volleyball