KIN 3304: EXAM 3
5 distinct sections of spinal column
-1. cervical (7) -2. thoracic (12) -3. lumbar (5) -4. sacral (5 fused vertebrae: *sacrum*) -5. coccygeal (4 fused vertebrae: *coccyx*)
Sesamoid bones in foot
-2 -plantar surface of the first metatarsal bone -mechanical advantage
Vertebral column
-24 intricate & complex articulating vertebrae that are free moving -9 are fused -311 pairs of spinal nerves -most complex part of body other than CNS
Ankle and foot
-26 bones -19 large muscles -many small intrinsic muscles -more than 100 ligaments
Bones of feet (1)
-26 bones within each foot, form an arch -3 divisions -directional references in the foot: --dorsal (top) --plantar (bottom/sole)
Excessive curvature of spine
-3 common conditions -*kyphosis* --excessive curvature of thoracic spine --hunchback/round shoulders -*lordosis* --excessive curvature of the lumbar spine --swayback -*scoliosis* --excessive lateral curvature of the spinal column --usually in thoracic spine, but may also occur in cervical & lumbar spine
Lateral view reveals
-3 curvatures (4) -2 anterior curves in cervical & lumbar regions -1 posterior curves in thoracic (& 1 in sarcococcygeal regions)
Internal oblique abdominal
-Action: --lumbar flexion --lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side --lumbar lateral rotation to *ipsilateral side* --posterior pelvic rotation --lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side -application: aid in rotating the trunk when working independently, assist rectus abdominis actions when working together -forced inspiration
External oblique abdominal
-Action: --lumbar flexion --lumbar lateral flexion to ipsilateral side --lumbar lateral rotation to *contralateral side* --posterior pelvic rotation --lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side -Application: aid in rotating the trunk when working independently, assist rectus abdominis actions when working together -forced inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
-Actions: --extension of head --flexion of cervical spine --rotation to contralateral side --lateral flexion to ipsilateral side
Transversus abdominis
-Actions: --forced expiration --helps compress the ribs & viscera -Application: helps hold the abdomen flat, provides core stability -Strengthen: isometric contraction
Rectus abdominis
-Actions: lumbar flexion & weak lateral flexion to ipsilateral side -Application: forced expiration & controls tilt of the pelvis & curvature of the lumbar spine: flattens the back to increase effectiveness of erector spinae & hip flexors
Pelvic bones
-Ilium (superior) -Ishium (posterior & inferior) -Pubis (anterior & inferior) -fused: os coxae
Right and left
-____ & ____ pelvic bone joined together posteriorly by the sacrum -extension of spinal column with five fused vertebrae
All
-____ ribs attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
Muscles
-_____ become weak when not used --walking
Curves
-______ allow column to absorb shocks -_____ may increase or decrease as center as center of gravity shifts
Rectus femoris (2 joint muscle)
-a football kicker leans backward to raise & fix the origin of the rectus femoris muscle
Flexion of hip (rectus femoris)
-abdominal muscles called into action to prevent anterior rotation during flexion
Gastrocnemius (knee)
-action: knee flexion -application: propels body upwards & forward -running, jumping, skipping
Low back pain
-acute strains, muscle spasms of lumbar extensors -disk herniation -may be caused by using the relatively small back muscles to lift objects from a flexed lumbar spine -instead should keep lumbar spine in a neutral position while squatting & using larger muscles of lower extremity (bend at hips not at waist) -lifestyles frequently have us in lumbar flexion & cervical hyperextension (flat back)
Medial hip adduction
-adductor brevis -adductor longus -adductor magnus -gracilis ORIGIN: pubis
Common groin
-adductor brevis, lomgus, magnus, pectineus, & gracilis -hip adduction -strained by overstretching, more common
Tibiofibular joint
-amphiarthrodial joint -proximal & distal ligaments, interosseous membrane -minimal movement -widens during dorsiflexion -high ankle sprain
Pubic symphysis
-amphiarthrodial joint -right & left pelvic bones -minimal oscillating movement during hip flexion
Sartorius
-anterior -ACTION: anterior pelvic rotation -HIP: flexion, abduction -KNEE: flexion, internal rotation -external rotation of thigh as it flexes the knee -longest muscle in body -used in assuming the sitting position, stronger hip flexor when knee is extended
Pectineus (common groin)
-anterior -ACTION: hip flexion, strong adductor & external rotator --pelvis: forward tilt -application: works with iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
-anterior -ACTIONS: anterior pelvic rotation -flexion of hip -extension of knee -part of quadriceps group, used in running & jumping (only crosses knee & hip)
Iliopsoas (true groin)
-anterior -iliacus, psoas major & minor -Origin: ilium & lumbar vertebrae -Insertion: lesser trochanter & pubis
Cruciate ligaments of knee
-anterior cruciate ligament -posterior cruicate ligament -front to back stability
Spinal flexion
-anterior movement of the spine --cervical flexion: head moves towards chest --lumbar flexion: thorax moves toward the pelvis
Action of iliopsoas
-anterior pelvic rotation -HIP: flexion, external rotation, transverse pelvis rotation -SPINE: lumbar flexion, lateral flexion
Vertebrae joints
-arthrodial plane joint -movement between any two vertebrae (other than atlas & axis) is minimal -combined movement from several vertebrae allows for substantial movements -between the inferior articular facets of one vertebrae & the superior articular facets of the vertebrae below -less movement in thoracic region than cervical & lumbar
First two cervical vertebrae
-atlas -axis -shapes allow for movement of head (rotation, atlas goes around axis)
Hip joint
-ball & socket joint -head of femur with acetabulum of pelvic girdle
Hamstrings
-biceps femoris -semimembranosus -semitendinosus -named for cord-like attachment at knee -posterior muscle group, antagonists to quadriceps -hip extension, internal & external rotation -knee flexion, internal & external rotation
Posterior knee muscles
-biceps femoris -semimembranosus -semitendinosus -sartorius -popliteus -gastrocnemius -plantaris ------(knee flexion)
Posterior muscles for knee flexion (rotation)
-biceps femoris -semimembranosus -semitendosus -saritorius -popliteus -gastronemius -plantaris
Externally
-biceps femoris is lateral and rotates ____
Q angle
-central line of pull for entire quadriceps -line of pull of patella tendon -angle formed by the intersection of these two lines at the patella is the Q angle -bigger in women
Lateral flexion (neck)
-cervical lateral flexion: head moves laterally toward the shoulder -lumbar lateral flexion: thorax moves laterally toward the pelvis
Rotation
-cervical rotation -lumber rotation
Splenius
-cervicis & capitis -Actions: extension of head & cervical spine & lateral flexion & rotation to ipsilateral side -Application: tone holds head & neck in proper posture
Pronation (ankle & foot)
-combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, & forefoot abduction (toe-out)
Supination (ankle & foot)
-combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, & forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Iliotibial band (knee)
-combination of gluteus maximus & tensor fasciae tendons of insertion -crosses the knee near lateral condyle of femur & inserts on to anterior portion of lateral tibial condyle -assists with flexion & extension of knee -between full extension & 10 to 15 degrees of flexion, located anteriorly to lateral femoral condyle & assists with extension -past 15 degrees of flexion, shifts to posterior to lateral femoral condyle & assists with flexion (IT band can assists in both flexion & extension bc of band relative to that condyle)
Application of gluteus maximus
-comes into action when hip joint passes 15% extension-not used in walking but is in running, skipping, jumping, return from squatting, largely responsible for appearance of posterior pelvis/hips
Foot trouble
-common alignment problems -poor foot mechanics = foot discomfort -muscular development, strength, & proper foot mechanics
Shin splits (1)
-common among runners & dancers who have intensified their training -activity level inappropriate for current flexibility, strength, endurance -may recover with rest & ice, or progress to a stress fracture -preventionL stretching plantarflexors, strengthening dorsiflexors
Spinal column
-composed of 33 bones stacked into a column -vertebrae (irregular bones)
Atlantoocipital joint
-condyloid joint -occipital condyles (skull) on first vertebra -flexion, extension, slight lateral flexion (ear to shoulder)
Metatarsophalangeal joint
-condyloid joints -flexion & extension -some abduction & adduction
Plantar fascia
-covering all muscles on plantar aspect is the ____ ____ -protects muscles, blood vessels, nerves -stabilizes medial longitudinal arch -propels body forward during later stance phase
Anterior muscles of spinal cord
-differ than most other muscles in that they attach from bone to an aponeurosis (fascia)
Errector spinae
-divided into 3 muscles -*iliocostalis* (lateral) -*longissimus* (intermediate) -*spinalis* -each has 3 sections -functions: extension, lateral flexion, rotate
Anterior compartment (ankle/foot)
-dorsiflexors -tibialis anterior -peroneus tertius -extensor digitorum longus -entensor hallucis longus
Obligatory terminal rotation
-during the last 30% of knee extension on fixed femur, the tibia externally rotates about 10% -tibiofemoral joint locks into place in full extension -results from: --condylar structure --ligament (ACL, medial & lateral collateral ligament)
Menisci
-each knee has two -lateral & medial -cushion, enchance stability -deepen receptacle for femoral condyle
Movement of foot (1)
-eversion (subtalar joint) -weight is on the medial edge of your foot -inversion (subtalar joint) -weight is on lateral edge of foot
Lateral ankle and foot muscles
-evertors (muscles)
Lateral compartment (ankle/foot)
-evertors -peroneus longus -peroneus brevis -two most powerful evertors -tendons run posterior to lateral malleolus, provides mechanical advantage
Posterior
-extension of spinal cord
Bones of knee
-femur -patella (sesamoid) -tibia (weight-bearing) -fibula (non-weight bearing)
Anterior cruciate ligament sprain
-femur & tibia twisting in opposite directions under full body weight stresses ACL -imbalances in quadriceps-hamstrings strength ratio -females tend to injure ACL more often than males
Rolls
-femur ___ and glides over both menisci during extension-flexion
Metatarsophalangeal joint movements
-flexion --toes move towards plantar surface -extension --toes move towards dorsal surface -some abduction & adduction
Movements of hip joint
-flexion -extension -abduction -adduction -internal rotation -external rotation -horizontal abduction -horizontal adduction
Interphalangeal joint
-flexion & extension
Popliteus
-flexion & internal rotation -only pure knee flexor -unlocks knee from 'screwed home' full extension position
Posterior deep compartment (ankle/foot)
-flexor digitorum longus -flexor hallucis longus -tibialis posterior (plantar flexors & invertors, tendon runs posterior to medial malleolus, mechanical advantage for inversion) -popliteus (knee flexion)
Anterior
-flexor of spinal cord
Arches of foot
-formed by bone shape & supporting ligaments, fascia, & muscles -metatarsal & transverse arches (dorsal surface) -longitudinal arch (medial & lateral)
Grouping by location (ankle/foot)
-four compartments of the lower leg -extrinsic muscles of the foot -defined by fascia -tightly surrounds each compartment -facilitates venous return -prevents excessive swelling of muscles during exercise
Application of errector spinae
-functions best with posterior pelvis rotation, as this lowers origin -holds the spine straight, which raises the ribs, fixes the chest high & make abdominal muscle more effective -strengthened by dead lifts, back extension exercises
Plantar flexors (ankle/foot)
-gastrocnemius -flexor digitorum longus -flexor hallucis longus -peroneus longus -peroneus brevie -plantaris -soleus -tibialis posterior
Achilles tendon strain (tendinitis)
-gastrocnemius & soleus muscles may be strained from increased activity, especially running & jumping -repeated plantarflexion -if untreated, may rupture as result of progressive degeneration of the tissue -disabling, require surgery
Posterior hip extension muscles
-gluteus maximus -biceps femoris -semitendinosus -semimbranosus -external rotators ORIGIN: posterior sacrum/ischial tuberosity
Lateral hip abduction muscles
-gluteus medius -gluteus minimus -external rotators -tensor fasciae latae ORIGIN: below ilac crest
Ankle sprains
-greatest risk in side-to-side movements -Inversion: impacts lateral aspect -Eversion: impacts medial aspect -High sprain: spraining of anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligaments -Turf toe: spraining of ligaments of first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe) -if return to use occurs before healing, ligaments may stretch, leading to decreased ankle stability & increasing chance of frequent sprain
Stance phase (walking)
-heel strike, supination -midstance, pronation -toe-off, supination prior to & during push off
Medial longitudinal arch
-height of arch described by distance between top of navicular bone & ground (injuries)
Bones of foot (2)
-hindfoot (2 bones) --talus --calcaneus -body weight transferred from tibia to talus & calcaneus -posterior surface of calcaneus --heel, insertion for achilles
Talocrural joint
-hinge joint -articulation beyween talus, dustal tibia, & distal fibula -ankle is more stable in dorsiflexion than plantarflexion, because anterior portion of talus is wider than posterior portion
Muscle action depends on direction of movement (hips)
-hip flexors used to move thighs toward the trunk, but hip extensors are used eccentrically when pelvis & trunk move downward slowly on the femur (knee-bend exercises)
Bony landmarks
-iliac crest -iliac spine -ischial tuberosity
Posterior pelvic rotation
-iliac crest tilts backward in sagittal plane -upward rotation -posterior tilt
Anterior pelvic rotation
-iliac crest tilts forward in sagittal plane -downward rotation -anterior tilt
Anterior hip flexion muscles
-iliopsoas -pectineus -rectus femoris -sartorius ORIGIN: anterior pelvis
Left lateral pelvic rotation
-in frontal plane left pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to right pelvis -left lateral tilt
Right lateral pelvic rotation
-in frontal plane right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to left pelvis -right lateral tilt
Left transverse pelvic rotation
-in horizontal plane rotation of pelvis to the body's left -right iliac crest moves anteriorly relative to left iliac crest
Right transverse pelvic rotation
-in horizontal plane rotation of pelvis to the body's right -left iliac crest moves anteriorly relative to right iliac crest
Vertebrae
-increase in size towards inferior -body (weight bearing component) -2 transverse processes -1 spinous process (attachment for ligaments & muscles)
Plantar fasciitis
-inflammation of the plantar fascia -occurs from repeated stress, common in runners -may be common with very high or low arches -typically, the point of attachment to the calcaneus is impacted -treatment: rest, stretching, orthotics
Medial ankle and foot muscles
-invertors (muscles)
Knee
-largest diarthrodial joint in body -supports weight of the body -weight-bearing & locomotion=high stress -when extended, knee stabilized from its vertical alignment &the fit of joint surfaces -when flexed, is stabilized by capsule, ligaments, & muscles
Gluteus medius
-lateral -HIP: abduction, flexion, extension, internal & external rotation -PELVIS: anterior & posterior pelvic rotation, lateral tilt to ipsilateral side --various actions depend on which aspect of muscles fibers are contracted
Glueteus minimus
-lateral -HIP: abduction, flexion, internal rotation -PELVIS: anterior pelvic rotation, lateral tilt to ipsilateral side -used in walking, maintains proper hip abduction while running
Tensor fasciae latae
-lateral -HIP: abduction, flexion, internal rotation -PELVIS: forward tilt, lateral tilt to ipsilateral side -prevents external rotation of hip when hip is flexed by other muscles, helps direct the leg forward to ensure proper foot placement while walking/running
Femur landmarks
-lateral & medial femoral condyles -articulation with tibia, patella -medial condyle is slightly more distal & slightly larger than lateral -femur project obliquley
Tibia landmarks
-lateral & medial tibial condyles (articulation with femur) -Gerdy's tubercle (insertion of IT band) -tibial tuberosity
Quadratus lumborum
-lateral flexion to ipsilateral side -lumbar extension -stabilizes pelvis & lumbar -anterior pelvic rotation -lateral pelvic rotation to contralateral side -Application: elevates the pelvis on the same side when standing -strengthened by trunk rotation, lateral flexion against resistance
Intervertebral disks
-located between the vertebral bodies -disks contain: -*annulus fibrosus* -*nucleus pulposus*
Femur
-longest bone in body -LANDMARKS: --greater trochanter --lesser trochanter --line aspera (posterior shaft)
Locomotion
-lower extremities support body weight & the force applied during ____ -1-1.15 x BW (walk) to 2-2.9 x BW (run) -foot strike pattern
Sternum
-manubrium -body -xiphoid process -7 pairs of *true ribs* attach directly to the sternum -5 pairs of *false ribs* --3 pairs attach indirectly to the sternum --2 pairs of *floating ribs* ends are free or vertebral
Breathing
-many muscles of the thorax are deep & are involved in _____
Tibiofemoral joint in sagittal plane
-maximum extension 5-10 -maximum flexion 120-150
Gracialis
-medial -ACTION: Hip-adduction, flexion (weak), internal rotation -Knee-weak internal rotation
Adductor magnus (common groin)
-medial -ACTION: adduction, extension, external rotation -APPLICATION: used in breast stroke of swimming & horseback riding
Adductor brevis (common groin)
-medial -ACTION: adduction, flexion & external rotation
Adductor longus (common groin)
-medial -ACTION: adduction, flexion -APPLICATION: this, along with other adductor muscles provides powerful movement of drawing the thighs together, seen in butterfly stretch
Collateral ligaments of knee
-medial collateral ligament -lateral collateral ligament -side to side stability
Bones of foot (3)
-midfoot --tarsal bones -forefoot --metatarsals --phalanges --two sesamoids
Tibiofemoral articulation
-modified hinge joint -flexion & extension -internal & external rotation during flexion -static stability- ligaments -dynamic stability- hamstrings/quadriceps muscle groups (knee joint)
Lengthened
-muscles are able to exert greater force when they are ____
Structures
-muscles support the ____ of the feet, including the arches
Muscles of spine
-muscles that function in the thorax -erector spinae group (3 muscles, 9 segments) -quadratus lumborum -sternocleidomastoid -splenius -rectus abdominis -transversus abdominis -psoas major & minor
Anterior ankle and foot muscles
-named for location & function -dorsal flexors -toe extensors
Swing phase (walking)
-occurs when the foot leaves the ground & the leg moves forward to another point of contact -running: differs from walking in that
Intrinsic muscles of foot
-originate & insert within the foot -extensor digitorum brevus on the dorsum of the foot -remainder are in a plantar compartment in four layers on the plantar surface of the foot
Low arch (flat feet)
-over pronation -difficulty supporting weight on toes -heal pain -due to individual anatomy gives an injury susceptibility
High arch
-over-supination -heal pain -due to individual anatomy gives an injury susceptibility
Patellofemoral syndrome
-pain in & around the patellofemoral joint -more common in females -potential cause is greater Q angle -in men this angle tends to be between 10 to 15 degrees -a Q angle greater than 20 degrees will put extra stress on the patellofemoral joint
Atlantoaxial joint
-pivot joint -atlas & axis -more movement than between other vertebrae: rotation
Patellofemoral articulation
-plane joint -gliding motion -function: mechanical advantage & increases angle of full
Movement of foot
-plantar flexion (50 degrees) -dorsal flexion (15-20 degrees) -greater range when knee is flexed due to gastrocnemius -rotation (slight) -external rotation at fibula with dorsiflexion -internal rotation with plantar flexion
Posterior compartment (ankle/foot)
-plantar flexors -gastrocnemius (triceps surae) -soleus (triceps surae) -plantaris (occasionally absent) -insert with achillies tendon
Posterior ankle and foot muscles
-plantar flexors -toe flexors
Gluteus maximus
-posterior -ACTION: extension, adduction, external rotation, abduction of flexed hip
Spinal extension
-posterior movement of the spine --cervical extension: head moves away from the chest --lumbar extension: thorax moves away from the pelvis
External rotators
-posterior, lateral -external rotation -quadratus, femoris, piriformis, gemellus superior & inferior, internal & external oburator -APPLICATION: standing on one leg & forcefully turning the body away from that leg, throwing a baseball or swinging a bat
Extension of knee (rectus femoris)
-powerful extensor of knee when hip is extended, weaker when flexed
Compartment syndrome
-pressure build-up within compartment, second to injury, trauma, or overuse -sharp pain, swelling, weakness of compartment -if severe, may require surgery to release fascia -permanent tissue damage
Functions of spinal column
-protects spinal cord -supports body weight -posture -maintains the brain over the body's center of gravity
True groin
-psoas major & minor, iliacus -hip flexion -strained by hyperextension
Application of iliopsoas
-raises & lowers extremity from floor while supine (leg raise) can strain lower back as will pull on lower back while raising thighs, contracts in sit ups when hips are not flexed
Quadriceps group
-rectus femoris -vastus intermedius -vastus lateralis -vastus medialis -attach to patella -insert at tibial tuberosity -anterior muscle group responsible for knee extension
Anterior muscles for knee extension
-rectus femoris -vastus intermedius -vastus lateralis -vastus medialis -gracilis
Anterior knee muscles
-rectus femoris -vastus lateralis -vastus intermedius -vastus medialis -Knee extension
Hip Joint
-relatively stable due to bony architecture, strong ligaments, & large muscles -functions in both weight bearing & locomotion -wide range of motion
Reduction
-return to neutral from lateral flexion
Pelvic girdle movements
-rotational movement in three planes -results from motion at either hip and/or lumbar spine -anterior & posterior pelvic rotation -left & right lateral pelvic rotation -left & right transverse pelvic rotation
Internally
-semitendinosus & semimembranosus is medial & rotates ____
One
-several muscles of foot/ankle can produce more than ____ movement
Plantaris
-short belly with long tendon of insertion -Origin: linea aspera & oblique popliteal ligament -Insertion: calcaneus (heel) -Action: assists with flexion
Herniated nucleus pulposus
-slipped disk -age, injury make intervertebral disks less resilient, resulting in a weakened *annulus fibrosus* -under compression, nucleus pulposus may protrude through the annulus fibrosus -places pressure on the spinal nerve root, causing pain, tingling, numbness, & weakness in the area supplied by the spinal nerve
Anterior muscles of thorax
-some muscles are linked by fascia & tendinous bands & do not attach from bone to bone
Function of intervertebral disks
-space the vertebrae to allow nerve roots to pass -shock absorption -allows compression in all directions
Movement of spinal column
-spinal flexion --cervical & lumbar flexion -spinal extension --cervical & lumbar extension -lateral flexion -reduction -rotation --cervical & lumbar rotation
Rectus abdominis (1)
-strengthened by sit up & crunches -siting up all the way uses the hip flexors -*tendinous inscriptions* -visible in a relatively lean person with well developed abdominals
Function of ankle
-support & propulsion
Function of arches of the foot
-support body weight in the erect posture -provide space for blood vessels, nerves, & tendons -shock absorption, balance
Subtalar joint & transverse tarsal joint
-talocalcaneal (sub) -talonavicular & calcaneocuboid (trans) -plane joints -combine to allow 20-30 degrees of inversion & 5-15 degrees eversion
Medial or lateral collateral ligament sprain
-these ligaments stabilize the knee joint & prevent abduction & adduction -lateral force stress MCL -medial forces stresses LCL
Iliotibial band (IT band)
-thick band of fascia tissue -insertion of tensor fascia latae & gluteus maximus -passes across greater trochanter of the femur as the hip joint flexes & extends -trochanteric bursa is located between iliotibial band & greater trochanter to facilitate this movement -excessive flexion or extension or direct trauma can cause trochanteric bursitis
Bones of ankle
-tibia (medial) -fibula (lateral) -lateral malleolus on fibula -medial malleolus on tibia (malleoli) -serve as pulley, mechanical advantage
Dorsiflexors (ankle/foot)
-tibialis anterior -peroneus tertius -extensor digitorum longus (extensor of lesser toes) -extensor hallucis longus (extensor of the greater toe)
Invertors (ankle/foot)
-tibialis anterior -tibialis posterior -flexor digitorum longus (flexor of lesser toes) -flexor hallucis longus (flexor of greater toe)
Two
-together ___ pelvic bones make up the pelvic girlde
Sartorius (2 joint muscle)
-total length increases when the pelvis is rotated posteriorly & it becomes more effective at flexing the knee
Application of gluteus medius
-used in walking as weight is suspended on one leg these prevent opposite hip from sagging -maintains proper hip abduction while running
Shin splints (medial tibial syndrome)
-variety of musculotendinous injuries -tears in interosseous membrane -microfractures of tibia -inflammation of tibial or fibular periosteum -injuries tibial posterior/anterior, soleus, extensor digitorum
Torn meniscus
-very common in sports, particularly the medial meniscus -excessive rotation of femur or a fixed tibia -stress to medial collateral ligament could disrupt the meniscus -different tears have different treatments -if outer portion tears, may heal on its own -if inner tears need surgery
Muscle action may depend on position of femur relative to pelvis (hips)
-when hip is flexed adductors cause extension to pelvis when they are concentrically contracted -when is extended adductors cause flexion
Body part that moves the most will be the part least stabilized (hips)
-when one is standing on both feet & contracting the hip flexors, the trunk & pelvis will rotate anteriorly -when lying supine & contracting hip flexors, the thighs will move foward
Tibiofemoral joint in transverse plane
-with knee flexed 30 or more -internal rotation of 30 -external rotation of 45